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Perović K, Morović S, Jukić A, Košutić K. Alternative to Conventional Solutions in the Development of Membranes and Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Application in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6319. [PMID: 37763596 PMCID: PMC10534479 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) represents promising technology for the generation of high-purity hydrogen using electricity generated from renewable energy sources (solar and wind). Currently, benchmark catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions in PEMWE are highly dispersed carbon-supported Pt-based materials. In order for this technology to be used on a large scale and be market competitive, it is highly desirable to better understand its performance and reduce the production costs associated with the use of expensive noble metal cathodes. The development of non-noble metal cathodes poses a major challenge for scientists, as their electrocatalytic activity still does not exceed the performance of the benchmark carbon-supported Pt. Therefore, many published works deal with the use of platinum group materials, but in reduced quantities (below 0.5 mg cm-2). These Pd-, Ru-, and Rh-based electrodes are highly efficient in hydrogen production and have the potential for large-scale application. Nevertheless, great progress is needed in the field of water electrolysis to improve the activity and stability of the developed catalysts, especially in the context of industrial applications. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present all the process features related to the hydrogen evolution mechanism in water electrolysis, with a focus on PEMWE, and to provide an outlook on recently developed novel electrocatalysts that could be used as cathode materials in PEMWE in the future. Non-noble metal options consisting of transition metal sulfides, phosphides, and carbides, as well as alternatives with reduced noble metals content, will be presented in detail. In addition, the paper provides a brief overview of the application of PEMWE systems at the European level and related initiatives that promote green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Perović
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.J.)
| | | | | | - Krešimir Košutić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.J.)
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Nayak JK, Shankar U, Samal K. Fabrication and development of SPEEK/PVdF-HFP/SiO2 proton exchange membrane for microbial fuel cell application. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Raza J, Hamid A, Khan M, Hussain F, Zada A, Tiehu L, Ali A, Fazil P, Wahab Z. Preparation and comparative evaluation of PVC/PbO and PVC/PbO/graphite based conductive nanocomposites. Z PHYS CHEM 2022; 0. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two series, A and B, of PVC based nanocomposite polymer membranes (nCPMs) were prepared using PbO only and PbO/graphite mixture as a filler by solution casting method. Seven samples with varying compositions (5–35%) of filler particles were prepared for each series and were compared by thickness measurements, porosity, water uptake, swelling degree, ionic conductivity, ion exchange capacity (IEC), membrane potential and transport number. The maximum values for these characteristics were observed as 0.402 mm, 0.77, 141.3%, 0.11, 0.0033 Scm−1, 8.6 milli-eq.g−1, 0.19 V and 0.01391 for series-A composites whereas that of 0.367 mm, 0.83, 63.4%, 0.019, 0.00981 Scm−1, 5.21 milli-eq.g−1, 0.13 V and 0.0108 for series-B nCPMs respectively. The SEM images of membranes showed greater voids produced in the series-B compared to series-A composites. The maximum Ionic conductivity, IEC, membrane potential and transport number were observed for membrane with 25% PbO/graphite, 20% PbO and 35% PbO particles respectively.
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Pajuste E, Reinholds I, Vaivars G, Antuzevičs A, Avotina L, Sprugis E, Mikko R, Heikki K, Meri R, Kaparkalējs R. Evaluation of radiation stability of electron beam irradiated Nafion® and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wong CY, Wong WY, Loh KS, Lim KL. Protic ionic liquids as next-generation proton exchange membrane materials: Current status & future perspectives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Esmaeilzadeh Z, Karimi M, Shoushtari AM, Javanbakht M. Linking interfacial energies with proton conductivity in sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) nanocomposite. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Al Lafi AG, Alzier A, Allaf AW. Wide angle X-ray diffraction patterns and 2D-correlation spectroscopy of crystallization in proton irradiated poly(ether ether ketone). Heliyon 2021; 7:e07306. [PMID: 34189327 PMCID: PMC8219738 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton irradiated poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films were crystallized to different extents, and subsequently characterized by wide angle X-ray diffraction technique. The data were analyzed by two-dimensional correlation mapping (2D-CM), in particular: Generalized, hybrid and multiple perturbations correlation approaches. Two asynchronous correlation peaks at (19.1, 18.7) o and at (22.5, 19.1) o were utilized as a measure the crystal perfection and the preferred process; orientation/crystal growth respectively. Proton irradiation not only favored the formation of crystal form II, but also changed the type of orientation within the irradiated films. Differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopic analysis confirmed the contribution of the previous two factors. Raman spectra indicated that the intensity of both bands at 1595 and 1608 cm−1 decreased on samples crystallized from the melt, but increased on cold crystallized samples. 2D-CM combined with other suitable techniques is a promising in evaluating the structure of polymers and revealing the effect of proton irradiation.
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Drozdov AD, deClaville Christiansen J. Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Poly(ether ether ketone): Experiments and Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1779. [PMID: 34071593 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations are reported on poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) in uniaxial tensile tests, relaxation tests and creep tests with various stresses in a wide interval of temperatures ranging from room temperature to 180 °C. Constitutive equations are developed for the thermo-mechanical behavior of PEEK under uniaxial deformation. Adjustable parameters in the governing equations are found by matching the experimental data. Good agreement is demonstrated between the observations and results of numerical simulation. It is shown that the activation energies for the elastoplastic, viscoelastic and viscoelastoplastic responses adopt similar values at temperatures above the glass transition point.
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Arifin MA, Mel M, Swan SY, Samsudin N, Hashim YZHY, Salleh HM. Optimization of ultraviolet/ozone (UVO 3) process conditions for the preparation of gelatin coated polystyrene (PS) microcarriers. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:181-196. [PMID: 34010098 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1923031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop gelatin coated polystyrene (PS) microcarriers with good cell adhesion and proliferation properties. PS microspheres, prepared using oil-in water (o/w) solvent evaporation method, were loaded with oxygen containing functional groups using an ultraviolet/ozone (UVO3) system. Using water-soluble carbodiimide chemistry, gelatin was subsequently immobilized on UVO3 treated PS microspheres. The amount of immobilized gelatin was found to be directly proportional to the surface carboxyl (COOH) concentration on PS microspheres. Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCD) was employed to optimize the process conditions of UVO3 treatment to maximize the surface COOH concentration on PS microspheres for allowing higher gelatin immobilization. Statistical results revealed that, the optimized process conditions were ozone flow rate of ∼64,603 ppm, exposure time of ∼60 minutes and sample amount of 5.05 g. Under these conditions, the surface COOH concentration on PS microspheres was ∼1,505 nmol/g with the corresponding amount of immobilized gelatin was ∼2,725 µg/g. Characterization analyses strongly suggest that the optimized UVO3 treatment and successive gelatin immobilization have successfully improved surface wettability and dispersion stability of PS microspheres. Moreover, gelatin coated PS microcarriers were also proven as able to support the growth of CHO-K1 cells in high cell density culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Azmir Arifin
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Maizirwan Mel
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia Kulliyyah of Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sia Yiik Swan
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurhusna Samsudin
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamzah Mohd Salleh
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Carbone A, Castriciano MA, Monsù Scolaro L, Gatto I. Novel Polymeric Composite TPPS/s-PEEK Membranes for Low Relative Humidity PEFC. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1431. [PMID: 32604866 PMCID: PMC7361698 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite membranes based on different wt percentages of meso-tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) embedded in a medium sulfonation degree (50%) sulfonated poly(etheretherketone) (s-PEEK) were investigated. The successful introduction of porphyrin into the membranes and the characterization of its different species into the membrane ionic domains were carried out by spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, the effect of TPPS arrangement was investigated in terms of water retention, proton conductivity and fuel cell performance at low relative humidity (RH). It was found that the introduction of this porphyrin induces a variation of the chemical-physical parameters, such as ion exchange capacity (IEC), water up-take (Wup %) λ and proton concentration ([H+]), attributable to the interactions that occur between the sulfonic groups of the polymer and the nitrogen sites of TPPS. The TPPS, in its J-aggregated form, actively participates in the proton conduction mechanism, also maintaining the adequate water content in more drastic conditions (80 °C and 50% RH). A maximum power density value of 462 mW cm-2 was obtained for the s-PEEK membrane, with a 0.77 wt % content of TPPS. This evidence suggests that the presence of J-aggregates in the proton conduction channels maintains a good hydration, even if a drastic reduction of the RH of the reactant gases occurs, preventing the membrane from a dry-out effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Angela Castriciano
- CNR-ISMN, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Luigi Monsù Scolaro
- CNR-ISMN, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Gatto
- CNR-ITAE Via S. Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy;
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Shabani M, Younesi H, Rahimpour A, Rahimnejad M. Upgrading the electrochemical performance of graphene oxide-blended sulfonated polyetheretherketone composite polymer electrolyte membrane for microbial fuel cell application. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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