Low Fermentable Oligo- Di- and Mono-Saccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs) or Gluten Free Diet: What Is Best for Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

Nonallergic Diseases Associated With Foods

Clinicians are faced with evaluating real and alleged reactions to foods that may be allergic or nonallergic. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of various non-IgE-mediated diseases are discussed in this review. These food-related conditions range from mild to severe. Referral for an allergy workup may be pursued despite the lack of IgE-mediated symptoms. Diagnostic testing is available for defined non-IgE-mediated food diseases that are either immunologic or nonimmunologic. These include celiac disease and related disorders, carbohydrate maldigestion, pancreatic insufficiency, and histamine intolerance. In contrast, there is a paucity of definitive studies to prove food intolerance diseases. There are no definitive diagnostic criteria or testing for nonceliac gluten sensitivity. Functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, are better stratified diagnostically but still lack reliable testing. Both nonceliac gluten sensitivity and irritable bowel syndrome are linked to dietary triggers including fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols. Therefore, dietary alteration alone may be diagnostic and therapeutic when all other conditions are ruled out. These conditions are important considerations when evaluating a patient with history of a food reaction. There is little evidence that foods are causative in other ailments such as acne, migraines, and nasal congestion and hypersecretion.

Digesting the Impact of Diet on Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Exploring Solutions for Controlling IBS

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) plagues nearly a fifth of the general population. It is a chronic illness that can significantly lower quality of life (QoL) and work productivity. The relationship between diet and the functional gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms present in IBS is gaining more and more attention. In addition to being a factor in the pathophysiology of IBS, diet also has a significant impact on symptoms and overall well-being. Recent research has also shown that short-chain fermentable carbohydrates increase colonic gas production and small intestine water volume, which in turn causes functional GI symptoms in those with visceral hypersensitivity. This review article has consolidated various studies highlighting the association between certain foods and the pathophysiology of IBS. It has also talked about how restricting certain food items from the diet of affected individuals can relieve symptoms and in some cases can be more effective than pharmacotherapy. Although the low reduced fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) diet (LFD) is a well-known method of treating IBS symptoms, over a third of individuals do not benefit from it. This article has also discussed the effectiveness and applicability of the LFD compared to other dietary therapies for the long-term management of IBS.

Characteristics and properties of a polysaccharide isolated from Wolfiporia cocos as potential dietary supplement for IBS

Introduction

As low FODMAP (Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols) diet therapy is recommended for most of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) patients, the consequent insufficient of dietary fibers (DFs) intake exert an adverse impact on intestinal health. It is necessary to find suitable DFs for IBS patients.

Methods

This study extracted a water-insoluble polysaccharide from Wolfiporia cocos (WIP) by alkali-extraction and acid-precipitation method. Its molecular weight was detected by high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) analysis. The structure of WIP was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The properties related to stability, digestion, viscosity, osmotic activity, adsorption and fermentation were investigated, aimed to explore the feasibility of WIP as a new DF supplement for patients with IBS. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was conducted to explore its effects on IBS-related gut microbiota.

Results and Discussion

The results showed that WIP had a single homogeneous composition and the molecular weight was 8.1 × 103 Da. WIP was indicated as a kind of pyranose form with β anomeric configuration and the main chain of WIP was 1,3-β-glucan with amorphous structure. In addition to good thermal stability, WIP also has low bioavailability and can reach the colon mostly without being digested. Moreover, the low viscosity and osmotic activity, the high water- swelling and water/oil-holding capacity, fructose adsorption capacity and poor fermentation performance of WIP demonstrated that it is suitable for IBS patients. It is worth noting that WIP regulates IBS associated gut microbiota effectively, such as the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Prevotella. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of WIP as a dietary supplement for IBS patients with low FODMAP diet therapy.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Italian guidelines for the management of irritable bowel syndrome: Joint Consensus from the Italian Societies of: Gastroenterology and Endoscopy (SIGE), Neurogastroenterology and Motility (SINGEM), Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists (AIGO), Digestive Endoscopy (SIED), General Medicine (SIMG), Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition (SIGENP) and Pediatrics (SIP)

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of gut-brain interaction. IBS is still associated with areas of uncertainties, especially regarding the optimal diagnostic work-up and the more appropriate management. Experts from 7 Italian Societies conducted a Delphi consensus with literature summary and voting process on 27 statements. Recommendations and quality of evidence were evaluated using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Consensus was defined as >80% agreement and reached for all statements. In terms of diagnosis, the consensus supports a positive diagnostic strategy with a symptom-based approach, including the psychological comorbidities assessment and the exclusion of alarm symptoms, together with the digital rectal examination, full blood count, C-reactive protein, serology for coeliac disease, and fecal calprotectin assessment. Colonoscopy should be recommended in patients with alarm features. Regarding treatment, the consensus strongly supports a dietary approach for patients with IBS, the use of soluble fiber, secretagogues, tricyclic antidepressants, psychologically directed therapies and, only in specific IBS subtypes, rifaximin. A conditional recommendation was achieved for probiotics, polyethylene glycol, antispasmodics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and, only in specific IBS subtypes, 5-HT3 antagonists, 5-HT4 agonists, bile acid sequestrants.

Role of Low-FODMAP diet in functional dyspepsia: "Why", "When", and "to Whom"

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a frequent disorder of gut-brain interaction, affecting 5-7% of people globally, with significant impairment in quality of life. The management of FD is challenging due to the lack of specific therapeutic approaches. Although food seems to play a role in symptom production, its pathophysiologic role in patients with FD is not fully understood. Most FD patients report that their symptoms are triggered by food, especially in the post-prandial distress syndrome (PDS) group, although evidence to support the use of dietary interventions are limited. FODMAPs can increase production of gas in the intestinal lumen, through fermentation by intestinal bacteria, can exert osmotic effects by increasing water volume and can cause an excessive production of short-chain fatty acids (propionate, butyrate, and acetate). Emerging scientific evidence, confirmed by recent clinical trials, suggest that FODMAPs could be involved in the pathogenesis of FD. Given the consolidated approach of the Low-FODMAP Diet (LFD) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) management and emerging scientific evidence regarding the LFD in FD, a therapeutic role of this diet may be hypothesized also in FD, either alone or in combination with other therapies.

Efficacy of a Restrictive Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Dietary factors can aggravate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Many IBS patients try restrictive diets to relieve their symptoms, but the types of diets with an exacerbating factor are unknown. Therefore, this paper reports the results of a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) reviewing the efficacy of food restriction diets in IBS.

METHODS

The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched until July 21, 2021, to retrieve RCTs assessing the efficacy of restriction diets in adults with IBS. Two independent reviewers performed the eligibility assessment and data abstraction. RCTs that evaluated a restriction diet versus a control diet and assessed the improvement in global IBS symptoms were included. These trials reported a dichotomous assessment of the overall response to therapy.

RESULTS

A total of 1,949 citations were identified. After full-text screening, 14 RCTs were considered eligible for the systematic review and network meta-analysis. A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet and a diet with low-fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) showed significantly better results than a usual diet. Symptom flare-ups in patients on a gluten- free diet were also significantly lower than in those on high-gluten diets.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings showed that the starch- and sucrose-reduced, low FODMAP, and gluten-free diets had superior effects in reducing IBS symptoms. Further studies, including head-to-head trials will be needed to establish the effectiveness of dietary restrictions on IBS symptoms.

Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: An Update

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a clinical entity characterized by the absence of celiac disease and wheat allergy in patients that trigger reproducible symptomatic responses to gluten-containing foods consumption. Due to the lack of sensitive and reproducible biomarkers for NCGS diagnosis, placebo-controlled gluten challenges must be carried out for its diagnosis. The gluten challenges can be either double- or single-blind, for research or clinical practice purposes, respectively. For improving our understanding about the magnitude and relevance of NCGS in different populations, epidemiological studies based on self-report have been carried out. However, the gluten challenge-based prevalence of NCGS remains to be estimated. Since NCGS was recently recognized as a clinical entity, more studies are needed to delve into NCGS pathogenesis, for instance, the molecular interactions between the suspected cereal grain components that trigger NCGS, such as fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and amylase and trypsin inhibitors, and the immune system remains to be elucidated. Although still under debate, NCGS patients can be susceptible to only one or more than one of the NCGS triggers. The treatment of NCGS involves the dietary restriction of the suspected triggers of the disease, but there is controversial data about the effectiveness of different dietary interventions such as the gluten-free diet and low-FODMAP diet. Certainly, our understanding of NCGS is improving quickly due to the constant availability of new scientific information on this topic. Thus, the aim of the present narrative review is to present an up-to-date overview on NCGS from epidemiology to current therapy.

Food Allergy and Intolerance: A Narrative Review on Nutritional Concerns

Adverse food reactions include immune-mediated food allergies and non-immune-mediated intolerances. However, this distinction and the involvement of different pathogenetic mechanisms are often confused. Furthermore, there is a discrepancy between the perceived vs. actual prevalence of immune-mediated food allergies and non-immune reactions to food that are extremely common. The risk of an inappropriate approach to their correct identification can lead to inappropriate diets with severe nutritional deficiencies. This narrative review provides an outline of the pathophysiologic and clinical features of immune and non-immune adverse reactions to food-along with general diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Special emphasis is placed on specific nutritional concerns for each of these conditions from the combined point of view of gastroenterology and immunology, in an attempt to offer a useful tool to practicing physicians in discriminating these diverging disease entities and planning their correct management. We conclude that a correct diagnostic approach and dietary control of both immune- and non-immune-mediated food-induced diseases might minimize the nutritional gaps in these patients, thus helping to improve their quality of life and reduce the economic costs of their management.

Myofascial Pelvic Pain: An Overlooked and Treatable Cause of Chronic Pelvic Pain

Myofascial pelvic pain is a common, nonarticular musculoskeletal disorder characterized by the presence of myofascial trigger points in the lower abdominal wall and/or pelvic floor muscles. Myofascial pelvic pain is involved in an estimated 22% to 94% of cases of chronic pelvic pain, which is one of the most common gynecologic conditions in the United States. Myofascial pelvic pain may exist independently or in conjunction with disorders such as vaginismus, dysmenorrhea, and endometriosis and is frequently a causative factor in sexual pain or dyspareunia. This article reviews the pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment options for myofascial pelvic pain, with a particular focus on trigger point injections. Increased recognition and treatment of this commonly overlooked diagnosis has the potential to improve care and outcomes for many patients suffering from chronic pelvic pain.

Relationship between Persistent Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Duodenal Histological Findings after Adequate Gluten-Free Diet: A Gray Area of Celiac Disease Management in Adult Patients

A gluten-free diet (GFD) leads to a rapid improvement in gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, biochemical alterations and duodenal histological damage in the majority of celiac disease (CD) patients. This study aimed to assess the frequency and factors associated with the persistence of GI symptoms/malabsorption signs and their relationship with duodenal histological findings among CD patients on an adequate GFD (mean duration 16 months, range 12-28 months). This longitudinal cohort study included 102 adult CD patients (median age 38.5 years, range 18-76 years, F = 71.6%) diagnosed between 2012 and 2018. A total of 36.3% of the included patients had persistent GI symptoms and/or malabsorption signs (Group 1), while the remaining patients had complete GI well-being without malabsorption signs (Group 2) at the time of histological re-evaluation. The persistence of GI symptoms/signs was associated with a long duration of symptoms/signs before CD diagnosis (≥5 years) (OR 5.3; 95% CI 1.3-21.8) and the presence of constipation at the time of CD diagnosis (OR 7.5; 95% CI 1.3-42) while for other variables, including age at CD diagnosis, sex, duration of GFD, comorbidities, CD serology positivity and severity of duodenal damage at histological re-evaluation, no association was found. According to our results, the persistence of symptoms/signs is not associated with histological findings, and their relationship could be a gray area in CD management.