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Hu K, Deya Edelen E, Zhuo W, Khan A, Orbegoso J, Greenfield L, Rahi B, Griffin M, Ilich JZ, Kelly OJ. Understanding the Consequences of Fatty Bone and Fatty Muscle: How the Osteosarcopenic Adiposity Phenotype Uncovers the Deterioration of Body Composition. Metabolites 2023; 13:1056. [PMID: 37887382 PMCID: PMC10608812 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiposity is central to aging and several chronic diseases. Adiposity encompasses not just the excess adipose tissue but also body fat redistribution, fat infiltration, hypertrophy of adipocytes, and the shifting of mesenchymal stem cell commitment to adipogenesis. Bone marrow adipose tissue expansion, inflammatory adipokines, and adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles are central to the development of osteopenic adiposity. Adipose tissue infiltration and local adipogenesis within the muscle are critical in developing sarcopenic adiposity and subsequent poorer functional outcomes. Ultimately, osteosarcopenic adiposity syndrome is the result of all the processes noted above: fat infiltration and adipocyte expansion and redistribution within the bone, muscle, and adipose tissues, resulting in bone loss, muscle mass/strength loss, deteriorated adipose tissue, and subsequent functional decline. Increased fat tissue, typically referred to as obesity and expressed by body mass index (the latter often used inadequately), is now occurring in younger age groups, suggesting people will live longer with the negative effects of adiposity. This review discusses the role of adiposity in the deterioration of bone and muscle, as well as adipose tissue itself. It reveals how considering and including adiposity in the definition and diagnosis of osteopenic adiposity, sarcopenic adiposity, and osteosarcopenic adiposity will help in better understanding the pathophysiology of each and accelerate possible therapies and prevention approaches for both relatively healthy individuals or those with chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (K.H.); (E.D.E.); (W.Z.); (A.K.); (J.O.); (L.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Elizabeth Deya Edelen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (K.H.); (E.D.E.); (W.Z.); (A.K.); (J.O.); (L.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Wenqing Zhuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (K.H.); (E.D.E.); (W.Z.); (A.K.); (J.O.); (L.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Aliya Khan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (K.H.); (E.D.E.); (W.Z.); (A.K.); (J.O.); (L.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Josselyne Orbegoso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (K.H.); (E.D.E.); (W.Z.); (A.K.); (J.O.); (L.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Lindsey Greenfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (K.H.); (E.D.E.); (W.Z.); (A.K.); (J.O.); (L.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Berna Rahi
- Department of Human Sciences, Sam Houston State University College of Health Sciences, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA;
| | - Michael Griffin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (K.H.); (E.D.E.); (W.Z.); (A.K.); (J.O.); (L.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Jasminka Z. Ilich
- Institute for Successful Longevity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA;
| | - Owen J. Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304, USA; (K.H.); (E.D.E.); (W.Z.); (A.K.); (J.O.); (L.G.); (M.G.)
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Madrid DA, Beavers KM, Walkup MP, Ambrosius WT, Rejeski WJ, Marsh AP, Weaver AA. Effect of exercise modality and weight loss on changes in muscle and bone quality in older adults with obesity. Exp Gerontol 2023; 174:112126. [PMID: 36796657 PMCID: PMC10033433 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of exercise modality during a dietary weight loss program on muscle size and quality, as measured by computed tomography (CT). Even less is known about how CT-derived changes in muscle track with changes in volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone strength. METHODS Older adults (66 ± 5 years, 64 % women) were randomized to 18-months of diet-induced weight loss (WL), WL with aerobic training (WL + AT), or WL with resistance training (WL + RT). CT-derived muscle area, radio-attenuation and intermuscular fat percentage at the trunk and mid-thigh were determined at baseline (n = 55) and 18-month follow-up (n = 22-34), and changes were adjusted for sex, baseline value, and weight lost. Lumbar spine and hip vBMD and finite element-derived bone strength were also measured. RESULTS After adjustment for the weight lost, muscle area losses at the trunk were -7.82 cm2 [-12.30, -3.35] for WL, -7.72 cm2 [-11.36, -4.07] for WL + AT, and -5.14 cm2 [-8.65, -1.63] for WL + RT (p < 0.001 for group differences). At the mid-thigh, decreases were -6.20 cm2 [-10.39, -2.02] for WL, -7.84 cm2 [-11.19, -4.48] for WL + AT, and -0.60 cm2 [-4.14, 2.94] for WL + RT; this difference between WL + AT and WL + RT was significant in post-hoc testing (p = 0.01). Change in trunk muscle radio-attenuation was positively associated with change in lumbar bone strength (r = 0.41, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS WL + RT better preserved muscle area and improved muscle quality more consistently than WL + AT or WL alone. More research is needed to characterize the associations between muscle and bone quality in older adults undertaking weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Madrid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Kristen M Beavers
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, United States
| | - Michael P Walkup
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Walter T Ambrosius
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
| | - W Jack Rejeski
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, United States
| | - Anthony P Marsh
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, United States
| | - Ashley A Weaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States.
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Li J, Gu Q, Li R, Wang R, Cai Y, Huang Y, Wang S, Wang S, Liu X. Effect of Yi Jin Jing exercise plus Elastic Band Resistance exercise on overall bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:87-92. [PMID: 36707306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work aimed to study the effects of Yi Jin Jing plus Elastic Band Resistance exercise on bone mineral density at all parts of the body and bone metabolism index levels in postmenopausal women. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. METHODS Forty postmenopausal women were randomly assigned equally to the exercise or to the control group. The control group maintained their lifestyle behaviors unaltered, whereas the exercise group received Yi Jin Jing plus Elastic Band Resistance exercise. The primary outcome was overall bone mineral density at each part, and the secondary one was bone metabolism indicator levels and bone mineral density on both sides. RESULTS The results after six months showed increased bone mineral density at all parts of the body in the exercise group (spine, P = 0.002; thighs, lumbar, and whole body, P < 0.05) and decreased bone mineral density in the control group (trunk, pelvis, and spine, P < 0.01). In particular, the decrease and increase were greater on the non-preferred (left) side than on the right side. As for bone metabolism indexes, β-Crosslaps levels reduced (P = 0.016) and a significant increase in 1,25-(OH)2-D3 (P < 0.001) can be observed in the exercise group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that Yi Jin Jing plus Elastic Band Resistance exercise could delay the overall decrease of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, especially on the non-preferred side. It also increased bone formation metabolite levels and inhibited bone resorption metabolite levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- School of Exercise and health, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- School of Exercise and health, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and health, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China
| | - Yanwei Cai
- School of Exercise and health, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China
| | - Yunda Huang
- School of Exercise and health, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- School of Exercise and health, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China
| | - Suijun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, China.
| | - Xiangyun Liu
- School of Exercise and health, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China.
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Pang L, Jiang X, Lian X, Chen J, Song EF, Jin LG, Xia ZY, Ma HC, Cai Y. Caloric restriction-mimetics for the reduction of heart failure risk in aging heart: with consideration of gender-related differences. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:33. [PMID: 35786219 PMCID: PMC9252041 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00389-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature is full of claims regarding the consumption of polyphenol or polyamine-rich foods that offer some protection from developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is achieved by preventing cardiac hypertrophy and protecting blood vessels through improving the function of endothelium. However, do these interventions work in the aged human hearts? Cardiac aging is accompanied by an increase in left ventricular hypertrophy, along with diastolic and systolic dysfunction. It also confers significant cardiovascular risks for both sexes. The incidence and prevalence of CVD increase sharply at an earlier age in men than women. Furthermore, the patterns of heart failure differ between sexes, as do the lifetime risk factors. Do caloric restriction (CR)-mimetics, rich in polyphenol or polyamine, delay or reverse cardiac aging equally in both men and women? This review will discuss three areas: (1) mechanisms underlying age-related cardiac remodeling; (2) gender-related differences and potential mechanisms underlying diminished cardiac response in older men and women; (3) we select a few polyphenol or polyamine rich compounds as the CR-mimetics, such as resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate and spermidine, due to their capability to extend health-span and induce autophagy. We outline their abilities and issues on retarding aging in animal hearts and preventing CVD in humans. We discuss the confounding factors that should be considered for developing therapeutic strategies against cardiac aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Health Promotion Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xin Lian
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512000, Guangdong, China
| | - Er-Fei Song
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Jinan University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei-Gang Jin
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Chun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yin Cai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Mankowski RT, Justice JN. Translational Research on Aging and Adaptations to Exercise. Exp Gerontol 2022; 166:111872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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