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Seibertz F, Rubio T, Springer R, Popp F, Ritter M, Liutkute A, Bartelt L, Stelzer L, Haghighi F, Pietras J, Windel H, Pedrosa NDI, Rapedius M, Doering Y, Solano R, Hindmarsh R, Shi R, Tiburcy M, Bruegmann T, Kutschka I, Streckfuss-Bömeke K, Kensah G, Cyganek L, Zimmermann WH, Voigt N. Atrial fibrillation-associated electrical remodelling in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial cardiomyocytes: a novel pathway for antiarrhythmic therapy development. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2623-2637. [PMID: 37677054 PMCID: PMC10730244 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with tachycardia-induced cellular electrophysiology alterations which promote AF chronification and treatment resistance. Development of novel antiarrhythmic therapies is hampered by the absence of scalable experimental human models that reflect AF-associated electrical remodelling. Therefore, we aimed to assess if AF-associated remodelling of cellular electrophysiology can be simulated in human atrial-like cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells in the presence of retinoic acid (iPSC-aCM), and atrial-engineered human myocardium (aEHM) under short term (24 h) and chronic (7 days) tachypacing (TP). METHODS AND RESULTS First, 24-h electrical pacing at 3 Hz was used to investigate whether AF-associated remodelling in iPSC-aCM and aEHM would ensue. Compared to controls (24 h, 1 Hz pacing) TP-stimulated iPSC-aCM presented classical hallmarks of AF-associated remodelling: (i) decreased L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) and (ii) impaired activation of acetylcholine-activated inward-rectifier K+ current (IK,ACh). This resulted in action potential shortening and an absent response to the M-receptor agonist carbachol in both iPSC-aCM and aEHM subjected to TP. Accordingly, mRNA expression of the channel-subunit Kir3.4 was reduced. Selective IK,ACh blockade with tertiapin reduced basal inward-rectifier K+ current only in iPSC-aCM subjected to TP, thereby unmasking an agonist-independent constitutively active IK,ACh. To allow for long-term TP, we developed iPSC-aCM and aEHM expressing the light-gated ion-channel f-Chrimson. The same hallmarks of AF-associated remodelling were observed after optical-TP. In addition, continuous TP (7 days) led to (i) increased amplitude of inward-rectifier K+ current (IK1), (ii) hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential, (iii) increased action potential-amplitude and upstroke velocity as well as (iv) reversibly impaired contractile function in aEHM. CONCLUSIONS Classical hallmarks of AF-associated remodelling were mimicked through TP of iPSC-aCM and aEHM. The use of the ultrafast f-Chrimson depolarizing ion channel allowed us to model the time-dependence of AF-associated remodelling in vitro for the first time. The observation of electrical remodelling with associated reversible contractile dysfunction offers a novel platform for human-centric discovery of antiarrhythmic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitzwilliam Seibertz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tony Rubio
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robin Springer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fiona Popp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Ritter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aiste Liutkute
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Bartelt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lea Stelzer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fereshteh Haghighi
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Pietras
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Windel
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Núria Díaz i Pedrosa
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Yannic Doering
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Solano
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robin Hindmarsh
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Runzhu Shi
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malte Tiburcy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Kutschka
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Streckfuss-Bömeke
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - George Kensah
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram H Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Göttingen, Germany
- Campus-Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niels Voigt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Shi R, Reichardt M, Fiegle DJ, Küpfer LK, Czajka T, Sun Z, Salditt T, Dendorfer A, Seidel T, Bruegmann T. Contractility measurements for cardiotoxicity screening with ventricular myocardial slices of pigs. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2469-2481. [PMID: 37934066 PMCID: PMC10651213 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiotoxicity is one major reason why drugs do not enter or are withdrawn from the market. Thus, approaches are required to predict cardiotoxicity with high specificity and sensitivity. Ideally, such methods should be performed within intact cardiac tissue with high relevance for humans and detect acute and chronic side effects on electrophysiological behaviour, contractility, and tissue structure in an unbiased manner. Herein, we evaluate healthy pig myocardial slices and biomimetic cultivation setups (BMCS) as a new cardiotoxicity screening approach. METHODS AND RESULTS Pig left ventricular samples were cut into slices and spanned into BMCS with continuous electrical pacing and online force recording. Automated stimulation protocols were established to determine the force-frequency relationship (FFR), frequency dependence of contraction duration, effective refractory period (ERP), and pacing threshold. Slices generated 1.3 ± 0.14 mN/mm2 force at 0.5 Hz electrical pacing and showed a positive FFR and a shortening of contraction duration with increasing pacing rates. Approximately 62% of slices were able to contract for at least 6 days while showing stable ERP, contraction duration-frequency relationship, and preserved cardiac structure confirmed by confocal imaging and X-ray diffraction analysis. We used specific blockers of the most important cardiac ion channels to determine which analysis parameters are influenced. To validate our approach, we tested five drug candidates selected from the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay list as well as acetylsalicylic acid and DMSO as controls in a blinded manner in three independent laboratories. We were able to detect all arrhythmic drugs and their respective mode of action on cardiac tissue including inhibition of Na+, Ca2+, and hERG channels as well as Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. CONCLUSION We systematically evaluate this approach for cardiotoxicity screening, which is of high relevance for humans and can be upscaled to medium-throughput screening. Thus, our approach will improve the predictive value and efficiency of preclinical cardiotoxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhu Shi
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- International Research Training Group 1816, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius Reichardt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik J Fiegle
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Linda K Küpfer
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Titus Czajka
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhengwu Sun
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Hospital of the University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dendorfer
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Hospital of the University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Cardi T, Murovec J, Bakhsh A, Boniecka J, Bruegmann T, Bull SE, Eeckhaut T, Fladung M, Galovic V, Linkiewicz A, Lukan T, Mafra I, Michalski K, Kavas M, Nicolia A, Nowakowska J, Sági L, Sarmiento C, Yıldırım K, Zlatković M, Hensel G, Van Laere K. CRISPR/Cas-mediated plant genome editing: outstanding challenges a decade after implementation. Trends Plant Sci 2023; 28:1144-1165. [PMID: 37331842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas genome-editing system has revolutionized our understanding of the plant genome. CRISPR/Cas has been used for over a decade to modify plant genomes for the study of specific genes and biosynthetic pathways as well as to speed up breeding in many plant species, including both model and non-model crops. Although the CRISPR/Cas system is very efficient for genome editing, many bottlenecks and challenges slow down further improvement and applications. In this review we discuss the challenges that can occur during tissue culture, transformation, regeneration, and mutant detection. We also review the opportunities provided by new CRISPR platforms and specific applications related to gene regulation, abiotic and biotic stress response improvement, and de novo domestication of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Cardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Portici, Italy; CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Jana Murovec
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey; Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Justyna Boniecka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Simon E Bull
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland; Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Eeckhaut
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Vladislava Galovic
- University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Anna Linkiewicz
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tjaša Lukan
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isabel Mafra
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE) Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Michalski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Błonie, Poland
| | - Musa Kavas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Nicolia
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Justyna Nowakowska
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laszlo Sági
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Loránd Eötvös Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kubilay Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Milica Zlatković
- University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Düsseldorf, Germany; Division of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agriculture Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katrijn Van Laere
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium.
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4
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Bruegmann T, Sacconi L. The promise of optogenetic arrhythmia termination. J Intern Med 2023; 294:248-250. [PMID: 37308326 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Florence, Italy
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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5
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Nanadikar MS, Vergel Leon AM, Guo J, van Belle GJ, Jatho A, Philip ES, Brandner AF, Böckmann RA, Shi R, Zieseniss A, Siemssen CM, Dettmer K, Brodesser S, Schmidtendorf M, Lee J, Wu H, Furdui CM, Brandenburg S, Burgoyne JR, Bogeski I, Riemer J, Chowdhury A, Rehling P, Bruegmann T, Belousov VV, Katschinski DM. IDH3γ functions as a redox switch regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism and contractility in the heart. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2123. [PMID: 37055412 PMCID: PMC10102218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling and cardiac function are tightly linked. However, it is largely unknown which protein targets are affected by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cardiomyocytes that underly impaired inotropic effects during oxidative stress. Here, we combine a chemogenetic mouse model (HyPer-DAO mice) and a redox-proteomics approach to identify redox sensitive proteins. Using the HyPer-DAO mice, we demonstrate that increased endogenous production of H2O2 in cardiomyocytes leads to a reversible impairment of cardiac contractility in vivo. Notably, we identify the γ-subunit of the TCA cycle enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)3 as a redox switch, linking its modification to altered mitochondrial metabolism. Using microsecond molecular dynamics simulations and experiments using cysteine-gene-edited cells reveal that IDH3γ Cys148 and 284 are critically involved in the H2O2-dependent regulation of IDH3 activity. Our findings provide an unexpected mechanism by which mitochondrial metabolism can be modulated through redox signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maithily S Nanadikar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana M Vergel Leon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jia Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gijsbert J van Belle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aline Jatho
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elvina S Philip
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Astrid F Brandner
- Computational Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rainer A Böckmann
- Computational Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen National High-Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Runzhu Shi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Zieseniss
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carla M Siemssen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marlen Schmidtendorf
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Sören Brandenburg
- Clinic of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joseph R Burgoyne
- King's College London, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, SE1 7EH, London, UK
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Institute for Biochemistry, Redox Metabolism and CECAD, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arpita Chowdhury
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rehling
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Translational Neuroinflammation and Automated Microscopy, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Agency, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dörthe M Katschinski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August, University Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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6
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Wagdi A, Malan D, Sathyanarayanan U, Beauchamp JS, Vogt M, Zipf D, Beiert T, Mansuroglu B, Dusend V, Meininghaus M, Schneider L, Kalthof B, Wiegert JS, König GM, Kostenis E, Patejdl R, Sasse P, Bruegmann T. Author Correction: Selective optogenetic control of G q signaling using human Neuropsin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:58. [PMID: 36599836 PMCID: PMC9813341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Wagdi
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Present Address: Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Udhayabhaskar Sathyanarayanan
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janosch S. Beauchamp
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Vogt
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Zipf
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Beiert
- grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Berivan Mansuroglu
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vanessa Dusend
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Meininghaus
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Linn Schneider
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bernd Kalthof
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Simon Wiegert
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele M. König
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Patejdl
- grid.413108.f0000 0000 9737 0454Oscar-Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Bruegmann T, Smith GL, Lehnart SE. Editorial: Cardiac optogenetics: Using light to observe and excite the heart. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1031062. [PMID: 36304575 PMCID: PMC9593031 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1031062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells“ (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tobias Bruegmann,
| | - Godfrey L. Smith
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan E. Lehnart
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells“ (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center SFB1190 “Compartmental Gates and Contact Sites in Cells“, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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8
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Wagdi A, Malan D, Sathyanarayanan U, Beauchamp JS, Vogt M, Zipf D, Beiert T, Mansuroglu B, Dusend V, Meininghaus M, Schneider L, Kalthof B, Wiegert JS, König GM, Kostenis E, Patejdl R, Sasse P, Bruegmann T. Selective optogenetic control of G q signaling using human Neuropsin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1765. [PMID: 35365606 PMCID: PMC8975936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gq proteins are universally important for signal transduction in mammalian cells. The underlying kinetics and transformation from extracellular stimuli into intracellular signaling, however could not be investigated in detail so far. Here we present the human Neuropsin (hOPN5) for specific and repetitive manipulation of Gq signaling in vitro and in vivo with high spatio-temporal resolution. Properties and G protein specificity of hOPN5 are characterized by UV light induced IP3 generation, Ca2+ transients and inhibition of GIRK channel activity in HEK cells. In adult hearts from a transgenic animal model, light increases the spontaneous beating rate. In addition, we demonstrate light induced contractions in the small intestine, which are not detectable after pharmacological Gq protein block. All-optical high-throughput screening for TRPC6 inhibitors is more specific and sensitive than conventional pharmacological screening. Thus, we demonstrate specific Gq signaling of hOPN5 and unveil its potential for optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Wagdi
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Present Address: Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Udhayabhaskar Sathyanarayanan
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janosch S. Beauchamp
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Vogt
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Zipf
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Beiert
- grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Berivan Mansuroglu
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vanessa Dusend
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Meininghaus
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Linn Schneider
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bernd Kalthof
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Simon Wiegert
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele M. König
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Patejdl
- grid.413108.f0000 0000 9737 0454Oscar-Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Cokić M, Bruegmann T, Sasse P, Malan D. Optogenetic Stimulation of G i Signaling Enables Instantaneous Modulation of Cardiomyocyte Pacemaking. Front Physiol 2022; 12:768495. [PMID: 34987414 PMCID: PMC8721037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.768495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein signaling pathways are central in the regulation of cardiac function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Their functional analysis through optogenetic techniques with selective expression of opsin proteins and activation by specific wavelengths allows high spatial and temporal precision. Here, we present the application of long wavelength-sensitive cone opsin (LWO) in cardiomyocytes for activation of the Gi signaling pathway by red light. Murine embryonic stem (ES) cells expressing LWO were generated and differentiated into beating cardiomyocytes in embryoid bodies (EBs). Illumination with red light (625 nm) led to an instantaneous decrease up to complete inhibition (84–99% effectivity) of spontaneous beating, but had no effect on control EBs. By using increasing light intensities with 10 s pulses, we determined a half maximal effective light intensity of 2.4 μW/mm2 and a maximum effect at 100 μW/mm2. Pre-incubation of LWO EBs with pertussis toxin completely inhibited the light effect proving the specificity for Gi signaling. Frequency reduction was mainly due to the activation of GIRK channels because the specific channel blocker tertiapin reduced the light effect by ~80%. Compared with pharmacological stimulation of M2 receptors with carbachol with slow kinetics (>30 s), illumination of LWO had an identical efficacy, but much faster kinetics (<1 s) in the activation and deactivation demonstrating the temporal advantage of optogenetic stimulation. Thus, LWO is an effective optogenetic tool for selective stimulation of the Gi signaling cascade in cardiomyocytes with red light, providing high temporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Cokić
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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10
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Wegener JW, Wagdi A, Wagner E, Katschinski DM, Hasenfuss G, Bruegmann T, Lehnart SE. The RyR2-R2474S Mutation Sensitizes Cardiomyocytes and Hearts to Catecholaminergic Stress-Induced Oxidation of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Pool. Front Physiol 2021; 12:777770. [PMID: 34955889 PMCID: PMC8696262 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.777770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) characteristically cause catecholaminergic arrhythmias. Reminiscent of the phenotype in patients, RyR2-R2474S knockin mice develop exercise-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In cardiomyocytes, increased mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ uptake was recently linked to non-linearly enhanced ATP synthesis with important implications for cardiac redox metabolism. We hypothesize that catecholaminergic stimulation and contractile activity amplify mitochondrial oxidation pathologically in RyR2-R2474S cardiomyocytes. To investigate this question, we generated double transgenic RyR2-R2474S mice expressing a mitochondria-restricted fluorescent biosensor to monitor the glutathione redox potential (EGSH). Electrical field pacing-evoked RyR2-WT and RyR2-R2474S cardiomyocyte contractions resulted in a small but significant baseline EGSH increase. Importantly, β-adrenergic stimulation resulted in excessive EGSH oxidization of the mitochondrial matrix in RyR2-R2474S cardiomyocytes compared to baseline and RyR2-WT control. Physiologically β-adrenergic stimulation significantly increased mitochondrial EGSH further in intact beating RyR2-R2474S but not in RyR2-WT control Langendorff perfused hearts. Finally, this catecholaminergic EGSH increase was significantly attenuated following treatment with the RyR2 channel blocker dantrolene. Together, catecholaminergic stimulation and increased diastolic Ca2+ leak induce a strong, but dantrolene-inhibited mitochondrial EGSH oxidization in RyR2-R2474S cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg W Wegener
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Wagdi
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Wagner
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörthe M Katschinski
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Hasenfuss
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Müllenbroich MC, Kelly A, Acker C, Bub G, Bruegmann T, Di Bona A, Entcheva E, Ferrantini C, Kohl P, Lehnart SE, Mongillo M, Parmeggiani C, Richter C, Sasse P, Zaglia T, Sacconi L, Smith GL. Novel Optics-Based Approaches for Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:769586. [PMID: 34867476 PMCID: PMC8637189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.769586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical techniques for recording and manipulating cellular electrophysiology have advanced rapidly in just a few decades. These developments allow for the analysis of cardiac cellular dynamics at multiple scales while largely overcoming the drawbacks associated with the use of electrodes. The recent advent of optogenetics opens up new possibilities for regional and tissue-level electrophysiological control and hold promise for future novel clinical applications. This article, which emerged from the international NOTICE workshop in 2018, reviews the state-of-the-art optical techniques used for cardiac electrophysiological research and the underlying biophysics. The design and performance of optical reporters and optogenetic actuators are reviewed along with limitations of current probes. The physics of light interaction with cardiac tissue is detailed and associated challenges with the use of optical sensors and actuators are presented. Case studies include the use of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and super-resolution microscopy to explore the micro-structure of cardiac cells and a review of two photon and light sheet technologies applied to cardiac tissue. The emergence of cardiac optogenetics is reviewed and the current work exploring the potential clinical use of optogenetics is also described. Approaches which combine optogenetic manipulation and optical voltage measurement are discussed, in terms of platforms that allow real-time manipulation of whole heart electrophysiology in open and closed-loop systems to study optimal ways to terminate spiral arrhythmias. The design and operation of optics-based approaches that allow high-throughput cardiac electrophysiological assays is presented. Finally, emerging techniques of photo-acoustic imaging and stress sensors are described along with strategies for future development and establishment of these techniques in mainstream electrophysiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen Kelly
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Acker
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Gil Bub
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna Di Bona
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan E. Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Mongillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Richter
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tania Zaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
| | - Godfrey L. Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Funken M, Bruegmann T, Sasse P. Selective optogenetic stimulation of fibroblasts enables quantification of hetero-cellular coupling to cardiomyocytes in a three-dimensional model of heart tissue. Europace 2021; 22:1590-1599. [PMID: 32808019 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Besides providing mechanical stability, fibroblasts in the heart could modulate the electrical properties of cardiomyocytes. Here, we aim to develop a three-dimensional hetero-cellular model to analyse the electric interaction between fibroblasts and human cardiomyocytes in vitro using selective optogenetic de- or hyperpolarization of fibroblasts. METHODS AND RESULTS NIH3T3 cell lines expressing the light-sensitive ion channel Channelrhodopsin2 or the light-induced proton pump Archaerhodopsin were generated for optogenetic depolarization or hyperpolarization, respectively, and characterized by patch clamp. Cardiac bodies consisting of 50% fibroblasts and 50% human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were analysed by video microscopy and membrane potential was measured with sharp electrodes. Myofibroblast activation in cardiac bodies was enhanced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-stimulation. Connexin-43 expression was analysed by qPCR and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Illumination of Channelrhodopsin2 or Archaerhodopsin expressing fibroblasts induced inward currents and depolarization or outward currents and hyperpolarization. Transforming growth factor-β1-stimulation elevated connexin-43 expression and increased cell-cell coupling between fibroblasts as well as increased basal beating frequency and cardiomyocyte resting membrane potential in cardiac bodies. Illumination of cardiac bodies generated with Channelrhodopsin2 fibroblasts accelerated spontaneous beating, especially after TGF-β1-stimulation. Illumination of cardiac bodies prepared with Archaerhodopsin expressing fibroblasts led to hyperpolarization of cardiomyocytes and complete block of spontaneous beating after TGF-β1-stimulation. Effects of light were significantly smaller without TGF-β1-stimulation. CONCLUSION Transforming growth factor-β1-stimulation leads to increased hetero-cellular coupling and optogenetic hyperpolarization of fibroblasts reduces TGF-β1 induced effects on cardiomyocyte spontaneous activity. Optogenetic membrane potential manipulation selectively in fibroblasts in a new hetero-cellular cardiac body model allows direct quantification of fibroblast-cardiomyocyte coupling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Funken
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DZHK e. V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Rehnelt S, Malan D, Juhasz K, Wolters B, Doerr L, Beckler M, Kettenhofen R, Bohlen H, Bruegmann T, Sasse P. Correction: Rehnelt et al. Frequency-Dependent Multi-Well Cardiotoxicity Screening Enabled by Optogenetic Stimulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2634. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115562. [PMID: 34070702 PMCID: PMC8197354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rehnelt
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Krisztina Juhasz
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, 80636 Munich, Germany; (K.J.); (L.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Benjamin Wolters
- Part of the Ncardia Group, Axiogenesis AG, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (B.W.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Leo Doerr
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, 80636 Munich, Germany; (K.J.); (L.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Matthias Beckler
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, 80636 Munich, Germany; (K.J.); (L.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Ralf Kettenhofen
- Part of the Ncardia Group, Axiogenesis AG, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (B.W.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Heribert Bohlen
- Part of the Ncardia Group, Axiogenesis AG, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (B.W.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.R.); (D.M.)
- Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (P.S.); Tel.: +49-(0)228-73-2402 (P.S.)
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.R.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (P.S.); Tel.: +49-(0)228-73-2402 (P.S.)
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14
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Wagdi A, Malan D, Beauchamp JS, Narayanan UBS, Dusend V, Sasse P, Bruegmann T. OPN5 a new optogenetic receptor to study Gq signalling in the heart with light. Europace 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab116.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Deutsche Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK)
Background
Gq signalling plays an imperative role in cardiac physiology as well as pathophysiologies such as arrhythmias, hypertrophy, and heart failure. However, the underlying kinetics and the transition from physiological to pathological signalling is yet to be investigated. Optogenetics provides an unprecedented spatial and temporal precision as well as cell specificity, but up to now, selective control of Gq signalling in the intact heart with light has not been achieved.
Aim
To prove the potential of human Neuropsin (OPN5) to selectively control Gq signalling in the adult heart.
Methods
The biophysical behaviour of OPN5 in HEK293 cells was characterized by measuring IP1 accumulation, Ca2+ imaging, and patch-clamp analysis of GIRK current activity. We generated a new transgenic mouse model expressing OPN5 in fusion with eYFP under the control of the chicken-β-actin promotor and analysed the expression pattern in the whole heart after tissue clearing with light sheet microscopy and the expression rate after single cell dissociation. Adult isolated cardiomyocytes were examined to measure the effect of OPN5 activation on contractility with a novel custom-made software for on-line contraction analysis by pixel tracking. In Langendorff-perfused hearts, illumination of the sinus node region with UV light (385 nm, 10 s, 1 mW/mm2) was used to measure the influence on the heart rate in electrogram recordings. The light-induced effects and basal ECG parameters as well as the heart-weight-to-femur-length ratio of OPN5 hearts were compared to hearts from non-expressing siblings as well as from CD1 wild-type.
Results
We prove the selective activation of the Gq proteins by UV light-induced increase in IP3 production and induction of Ca2+ transients in HEK293 cells because both effects were abolished after applying the Gq protein specific blocker FR900359. Promiscuous activation of Gi proteins was excluded by light-induced inhibition of GIRK channels instead of activation. Within two different mouse lines, we found an OPN5/eYFP expression rate of ∼70% within the cardiomyocytes targeted to the plasmamembrane. UV light induced a significant increase in contraction velocity in ventricular cardiomyocytes, and this effect could be abolished by blocking Gq proteins. In the right atrium HCN4 positive sinus nodal cells expressed OPN5/ eYFP and illumination of this region resulted in OPN5 expressing hearts in an average increase of 5.9 ± 0.97% (n= 20, in founder line 1) in the heart rate, which was significant lager than control hearts (all groups <2.4% increase, n≥17). Importantly we could not find any differences in basal ECG parameters or the heart weight-to-femur-length between OPN5 expressing and control.
Conclusion
We herein prove the specificity of OPN5 for Gq protein activation and demonstrate its use in cardiomyocytes as well as the whole heart. Thus OPN5 is the first optogenetic tool allowing to control Gq signalling in the whole heart precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wagdi
- University Medical Center of Gottingen (UMG), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - D Malan
- University of Bonn, Institute of Physiology, Bonn, Germany
| | - JS Beauchamp
- University Medical Center of Gottingen (UMG), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - U BS Narayanan
- University Medical Center of Gottingen (UMG), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - V Dusend
- University of Bonn, Institute of Physiology, Bonn, Germany
| | - P Sasse
- University of Bonn, Institute of Physiology, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Bruegmann
- University Medical Center of Gottingen (UMG), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goettingen, Germany
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15
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Vogt M, Schulz B, Wagdi A, Lebert J, van Belle GJ, Christoph J, Bruegmann T, Patejdl R. Direct optogenetic stimulation of smooth muscle cells to control gastric contractility. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5569-5584. [PMID: 33859764 PMCID: PMC8039938 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Antral peristalsis is responsible for gastric emptying. Its failure is called gastroparesis and often caused by dysfunction of enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Current treatment options, including gastric electrical stimulation, are non-satisfying and may improve symptoms but commonly fail to restore gastric emptying. Herein, we explore direct optogenetic stimulation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) via the light-gated non-selective cation channel Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) to control gastric motor function. Methods: We used a transgenic mouse model expressing ChR2 in fusion with eYFP under the control of the chicken-β-actin promoter. We performed patch clamp experiments to quantify light-induced currents in isolated SMC, Ca2+ imaging and isometric force measurements of antral smooth muscle strips as well as pressure recordings of intact stomachs to evaluate contractile responses. Light-induced propulsion of gastric contents from the isolated stomach preparation was quantified in video recordings. We furthermore tested optogenetic stimulation in a gastroparesis model induced by neuronal- and ICC-specific damage through methylene blue photo-toxicity. Results: In the stomachs, eYFP signals were restricted to SMC in which blue light (460 nm) induced inward currents typical for ChR2. These depolarizing currents led to contractions in antral smooth muscle strips that were stronger than those triggered by supramaximal electrical field stimulation and comparable to those evoked by global depolarization with high K+ concentration. In the intact stomach, panoramic illumination efficiently increased intragastric pressure achieving 239±46% (n=6) of the pressure induced by electrical field stimulation and triggered gastric transport. Within the gastroparesis model, electric field stimulation completely failed but light still efficiently generated pressure waves. Conclusions: We demonstrate direct optogenetic stimulation of SMC to control gastric contractility. This completely new approach could allow for the restoration of motility in gastroparesis in the future.
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16
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Fehrentz T, Huber FME, Hartrampf N, Bruegmann T, Frank JA, Fine NHF, Malan D, Danzl JG, Tikhonov DB, Sumser M, Sasse P, Hodson DJ, Zhorov BS, Klöcker N, Trauner D. Author Correction: Optical control of L-type Ca 2+ channels using a diltiazem photoswitch. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:360. [PMID: 33514938 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Fehrentz
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Florian M E Huber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.,Roche Diagnostics GmbH, DXRERA, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - James A Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas H F Fine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johann G Danzl
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Denis B Tikhonov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Martin Sumser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Boris S Zhorov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nikolaj Klöcker
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Wang-Eckhardt L, Bastian A, Bruegmann T, Sasse P, Eckhardt M. Carnosine synthase deficiency is compatible with normal skeletal muscle and olfactory function but causes reduced olfactory sensitivity in aging mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17100-17113. [PMID: 33040025 PMCID: PMC7863879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) and anserine (β-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine) are abundant peptides in the nervous system and skeletal muscle of many vertebrates. Many in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that exogenously added carnosine can improve muscle contraction, has antioxidant activity, and can quench various reactive aldehydes. Some of these functions likely contribute to the proposed anti-aging activity of carnosine. However, the physiological role of carnosine and related histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) is not clear. In this study, we generated a mouse line deficient in carnosine synthase (Carns1). HCDs were undetectable in the primary olfactory system and skeletal muscle of Carns1-deficient mice. Skeletal muscle contraction in these mice, however, was unaltered, and there was no evidence for reduced pH-buffering capacity in the skeletal muscle. Olfactory tests did not reveal any deterioration in 8-month-old mice lacking carnosine. In contrast, aging (18-24-month-old) Carns1-deficient mice exhibited olfactory sensitivity impairments that correlated with an age-dependent reduction in the number of olfactory receptor neurons. Whereas we found no evidence for elevated levels of lipoxidation and glycation end products in the primary olfactory system, protein carbonylation was increased in the olfactory bulb of aged Carns1-deficient mice. Taken together, these results suggest that carnosine in the olfactory system is not essential for information processing in the olfactory signaling pathway but does have a role in the long-term protection of olfactory receptor neurons, possibly through its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang-Eckhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Asisa Bastian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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18
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Gundelach LA, Hüser MA, Beutner D, Ruther P, Bruegmann T. Towards the clinical translation of optogenetic skeletal muscle stimulation. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:527-545. [PMID: 32415463 PMCID: PMC7239821 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Paralysis is a frequent phenomenon in many diseases, and to date, only functional electrical stimulation (FES) mediated via the innervating nerve can be employed to restore skeletal muscle function in patients. Despite recent progress, FES has several technical limitations and significant side effects. Optogenetic stimulation has been proposed as an alternative, as it may circumvent some of the disadvantages of FES enabling cell type–specific, spatially and temporally precise stimulation of cells expressing light-gated ion channels, commonly Channelrhodopsin2. Two distinct approaches for the restoration of skeletal muscle function with optogenetics have been demonstrated: indirect optogenetic stimulation through the innervating nerve similar to FES and direct optogenetic stimulation of the skeletal muscle. Although both approaches show great promise, both have their limitations and there are several general hurdles that need to be overcome for their translation into clinics. These include successful gene transfer, sustained optogenetic protein expression, and the creation of optically active implantable devices. Herein, a comprehensive summary of the underlying mechanisms of electrical and optogenetic approaches is provided. With this knowledge in mind, we substantiate a detailed discussion of the advantages and limitations of each method. Furthermore, the obstacles in the way of clinical translation of optogenetic stimulation are discussed, and suggestions on how they could be overcome are provided. Finally, four specific examples of pathologies demanding novel therapeutic measures are discussed with a focus on the likelihood of direct versus indirect optogenetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili A Gundelach
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc A Hüser
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Beutner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Microsystem Materials Laboratory, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence at the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
- DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Richter C, Bruegmann T. No light without the dark: Perspectives and hindrances for translation of cardiac optogenetics. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2019; 154:39-50. [PMID: 31515056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, optogenetic stimulation of the heart and its translational potential for rhythm control attracted more and more interest. Optogenetics allows to stimulate cardiomyocytes expressing the light-gated cation channel Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) with light and thus high spatio-temporal precision. Therefore this new approach can overcome the technical limitations of electrical stimulation. In regard of translational approaches, the prospect of pain-free stimulation, if ChR2 expression is restricted to cardiomyocytes, is especially intriguing and could be highly beneficial for cardioversion and defibrillation. However, there is no light without shadow and cardiac optogenetics has to surmount critical hurdles, namely "how" to inscribe light-sensitivity by expressing ChR2 in a native heart and how to avoid side effects such as possible immune responses against the gene transfer. Furthermore, implantable light devices have to be developed which ensure sufficient illumination in a highly contractile environment. Therefore this article reviews recent advantages in the field of cardiac optogenetics with a special focus on the hindrances for the potential translation of this new approach into clinics and provides an outlook how these have to be carefully investigated and could be solved step by step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Richter
- RG Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics & Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 42a, 37075, Goettingen, Germany; DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Goettingen, Germany.
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20
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Bruegmann T, Deecke K, Fladung M. Evaluating the Efficiency of gRNAs in CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing in Poplars. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3623. [PMID: 31344908 PMCID: PMC6696231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 has become one of the most promising techniques for genome editing in plants and works very well in poplars with an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. We selected twelve genes, including SOC1, FUL, and their paralogous genes, four NFP-like genes and TOZ19 for three different research topics. The gRNAs were designed for editing, and, together with a constitutively expressed Cas9 nuclease, transferred either into the poplar hybrid Populus × canescens or into P. tremula. The regenerated lines showed different types of editing and revealed several homozygous editing events which are of special interest in perennial species because of limited back-cross ability. Through a time series, we could show that despite the constitutive expression of the Cas9 nuclease, no secondary editing of the target region occurred. Thus, constitutive Cas9 expression does not seem to pose any risk to additional editing events. Based on various criteria, we obtained evidence for a relationship between the structure of gRNA and the efficiency of gene editing. In particular, the GC content, purine residues in the gRNA end, and the free accessibility of the seed region seemed to be highly important for genome editing in poplars. Based on our findings on nine different poplar genes, efficient gRNAs can be designed for future efficient editing applications in poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Khira Deecke
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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21
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Sasse P, Funken M, Beiert T, Bruegmann T. Optogenetic Termination of Cardiac Arrhythmia: Mechanistic Enlightenment and Therapeutic Application? Front Physiol 2019; 10:675. [PMID: 31244670 PMCID: PMC6563676 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic methods enable selective de- and hyperpolarization of cardiomyocytes expressing light-sensitive proteins within the myocardium. By using light, this technology provides very high spatial and temporal precision, which is in clear contrast to electrical stimulation. In addition, cardiomyocyte-specific expression would allow pain-free stimulation. In light of these intrinsic technical advantages, optogenetic methods provide an intriguing opportunity to understand and improve current strategies to terminate cardiac arrhythmia as well as for possible pain-free arrhythmia termination in patients in the future. In this review, we give a concise introduction to optogenetic stimulation of cardiomyocytes and the whole heart and summarize the recent progress on optogenetic defibrillation and cardioversion to terminate cardiac arrhythmia. Toward this aim, we specifically focus on the different mechanisms of optogenetic arrhythmia termination and how these might influence the prerequisites for success. Furthermore, we critically discuss the clinical perspectives and potential patient populations, which might benefit from optogenetic defibrillation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Funken
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Beiert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Funken M, Malan D, Sasse P, Bruegmann T. Optogenetic Hyperpolarization of Cardiomyocytes Terminates Ventricular Arrhythmia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:498. [PMID: 31105593 PMCID: PMC6491897 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac defibrillation to terminate lethal ventricular arrhythmia (VA) is currently performed by applying high energy electrical shocks. In cardiac tissue, electrical shocks induce simultaneously de- and hyperpolarized areas and only depolarized areas are considered to be responsible for VA termination. Because electrical shocks do not allow proper control over spatial extent and level of membrane potential changes, the effects of hyperpolarization have not been explored in the intact heart. In contrast, optogenetic methods allow cell type-selective induction of de- and hyperpolarization with unprecedented temporal and spatial control. To investigate effects of cardiomyocyte hyperpolarization on VA termination, we generated a mouse line with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of the light-driven proton pump ArchT. Isolated cardiomyocytes showed light-induced outward currents and hyperpolarization. Free-running VA were evoked by electrical stimulation of explanted hearts perfused with low K+ and the KATP channel opener Pinacidil. Optogenetic hyperpolarization was induced by epicardial illumination, which terminated VA with an average efficacy of ∼55%. This value was significantly higher compared to control hearts without illumination or ArchT expression (p = 0.0007). Intracellular recordings with sharp electrodes within the intact heart revealed hyperpolarization and faster action potential upstroke upon illumination, which should fasten conduction. However, conduction speed was lower during illumination suggesting enhanced electrical sink by hyperpolarization underlying VA termination. Thus, selective hyperpolarization in cardiomyocytes is able to terminate VA with a completely new mechanism of increased electrical sink. These novel insights could improve our mechanistic understanding and treatment strategies of VA termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Funken
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Makowka P, Bruegmann T, Dusend V, Malan D, Beiert T, Hesse M, Fleischmann BK, Sasse P. Optogenetic stimulation of G s-signaling in the heart with high spatio-temporal precision. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1281. [PMID: 30894542 PMCID: PMC6426906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard technique for investigating adrenergic effects on heart function is perfusion with pharmaceutical agonists, which does not provide high temporal or spatial precision. Herein we demonstrate that the light sensitive Gs-protein coupled receptor JellyOp enables optogenetic stimulation of Gs-signaling in cardiomyocytes and the whole heart. Illumination of transgenic embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes or of the right atrium of mice expressing JellyOp elevates cAMP levels and instantaneously accelerates spontaneous beating rates similar to pharmacological β-adrenergic stimulation. Light application to the dorsal left atrium instead leads to supraventricular extrabeats, indicating adverse effects of localized Gs-signaling. In isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes from JellyOp mice, we find increased Ca2+ currents, fractional cell shortening and relaxation rates after illumination enabling the analysis of differential Gs-signaling with high temporal precision. Thus, JellyOp expression allows localized and time-restricted Gs stimulation and will provide mechanistic insights into different effects of site-specific, long-lasting and pulsatile Gs activation. Studying adrenergic signalling in the heart requires perfusion with receptor agonists, which lacks cell specificity and spatiotemporal control. Here the authors use the light sensitive G-coupled receptor JellyOp to optogenetically control Gs-signaling in cardiomyocytes and intact hearts with high spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Makowka
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Dusend
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Beiert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd K Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Bruegmann T, Wetzel H, Hettrich K, Smeds A, Willför S, Kersten B, Fladung M. Knockdown of PCBER1, a gene of neolignan biosynthesis, resulted in increased poplar growth. Planta 2019; 249:515-525. [PMID: 30269193 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poplar trees displayed an increased plant height due to the transgenic knockdown of PCBER1, a gene of lignan biosynthesis. The wood composition was slightly altered in both overexpression and knockdown lines. The gene PHENYLCOUMARAN BENZYLIC ETHER REDUCTASE1 (PCBER1) is well known as an important gene in the synthesis of lignans, a group of diverse phenylpropanoid derivatives. They are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and may have a role in both plant defense and growth regulation. To analyze its role in biomass formation and wood composition in poplar, both overexpression and knockdown approaches have been performed. Transgenic lines were analyzed on genetic and phenotypic levels, and partly in regard to their biomass composition. While the PCBER1 overexpression approach remained unremarkable concerning the plant height, biomass composition of obtained transgenic lines was modified. They had a significantly increased amount of ethanol extractives. The PCBER1 knockdown resulted in significantly deviating plants; after 17 months of greenhouse cultivation, transgenic plants were up to 38% higher compared to non-transgenic wild type. Most examined transgenic lines did not reveal a significantly enhanced stem diameter after three vegetation periods in the greenhouse. Significant changes were not obtained with regard to the three major wood components, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. As a slight but not significant reduction in ethanol extractives was detected, the hypothesis arises that the lignan content could be influenced. Lignans become important in the pharmaceutical industry and clinical studies concerning cancer and other diseases, thus further investigations on lignan formation in poplar and its connection to biomass formation seem promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Wetzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kay Hettrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Annika Smeds
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, 20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, 20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Birgit Kersten
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
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25
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Abstract
First publications of successful Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco were published more than 30 years ago. Protocols for Agrobacterium-based transformation as well as biolistic bombardment and PEG transformation of protoplasts are available for more than 150 plant species from various plant families. Also for many Populus species and hybrids, adapted transformation protocols have been published. The standard protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of different Populus genotypes is the leaf-disc method. Here, we first describe the transfer of genes into poplar by using the Agrobacterium-based leaf disc methods. In addition, alternative basic transformation methods, namely, biolistic bombardment and PEG transformation of protoplasts, are also described. Further, we present improved poplar transformation protocols by simplifying the transformation procedure and optimizing tissue preparation and plant regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaf Polak
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Khira Deecke
- Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics, Grosshansdorf, Germany
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26
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Fehrentz T, Huber FME, Hartrampf N, Bruegmann T, Frank JA, Fine NHF, Malan D, Danzl JG, Tikhonov DB, Sumser M, Sasse P, Hodson DJ, Zhorov BS, Klöcker N, Trauner D. Optical control of L-type Ca 2+ channels using a diltiazem photoswitch. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:764-767. [PMID: 30013061 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) play a crucial role in excitation-contraction coupling and release of hormones from secretory cells. They are targets of antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic drugs such as diltiazem. Here, we present a photoswitchable diltiazem, FHU-779, which can be used to reversibly block endogenous LTCCs by light. FHU-779 is as potent as diltiazem and can be used to place pancreatic β-cell function and cardiac activity under optical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Fehrentz
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Florian M E Huber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.,Roche Diagnostics GmbH, DXRERA, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - James A Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas H F Fine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johann G Danzl
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Denis B Tikhonov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Martin Sumser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Boris S Zhorov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nikolaj Klöcker
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Agladze NN, Halaidych OV, Tsvelaya VA, Bruegmann T, Kilgus C, Sasse P, Agladze KI. Synchronization of excitable cardiac cultures of different origin. Biomater Sci 2018. [PMID: 28643840 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated the synchronization of electrical activity in cultured cardiac cells of different origin put in direct contact. In the first set of experiments synchronization was studied in the primary culture cells of neonatal rats taken at different developmental ages, and in the second - in the neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and HL-1 cells. The electrical excitation of cells was recorded using the calcium transient marker Fluor-4. In the confluent cell layers created with the aid of a specially devised mask, the excitation waves and their propagation between areas occupied by cells of different origin were observed. On the level of individual cells, their contact and synchronization was monitored with the aid of scanning fluorescence microscopy. It was found that populations of cultured cells of different origin are able to synchronize, suggesting the formation of electrical coupling between them. The results obtained may be considered as a proof of concept that implanted alien grafted cells are able to create electrical coupling with the host cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Agladze
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.
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29
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Bruegmann T, Beiert T, Vogt CC, Schrickel JW, Sasse P. Optogenetic termination of atrial fibrillation in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:713-723. [PMID: 29293898 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The primary goal in the treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF) is to restore sinus rhythm by cardioversion. Electrical shocks are highly effective, but have to be applied under analgo-sedation and can further harm the heart. In order to develop a novel pain-free and less harmful approach, we explored herein the optogenetic cardioversion by light-induced depolarization. Methods and results Hearts from mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and the AF-promoting loss-of-function Connexin 40 Ala96Ser mutation were explanted and perfused with low K+ Tyrode's solution and an atrial KATP-channel activator. This new protocol shortened atrial refractoriness as well as slowed atrial conduction and thereby enabled the induction of sustained AF. AF episodes could be terminated by epicardial illumination of the atria with focussed blue light (470 nm, 0.4 mW/mm2) with an efficacy of ∼97% (n = 17 hearts). In > 80% of cases, light directly terminated the AF episode with onset of illumination. Because similar illumination intensity was able to locally inhibit atrial activity, we propose that a light-induced block of electrical activity is responsible for reliable AF termination. The success rate was strongly depending on the illuminated area, applied light intensity and duration of illumination. Importantly, we were also able to demonstrate optogenetic termination of AF in vivo, using epicardial illumination through the open chest (n = 3 hearts). To point towards a translational potential, we systemically injected an adeno-associated virus to express ChR2 in wild type hearts. After 6-8 months, we found robust ChR2 expression in the atria, enabling light-mediated AF termination in six of seven mice tested. Conclusion We provide the first evidence for optogenetic termination of atrial tachyarrhythmia in intact hearts from transgenic as well as wild type mice ex and in vivo. Thus, this report could lay the foundation for the development of implantable devices for pain-free termination of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Beiert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph C Vogt
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan W Schrickel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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30
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Rehnelt S, Malan D, Juhasz K, Wolters B, Doerr L, Beckler M, Kettenhofen R, Bohlen H, Bruegmann T, Sasse P. Frequency-Dependent Multi-Well Cardiotoxicity Screening Enabled by Optogenetic Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2634. [PMID: 29211031 PMCID: PMC5751237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Side effects on cardiac ion channels causing lethal arrhythmias are one major reason for drug withdrawals from the market. Field potential (FP) recording from cardiomyocytes, is a well-suited tool to assess such cardiotoxic effects of drug candidates in preclinical drug development, but it is currently limited to the spontaneous beating of the cardiomyocytes and manual analysis. Herein, we present a novel optogenetic cardiotoxicity screening system suited for the parallel automated frequency-dependent analysis of drug effects on FP recorded from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. For the expression of the light-sensitive cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2, we optimised protocols using virus transduction or transient mRNA transfection. Optical stimulation was performed with a new light-emitting diode lid for a 96-well FP recording system. This enabled reliable pacing at physiologically relevant heart rates and robust recording of FP. Thereby we detected rate-dependent effects of drugs on Na⁺, Ca2+ and K⁺ channel function indicated by FP prolongation, FP shortening and the slowing of the FP downstroke component, as well as generation of afterdepolarisations. Taken together, we present a scalable approach for preclinical frequency-dependent screening of drug effects on cardiac electrophysiology. Importantly, we show that the recording and analysis can be fully automated and the technology is readily available using commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rehnelt
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Krisztina Juhasz
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, 80636 Munich, Germany.
- Present address: Institute for Nanoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universität München, 80339 Munich, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Wolters
- Part of the Ncardia Group, Axiogenesis AG, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Leo Doerr
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, 80636 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Ralf Kettenhofen
- Part of the Ncardia Group, Axiogenesis AG, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Heribert Bohlen
- Part of the Ncardia Group, Axiogenesis AG, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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31
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van Bremen T, Send T, Sasse P, Bruegmann T. Spot light on skeletal muscles: optogenetic stimulation to understand and restore skeletal muscle function. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2017; 38:331-337. [PMID: 28918572 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-017-9481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Damage of peripheral nerves results in paralysis of skeletal muscle. Currently, the only treatment option to restore proper function is electrical stimulation of the innervating nerve or of the skeletal muscles directly. However this approach has low spatial and temporal precision leading to co-activation of antagonistic muscles and lacks cell-type selectivity resulting in pain or discomfort by stimulation of sensible nerves. In contrast to electrical stimulation, optogenetic methods enable spatially confined and cell-type selective stimulation of cells expressing the light sensitive channel Channelrhodopsin-2 with precise temporal control over the membrane potential. Herein we summarize the current knowledge about the use of this technology to control skeletal muscle function with the focus on the direct, non-neuronal stimulation of muscle fibers. The high temporal flexibility of using light pulses allows new stimulation patterns to investigate skeletal muscle physiology. Furthermore, the high spatial precision of focused illumination was shown to be beneficial for selective stimulation of distinct nearby muscle groups. Finally, the cell-type specific expression of the light-sensitive effector proteins in muscle fibers will allow pain-free stimulation and open new options for clinical treatments. Therefore, we believe that direct optogenetic stimulation of skeletal muscles is a very potent method for basic scientists that also harbors several distinct advantages over electrical stimulation to be considered for clinical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias van Bremen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thorsten Send
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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32
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Beiert T, Bruegmann T, Vogt C, Nickenig G, Schrickel J, Sasse P. P5837Optogenetic cardioversion terminates atrial fibrillation in wild-type mice after gene transfer. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx493.p5837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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33
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Bruegmann T, Boyle PM, Vogt CC, Karathanos TV, Arevalo HJ, Fleischmann BK, Trayanova NA, Sasse P. Optogenetic defibrillation terminates ventricular arrhythmia in mouse hearts and human simulations. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3894-3904. [PMID: 27617859 DOI: 10.1172/jci88950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias are among the most severe complications of heart disease and can result in sudden cardiac death. Patients at risk currently receive implantable defibrillators that deliver electrical shocks to terminate arrhythmias on demand. However, strong electrical shocks can damage the heart and cause severe pain. Therefore, we have tested optogenetic defibrillation using expression of the light-sensitive channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in cardiac tissue. Epicardial illumination effectively terminated ventricular arrhythmias in hearts from transgenic mice and from WT mice after adeno-associated virus-based gene transfer of ChR2. We also explored optogenetic defibrillation for human hearts, taking advantage of a recently developed, clinically validated in silico approach for simulating infarct-related ventricular tachycardia (VT). Our analysis revealed that illumination with red light effectively terminates VT in diseased, ChR2-expressing human hearts. Mechanistically, we determined that the observed VT termination is due to ChR2-mediated transmural depolarization of the myocardium, which causes a block of voltage-dependent Na+ channels throughout the myocardial wall and interrupts wavefront propagation into illuminated tissue. Thus, our results demonstrate that optogenetic defibrillation is highly effective in the mouse heart and could potentially be translated into humans to achieve nondamaging and pain-free termination of ventricular arrhythmia.
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Bruegmann T, van Bremen T, Vogt CC, Send T, Fleischmann BK, Sasse P. Optogenetic control of contractile function in skeletal muscle. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7153. [PMID: 26035411 PMCID: PMC4475236 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic stimulation allows activation of cells with high spatial and temporal precision. Here we show direct optogenetic stimulation of skeletal muscle from transgenic mice expressing the light-sensitive channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Largest tetanic contractions are observed with 5-ms light pulses at 30 Hz, resulting in 84% of the maximal force induced by electrical stimulation. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by selectively stimulating with a light guide individual intralaryngeal muscles in explanted larynges from ChR2-transgenic mice, which enables selective opening and closing of the vocal cords. Furthermore, systemic injection of adeno-associated virus into wild-type mice provides sufficient ChR2 expression for optogenetic opening of the vocal cords. Thus, direct optogenetic stimulation of skeletal muscle generates large force and provides the distinct advantage of localized and cell-type-specific activation. This technology could be useful for therapeutic purposes, such as restoring the mobility of the vocal cords in patients suffering from laryngeal paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Life and Brain Center, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias van Bremen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph C Vogt
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Life and Brain Center, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thorsten Send
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd K Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Life and Brain Center, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Life and Brain Center, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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35
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Damijonaitis A, Broichhagen J, Laprell L, Nagpal J, Bruegmann T, Sumser M, Sasse P, Gottschalk A, Trauner D. Cholinergic Photopharmacology – Controlling nicotinic and muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors with Photoswitchable Molecules. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.933.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arunas Damijonaitis
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacologyLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacologyLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Laura Laprell
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacologyLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Jatin Nagpal
- Department of BiochemistryJohann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | | | - Martin Sumser
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacologyLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I Universtiy Bonn BonnGermany
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Department of BiochemistryJohann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacologyLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
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36
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Vogt CC, Bruegmann T, Malan D, Ottersbach A, Roell W, Fleischmann BK, Sasse P. Systemic gene transfer enables optogenetic pacing of mouse hearts. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:338-43. [PMID: 25587047 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Optogenetic pacing of the heart has been demonstrated in transgenic animals expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). However, for the clinical use of optogenetics to treat cardiac arrhythmias, gene transfer to non-transgenic hearts is required. The aim of this study was to describe a reliable method for gene transfer of ChR2 into a sufficient percentage of cardiomyocytes to overcome the electrical sink of all the coupled non-expressing cardiomyocytes during optical pacing of the whole heart in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Adeno-associated virus (AAV) with cardiac tropism for expression of ChR2 in fusion with mCherry was systemically injected into wild-type mouse hearts. Bright mCherry fluorescence was detected in the whole heart 4-10 weeks later. Single-cell dissociation revealed that on average 58% cardiomyocytes were mCherry-positive. These showed light-induced inward currents, action potentials, and contractions. Pulsed illumination of the left ventricle induced ventricular pacing in vivo in 74% of mice, and higher light intensities were required for reduced pulse duration or size of illumination. Non-responding hearts showed low AAV expression, and the threshold for optical pacing was estimated to be 35-40% ChR2-expressing cardiomyocytes. Optical pacing in vivo was stable over extended periods without negative effects on normal sinus rhythm and ECG parameters after termination of stimulation indicating sufficient cardiac output during pacing. CONCLUSIONS Gene transfer generates sufficient ChR2 photocurrent for reliable optogenetic pacing in vivo and lays out the basis for future optogenetic pacemaker and pain-free defibrillation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph C Vogt
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Annika Ottersbach
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Roell
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd K Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, Bonn 53127, Germany.
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Abstract
AIMS Investigation of Gq signalling with pharmacological agonists of Gq-coupled receptors lacks spatio-temporal precision. The aim of this study was to establish melanopsin, a light-sensitive Gq-coupled receptor, as a new tool for the investigation of spatial and temporal effects of Gq stimulation on pacemaking in cardiomyocytes at an early developmental stage. METHODS AND RESULTS A vector for ubiquitous expression of melanopsin was tested in HEK293FT cells, which showed light-induced production of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Mouse embryonic stem cells were stably transfected with this plasmid and differentiated into spontaneously beating embryoid bodies (EBs). Cardiomyocytes within EBs showed melanopsin expression and illumination (60 s, 308.5 nW/mm(2), 470 nm) of EBs increased beating rate within 10.2 ± 1.7 s to 317.1 ± 16.3% of baseline frequency. Illumination as short as 5 s was sufficient for generating the maximal frequency response. After termination of illumination, baseline frequency was reached with a decay constant of 27.1 ± 2.5 s. The light-induced acceleration of beating frequency showed a sigmoid dependence on light intensity with a half maximal effective light intensity of 41.7 nW/mm(2). Interestingly, EBs showed a high rate of irregular contractions after termination of high-intensity illumination. Local Gq activation by illumination of a small region in a functional syncytium of cardiomyocytes led to pacemaker activity within the illuminated area. CONCLUSIONS Light-induced Gq activation in melanopsin-expressing cardiomyocytes increases beating rate and generates local pacemaker activity. We propose that melanopsin is a powerful optogenetic tool for the investigation of spatial and temporal aspects of Gq signalling in cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beiert
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn 53105, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn 53105, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn 53105, Germany
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39
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40
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Bruegmann T, Vosen S, Wenzel D, Fleischmann BK, Sasse P. Optogenetic Control of Vascular Tone with High Temporal Resolution. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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41
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Bruegmann T, Malan D, Hesse M, Beiert T, Fuegemann CJ, Fleischmann BK, Sasse P. Channelrhodopsin2 expression in cardiomyocytes: A new tool for light-induced depolarization with high spatio-temporal resolution in vitro and in vivo. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1269109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bruegmann T, Malan D, Hesse M, Beiert T, Fuegemann CJ, Fleischmann BK, Sasse P. Optogenetic control of heart muscle in vitro and in vivo. Nat Methods 2010; 7:897-900. [PMID: 20881965 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is the standard technique for exploring electrical behavior of heart muscle, but this approach has considerable technical limitations. Here we report expression of the light-activated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 for light-induced stimulation of heart muscle in vitro and in mice. This method enabled precise localized stimulation and constant prolonged depolarization of cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissue resulting in alterations of pacemaking, Ca(2+) homeostasis, electrical coupling and arrhythmogenic spontaneous extrabeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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