1
|
Fu L, Weiskopf EN, Akkermans O, Swanson NA, Cheng S, Schwartz TU, Görlich D. HIV-1 capsids enter the FG phase of nuclear pores like a transport receptor. Nature 2024; 626:843-851. [PMID: 38267583 PMCID: PMC10881386 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection requires nuclear entry of the viral genome. Previous evidence suggests that this entry proceeds through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), with the 120 × 60 nm capsid squeezing through an approximately 60-nm-wide central channel1 and crossing the permeability barrier of the NPC. This barrier can be described as an FG phase2 that is assembled from cohesively interacting phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats3 and is selectively permeable to cargo captured by nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). Here we show that HIV-1 capsid assemblies can target NPCs efficiently in an NTR-independent manner and bind directly to several types of FG repeats, including barrier-forming cohesive repeats. Like NTRs, the capsid readily partitions into an in vitro assembled cohesive FG phase that can serve as an NPC mimic and excludes much smaller inert probes such as mCherry. Indeed, entry of the capsid protein into such an FG phase is greatly enhanced by capsid assembly, which also allows the encapsulated clients to enter. Thus, our data indicate that the HIV-1 capsid behaves like an NTR, with its interior serving as a cargo container. Because capsid-coating with trans-acting NTRs would increase the diameter by 10 nm or more, we suggest that such a 'self-translocating' capsid undermines the size restrictions imposed by the NPC scaffold, thereby bypassing an otherwise effective barrier to viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liran Fu
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erika N Weiskopf
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Onno Akkermans
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Swanson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shiya Cheng
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas U Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Dirk Görlich
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Highland CM, Tan A, Ricaña CL, Briggs JAG, Dick RA. Structural insights into HIV-1 polyanion-dependent capsid lattice formation revealed by single particle cryo-EM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220545120. [PMID: 37094124 PMCID: PMC10160977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220545120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid houses the viral genome and interacts extensively with host cell proteins throughout the viral life cycle. It is composed of capsid protein (CA), which assembles into a conical fullerene lattice composed of roughly 200 CA hexamers and 12 CA pentamers. Previous structural analyses of individual CA hexamers and pentamers have provided valuable insight into capsid structure and function, but detailed structural information about these assemblies in the broader context of the capsid lattice is lacking. In this study, we combined cryoelectron tomography and single particle analysis (SPA) cryoelectron microscopy to determine structures of continuous regions of the capsid lattice containing both hexamers and pentamers. We also developed a method of liposome scaffold-based in vitro lattice assembly ("lattice templating") that enabled us to directly study the lattice under a wider range of conditions than has previously been possible. Using this approach, we identified a critical role for inositol hexakisphosphate in pentamer formation and determined the structure of the CA lattice bound to the capsid-targeting antiretroviral drug GS-6207 (lenacapavir). Our work reveals key structural details of the mature HIV-1 CA lattice and establishes the combination of lattice templating and SPA as a robust strategy for studying retroviral capsid structure and capsid interactions with host proteins and antiviral compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Highland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Aaron Tan
- Structural Studies Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clifton L. Ricaña
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - John A. G. Briggs
- Structural Studies Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Cell and Virus Structure, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich82512, Germany
| | - Robert A. Dick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen Q, Feng Q, Wu C, Xiong Q, Tian T, Yuan S, Shi J, Bedwell GJ, Yang R, Aiken C, Engelman AN, Lusk CP, Lin C, Xiong Y. Modeling HIV-1 nuclear entry with nucleoporin-gated DNA-origami channels. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023. [PMID: 36807645 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Delivering the virus genome into the host nucleus through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is pivotal in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. The mechanism of this process remains mysterious owing to the NPC complexity and the labyrinth of molecular interactions involved. Here we built a suite of NPC mimics-DNA-origami-corralled nucleoporins with programmable arrangements-to model HIV-1 nuclear entry. Using this system, we determined that multiple cytoplasm-facing Nup358 molecules provide avid binding for capsid docking to the NPC. The nucleoplasm-facing Nup153 preferentially attaches to high-curvature regions of the capsid, positioning it for tip-leading NPC insertion. Differential capsid binding strengths of Nup358 and Nup153 constitute an affinity gradient that drives capsid penetration. Nup62 in the NPC central channel forms a barrier that viruses must overcome during nuclear import. Our study thus provides a wealth of mechanistic insight and a transformative toolset for elucidating how viruses like HIV-1 enter the nucleus.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wilbourne M, Zhang P. Visualizing HIV-1 Capsid and Its Interactions with Antivirals and Host Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:246. [PMID: 33557422 PMCID: PMC7914784 DOI: 10.3390/v13020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the construction and function of the HIV capsid has advanced considerably in the last decade. This is due in large part to the development of more sophisticated structural techniques, particularly cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryoET). The capsid is known to be a pleomorphic fullerene cone comprised of capsid protein monomers arranged into 200-250 hexamers and 12 pentamers. The latter of these induce high curvature necessary to close the cone at both ends. CryoEM/cryoET, NMR, and X-ray crystallography have collectively described these interactions to atomic or near-atomic resolutions. Further, these techniques have helped to clarify the role the HIV capsid plays in several parts of the viral life cycle, from reverse transcription to nuclear entry and integration into the host chromosome. This includes visualizing the capsid bound to host factors. Multiple proteins have been shown to interact with the capsid. Cyclophilin A, nucleoporins, and CPSF6 promote viral infectivity, while MxB and Trim5α diminish the viral infectivity. Finally, structural insights into the intra- and intermolecular interactions that govern capsid function have enabled development of small molecules, peptides, and truncated proteins to disrupt or stabilize the capsid to inhibit HIV replication. The most promising of these, GS6207, is now in clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang WLW, Deere JD, Kieu HT, Castillo LD, Machmach K, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Shacklett BL, Barry PA, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Sparger EE. RhCMV serostatus and vaccine adjuvant impact immunogenicity of RhCMV/SIV vaccines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14056. [PMID: 32820216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) strain 68-1-vectored simian immunodeficiency virus (RhCMV/SIV) vaccines are associated with complete clearance of pathogenic SIV challenge virus, non-canonical major histocompatibility complex restriction, and absent antibody responses in recipients previously infected with wild-type RhCMV. This report presents the first investigation of RhCMV/SIV vaccines in RhCMV-seronegative macaques lacking anti-vector immunity. Fifty percent of rhesus macaques (RM) vaccinated with a combined RhCMV-Gag, -Env, and -Retanef (RTN) vaccine controlled pathogenic SIV challenge despite high peak viremia. However, kinetics of viral load control by vaccinated RM were considerably delayed compared to previous reports. Impact of a TLR5 agonist (flagellin; FliC) on vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity was also examined. An altered vaccine regimen containing an SIV Gag-FliC fusion antigen instead of Gag was significantly less immunogenic and resulted in reduced protection. Notably, RhCMV-Gag and RhCMV-Env vaccines elicited anti-Gag and anti-Env antibodies in RhCMV-seronegative RM, an unexpected contrast to vaccination of RhCMV-seropositive RM. These findings confirm that RhCMV-vectored SIV vaccines significantly protect against SIV pathogenesis. However, pre-existing vector immunity and a pro-inflammatory vaccine adjuvant may influence RhCMV/SIV vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. Future investigation of the impact of pre-existing anti-vector immune responses on protective immunity conferred by this vaccine platform is warranted.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lau D, Walsh JC, Mousapasandi A, Ariotti N, Shah VB, Turville S, Jacques DA, Böcking T. Self-Assembly of Fluorescent HIV Capsid Spheres for Detection of Capsid Binders. Langmuir 2020; 36:3624-3632. [PMID: 32212624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid is a cone-shaped capsule formed from the viral capsid protein (CA), which is arranged into a lattice of hexamers and pentamers. The capsid comprises multiple binding interfaces for the recruitment of host proteins and macromolecules used by the virus to establish infection. Here, we coassembled CA proteins engineered for pentamer cross-linking and fluorescence labeling, into spherical particles. The CA spheres, which resemble the pentamer-rich structure of the end caps of the native HIV capsid, were immobilized onto surfaces as biorecognition elements for fluorescence microscopy-based quantification of host protein binding. The capsid-binding host protein cyclophilin A (CypA) is bound to CA spheres with the same affinity as CA tubes but at a higher CypA/CA stoichiometry, suggesting that the level of recruitment of CypA to the HIV capsid is dependent on curvature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Lau
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - James C Walsh
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Amir Mousapasandi
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Ariotti
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Center, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Vaibhav B Shah
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David A Jacques
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|