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Lan Z, Zhang J, Li J, He R. Utility of GATA-3 immunocytochemistry for the assessment of fine-needle aspiration in breast cancer patients with suspicious axillary lymph nodes at ultrasound. Diagn Cytopathol 2024; 52:93-102. [PMID: 37964714 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a routine preoperative method for evaluating suspicious axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) in patients with breast cancer. However, a range of reasons such as morphological pitfalls, technical artifacts, and sampling errors restrict the sensitivity and accuracy of FNAC. This retrospective study investigated the diagnostic value of GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3) immunocytochemistry for FNAC. METHODS Breast cancer patients who underwent preoperative FNAC for suspicious ALNs, relevant GATA-3 immunocytochemistry, and postoperative status of ALNs were reviewed from the period of March 2020 to February 2022. Altogether, 102 patients were included in the study. FNAC material smears stained with hematoxylin and eosin was initially assessed by two cytopathologists and categorized into five groups: nondiagnostic, negative, atypical, suspicious, and positive for malignancy. Only group of cells positive for malignancy was considered positive. For each case, two selected slides were digitized (whole slide imaged) at ×40 magnification and decolored for GATA-3 immunocytochemistry. The expression of GATA-3 was scored ranging from 0 to 9 (Score ≥3: Positive, Score ≤2: Negative). If either FNAC or GATA-3 immunocytochemistry was positive or the combined test positive, then the case was considered positive. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FNAC, GATA-3 immunocytochemistry, and combined FNAC/GATA-3 immunocytochemistry were analyzed by χ2 and Fisher's tests. RESULTS The mean age of the study participants was 50.62 (ranging: 30-73 years). Invasive breast carcinoma (not otherwise specified) accounted for most histological subtypes, and grade 2 was the leading Nottingham grade. Sixteen cases directly underwent mastectomy while the other 86 patients had neoadjuvant therapy. A more serious diagnosis was made based on GATA-3 detection in 22.5% (n = 23) of 102 cases. Of the 23 cases, metastasis was confirmed by GATA-3 detection in 21 cases, and an uncertain diagnosis was ascertained based on GATA-3 immunocytochemistry in 2 with nondiagnostic FNAC results. The sensitivity (77/87, 88.5%) of GATA-3 detection for distinguishing malignancies from benign lesions was higher than that of FNAC alone (62/87, 71.3%) (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS GATA-3 immunocytochemistry exhibited high diagnostic efficacy in distinguishing malignant breast cancer cells. Moreover, combined FNAC and GATA-3 immunocytochemistry achieved optimal results in terms of reducing the false-negative rate and promoting accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Lan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Rongfang He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Copeland JE, Cherian CJ, Lyew MA. Technetium-99-Guided Axillary Lymph Node Identification: A Case Report of a Novel Technique for Targeted Lymph Node Excision Biopsy for Node Positive Breast Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. J Med Cases 2023; 14:419-425. [PMID: 38186556 PMCID: PMC10769653 DOI: 10.14740/jmc4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted axillary lymph node identification for breast cancer involves localization and removal of previously marked metastatic lymph nodes after the completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), when clinical and radiological complete responses of the axillary nodes are achieved. Traditionally, axillary lymph node dissection is performed for patients with node positive disease, but the high rates of pathological complete responses now seen after NACT have ushered in lower morbidity techniques such as sentinel lymph node excision biopsies, targeted axillary lymph node dissection and targeted axillary lymph node identification (clip node identification) in node positive disease which has converted to clinical/radiologically node negative. The latter two techniques often require the use of expensive seeds and advanced localization techniques. Here we describe the case of a 59-year-old woman who was diagnosed with node positive invasive breast cancer who was sequenced with NACT. We developed a novel technique, where technetium-99m was injected directly into a previously clipped metastatic axillary lymph node which was then localized with the Neoprobe gamma detection system intra-operatively and removed. This is a relatively low-cost technique that can be easily introduced in limited resourced health systems where radio-guided sentinel lymph node biopsies are already being performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Copeland
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia, Radiology and Emergency Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Department of General Surgery, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
- The Breast Health & Oncology Care Centre at the Andrews Memorial Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Cherian J. Cherian
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia, Radiology and Emergency Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Department of General Surgery, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
- The Breast Health & Oncology Care Centre at the Andrews Memorial Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Matthew A. Lyew
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia, Radiology and Emergency Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Department of General Surgery, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
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Li S, Qi W, Cao L, Xu C, Cai R, Chen J, Cai G. Nodal response to primary systemic therapy predicts prognosis of cN3c breast cancer patients receiving multimodality therapy. Breast 2023; 70:92-99. [PMID: 37423063 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the survival outcomes, patterns and risks of recurrence in cN3c breast cancer patients after multimodality therapy, as well as the predictors of candidates for ipsilateral supraclavicular (SCV) area boosting. METHOD Consecutive cN3c breast cancer patients from January 2009 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on nodal response to primary systemic therapy (PST), patients were categorized into three groups: clinical complete response (cCR) not achieved in SCV lymph nodal (SCLN, Group A), SCLN cCR but axillary node (ALN) did not achieve pathological complete response (pCR, Group B), cCR in SCLN and pCR in ALN (Group C). RESULTS The median follow-up time was 32.7 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 64.6% and 43.7% respectively. Multivariate analysis showed cumulative SCV dose and ypT stage, ALN response and SCV response to PST were significantly associated with OS and RFS respectively. Compared with Group A or B, Group C showed significantly improved 3 y-RFS (53.8% vs 73.6% vs 100%, p = 0.003), and the lowest rate of DM as first failure (37.9% vs 23.5% vs 0%, p = 0.010). In Group A, the 3 y-OS for patients receiving the cumulative SCV dose of ≥60 Gy versus <60 Gy was 78.0% versus 57.3% (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION Nodal response to PST is an independent prognostic factor for survival and pattern of failure. A cumulative SCV dose of ≥60 Gy is positively associated with improved OS, especially in Group A. Our data supports the perspective of optimizing radiotherapeutic strategy based on nodal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixiang Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Ren X, Yu Y, Liu L, Xia W, Ni R, Wei S, Wu J, Wei Q. Axillary response and outcome in breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant treatment: The role of radiotherapy in reducing recurrence in ypN0 patients with initially cN+ stage. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1093155. [PMID: 37077821 PMCID: PMC10106717 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1093155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveWe aim to explore the clinicopathological features associated with axillary node response and recurrence in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment (NAT).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 486 stage I to III breast cancer patients who received NAT and surgery between 2016 and 2021.ResultsA total of 486 cases were reviewed and 154 (31.7%) patients achieved breast pathological complete response (pCR) (ypT0/Tis). Of the 366 cases with initially cN+, 177 (48.4%) cases reach ypN0. Breast pCR is in high accordance to axillary pCR (81.5%). Hormone receptor (HR)-/HER2+ breast cancer patients have the highest axillary pCR rate (78.3%). Patients achieve axillary pCR have a significantly better disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.0004). Further analysis reveals that the DFS of ypN0 and ypN1 cases are similar (P=0.9049). Moreover, DFS in patients with ypN0 (P<0.0001) and ypN1 (P<0.0001) is significantly better than that in patients with ypN2-3. For post-mastectomy ypN0 cases, radiation could only improve DFS in patients with initially cN+ stage (P=0.0499). Multivariate Cox regression analysis shows that radiation is an independent factor to improve DFS (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.288(0.098-0.841), P=0.0230). Radiation does not improve DFS in pre-cN0/ypN0 patients (P=0.1696).ConclusionAxillary pCR rate is higher than breast pCR rate. HR-/HER2+ patients have the highest axillary pCR rate. Axillary pCR is associated with better DFS. Radiation could further improve DFS in ypN0 patients with initially positive nodal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaner Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Xia
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Runliang Ni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shumei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wu
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wu, ; Qichun Wei,
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wu, ; Qichun Wei,
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Davey
- Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
- The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence to: Matthew G. Davey, Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway H91YR71, Republic of Ireland (e-mail: )
| | - Ferdia Browne
- Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicola Miller
- The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife J. Lowery
- Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
- The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael J. Kerin
- Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
- The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Gwark S, Noh WC, Ahn SH, Lee ES, Jung Y, Kim LS, Han W, Nam SJ, Gong G, Kim SO, Kim HJ. Axillary Lymph Node Dissection Rates and Prognosis From Phase III Neoadjuvant Systemic Trial Comparing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Pre-Menopausal Patients With Estrogen Receptor-Positive and HER2-Negative, Lymph Node-Positive Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:741120. [PMID: 34660302 PMCID: PMC8515848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) rates and prognosis in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) compare with neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-), lymph node (LN)-positive, premenopausal breast cancer patients (NCT01622361). The multicenter, phase 3, randomized clinical trial enrolled 187 women from July 5, 2012, to May 30, 2017. The patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either 24 weeks of NCT including adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide followed by intravenous docetaxel, or NET involving goserelin acetate and daily tamoxifen. ALND was performed based on the surgeon’s decision. The primary endpoint was ALND rate and surgical outcome after preoperative treatment. The secondary endpoint was long-term survival. Among the 187 randomized patients, pre- and post- neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) assessments were available for 170 patients. After NST, 49.4% of NCT patients and 55.4% of NET patients underwent mastectomy after treatment completion. The rate of ALND was significantly lower in the NCT group than in the NET group (55.2% vs. 69.9%, P=.046). Following surgery, the NET group showed a significantly higher mean number of removed LNs (14.96 vs. 11.74, P=.003) and positive LNs (4.84 vs. 2.92, P=.000) than the NCT group. The axillary pathologic complete response (pCR) rate was significantly higher in the NCT group (13.8% vs. 4.8%, P=.045) than in the NET group. During a median follow-up of 67.3 months, 19 patients in the NCT group and 12 patients in the NET group reported recurrence. The 5-year ARFS (97.5%vs. 100%, P=.077), DFS (77.2% vs. 84.8%, P=.166), and OS (97.5% vs. 94.7%, P=.304) rates did not differ significantly between the groups. In conclusion, although survival did not differ significantly, more NCT patients might able to avoid ALND, with fewer LNs removed with lower LN positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungchan Gwark
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Chul Noh
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Ahn
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- Department of Surgery, Center for Breast Cancer, Research and Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Yongsik Jung
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Lee Su Kim
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Nam
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyungyub Gong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Ok Kim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea
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Noronha J, Joshi S, Hawaldar R, Nair N, Vanmali V, Parmar V, Shet T, Badwe R. Sterilization Rate of the Axilla After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: The Scope for Conservative Surgery. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 6:1184-1191. [PMID: 32735491 PMCID: PMC7392778 DOI: 10.1200/go.20.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of axillary conservation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is debatable. We routinely carry out complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). This study was conducted to understand the pathologic axillary complete response (pAxCR) after NACT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated a prospective database of patients with breast cancer who underwent surgery after NACT in the year 2017 at our institution. NACT was administered to downstage locally advanced breast cancer or facilitate breast-conservation surgery. RESULTS Of 793 patients who underwent surgery after NACT, 97(12.2%) had cN0 disease, 407 (51.3%) had cN1, 262 (32%) had cN2, and 27 (3.4%) had cN3 at presentation. Eighty-eight patients (11.1%) had cT1-2 primary tumor stage, and 623 patients (78.6%) had cT3-4 primary tumor stage; primary tumor stage details were unavailable for 82 patients (10.3%). The median age was 46 years (range, 21-74 years). On histopathology, the overall pAxCR rate was 52.8%. In the cN1 and cN2 settings, 58.7% and 36.6% of patients achieved ypN0 status, respectively. The overall pathologic complete response rate was 22.64% (161 of 711 patients). On univariable analysis, cN stage, histologic grade, hormone receptor status, NACT duration, and lymphovascular invasion were significantly associated with pAxCR (P <.001). On logistic regression, prechemotherapy cN status (odds ratio [OR], 3.08; 95% CI, 2.18 to 4.37; P <.001), estrogen and progesterone receptor status (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.4; P <.001), and administration of both chemotherapy regimens preoperatively (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.97; P <.05) predicted pAxCR. CONCLUSION At least half of patients with cN1 and a third of patients with cN2 breast cancer who develop pAxCR may be suitable candidates for axillary conservation. A careful postchemotherapy assessment followed by a conservative axillary procedure may be an alternative to ALND, but this needs to be studied prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarin Noronha
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Breast Services, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shalaka Joshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Breast Services, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohini Hawaldar
- Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Nita Nair
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Breast Services, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vaibhav Vanmali
- Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vani Parmar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Breast Services, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Tanuja Shet
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajendra Badwe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Breast Services, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Li J, Downs BM, Cope LM, Fackler MJ, Zhang X, Song CG, VandenBussche C, Zhang K, Han Y, Liu Y, Tulac S, Venkatesan N, de Guzman T, Chen C, Lai EW, Yuan J, Sukumar S. Automated and rapid detection of cancer in suspicious axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:89. [PMID: 34234148 PMCID: PMC8263765 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Preoperative staging of suspicious axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) allows patients to be triaged to ALN dissection or to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) and cytology of ALN is moderately sensitive but its clinical utility relies heavily on the cytologist's experience. We proposed that the 5-h automated GeneXpert system-based prototype breast cancer detection assay (BCDA) that quantitatively measures DNA methylation in ten tumor-specific gene markers could provide a facile, accurate test for detecting cancer in FNA of enlarged lymph nodes. We validated the assay in ALN-FNA samples from a prospective study of patients (N = 230) undergoing SLNB. In a blinded analysis of 218 evaluable LN-FNAs from 108 malignant and 110 benign LNs by histology, BCDA displayed a sensitivity of 90.7% and specificity of 99.1%, achieving an area under the ROC curve, AUC of 0.958 (95% CI: 0.928-0.989; P < 0.0001). Next, we conducted a study of archival FNAs of ipsilateral palpable LNs (malignant, N = 72, benign, N = 53 by cytology) collected in the outpatient setting prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Using the ROC-threshold determined in the prospective study, compared to cytology, BCDA achieved a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 92.5% with a ROC-AUC = 0.977 (95% CI: 0.953-1.000; P < 0.0001). Our study shows that the automated assay detects cancer in suspicious lymph nodes with a high level of accuracy within 5 h. This cancer detection assay, scalable for analysis to scores of LN FNAs, could assist in determining eligibility of patients to different treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bradley M Downs
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leslie M Cope
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Jo Fackler
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiuyun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan-Gui Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Union Hospital Affiliated by Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Kejing Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China
| | | | | | | | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jingping Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Cserni G, Maguire A, Bianchi S, Ryska A, Kovács A. Sentinel lymph node assessment in breast cancer-an update on current recommendations. Virchows Arch 2021. [PMID: 34164706 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the preferred method of surgical pathological nodal staging of early breast cancer by the end of the nineties. As the most likely sites of metastasis, the SLNs allow a more precise staging, and indeed gross sectioning, step sectioning, immunohistochemistry, and molecular staging methods have been used to disclose metastatic involvement of these lymph nodes. This review summarizes the backgrounds of SLNB, trends in related surgery and pathology. It also gives an insight into European National recommendations related to SLN and divergent daily practices in European pathology departments, on the basis of replies to questionnaires from 84 pathologists from 38 European countries. The questionnaires revealed the post-neoadjuvant setting as an area where a significant minority of pathologists report less confidence in classifying residual nodal involvement into TNM categories. The review also summarizes the neoadjuvant therapy-related aspects of SLNB.
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Kim R, Kin T. Reconsidering the Meaning of Curing Primary Breast Cancer as a Systemic Disease. Front Oncol 2021; 11:639420. [PMID: 33816282 PMCID: PMC8012902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.639420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takanori Kin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima City Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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McEvoy MP, Ravetch E, Patel G, Fox J, Feldman S. Prevention of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 21:128-142. [PMID: 33771439 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made over the past several decades in the treatment of breast cancer. Mortality and recurrence rates continue to decline. Our ability to tailor patient- and tumor-specific treatments has rapidly advanced. The vast majority of our patients can safely have breast conservation. Unfortunately, for many patients, survivorship is burdened by ongoing quality-of-life issues. Most breast cancer patients are asymptomatic at presentation, and the onus is on us to preserve this. Surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy can result in long-term toxicities that can be amplified with multimodality approaches. We must strive to apply minimally effective therapies rather than a maximally tolerated approach. Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a particularly dreaded chronic complication. This review strives to give the reader a better understanding of BCRL and shed light on wisely choosing an integration of treatment modalities that minimizes BCRL risk. Key literature on emerging concepts is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen P McEvoy
- Breast Surgery Division, Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, Bronx, NY.
| | - Ethan Ravetch
- Breast Surgery Division, Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, Bronx, NY
| | - Gunj Patel
- Breast Surgery Division, Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, Bronx, NY
| | - Jana Fox
- Breast Surgery Division, Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, Bronx, NY
| | - Sheldon Feldman
- Breast Surgery Division, Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, Bronx, NY
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12
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Laot L, Laas E, Girard N, Dumas E, Daoud E, Grandal B, Pierga JY, Coussy F, Kirova Y, El-Alam E, Bataillon G, Lae M, Llouquet F, Reyal F, Hamy AS. The Prognostic Value of Lymph Node Involvement after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Is Different among Breast Cancer Subtypes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E171. [PMID: 33418983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Little is known about whether residual axillary disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy carries a different prognostic value by breast cancer subtype. We retrospectively evaluated the axillary involvement (0, 1 to 3 positive nodes, ≥4 positive nodes) on surgical specimens from a cohort of 1197 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and analyzed its association with survival outcomes. Relapse free survival was significantly associated with the number of positive nodes, but this effect was different by breast cancer subtype (Pinteraction = 0.004). High risk patients were those with 4 or more nodes involved in the luminal subgroup, whereas patients with 1 node or more involved had a decreased prognosis in triple negative and HER2 positive breast cancer subgroups. The prognostic value of residual axillary disease should be interpreted according to breast cancer subtype to accurately stratify patients with a high risk of recurrence after neoadjuvant chemotherapy who should be offered second line therapies. Abstract Introduction: The three different breast cancer subtypes (Luminal, HER2-positive, and triple negative (TNBCs) display different natural history and sensitivity to treatment, but little is known about whether residual axillary disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) carries a different prognostic value by BC subtype. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the axillary involvement (0, 1 to 3 positive nodes, ≥4 positive nodes) on surgical specimens from a cohort of T1-T3NxM0 BC patients treated with NAC between 2002 and 2012. We analyzed the association between nodal involvement (ypN) binned into three classes (0; 1 to 3; 4 or more), relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) among the global population, and according to BC subtypes. Results: 1197 patients were included in the analysis (luminal (n = 526, 43.9%), TNBCs (n = 376, 31.4%), HER2-positive BCs (n = 295, 24.6%)). After a median follow-up of 110.5 months, ypN was significantly associated with RFS, but this effect was different by BC subtype (Pinteraction = 0.004), and this effect was nonlinear. In the luminal subgroup, RFS was impaired in patients with 4 or more nodes involved (HR 2.8; 95% CI [1.93; 4.06], p < 0.001) when compared with ypN0, while it was not in patients with 1 to 3 nodes (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = [0.86; 1.79]). In patients with TNBC, both 1-3N+ and ≥4 N+ classes were associated with a decreased RFS (HR = 3.19, 95% CI = [2.05; 4.98] and HR = 4.83, 95% CI = [3.06; 7.63], respectively versus ypN0, p < 0.001). Similar decreased prognosis were observed among patients with HER2-positive BC (1-3N +: HR = 2.7, 95% CI = [1.64; 4.43] and ≥4 N +: HR = 2.69, 95% CI = [1.24; 5.8] respectively, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The prognostic value of residual axillary disease should be considered differently in the 3 BC subtypes to accurately stratify patients with a high risk of recurrence after NAC who should be offered second line therapies.
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13
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Kim R, Kawai A, Wakisaka M, Sawada S, Shimoyama M, Yasuda N, Hidaka M, Morita Y, Ohtani S, Ito M, Kawasaki K, Kin T, Arihiro K. Immune factors associated with the pathological and therapeutic effects of preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100927. [PMID: 33157515 PMCID: PMC7649526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune factors that determine the pathological and therapeutic effects of preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer are associated with local and systemic immune responses in the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, in collaboration with downregulation of immunosuppressive factors mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment. Multivariate analysis showed that grade 2 and better therapeutic effects tended to be associated with higher natural killer cell levels after preoperative chemotherapy (odds ratio = 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.05; p = 0.07). Therapy targeting VEGF and CTLA-4 in Tregs to overcome tumor-derived immunosuppression may enhance the pathological and therapeutic responses to preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer.
Immune activation plays an important role in achieving the pathological and therapeutic effects of preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. We evaluated how the immune response contributes to various therapeutic effects. This study was conducted on 43 patients with stages II–IV breast cancer who received preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery. Peripheral natural killer (pNK) cell activity and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-monocyte ratio, and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were assessed before and after chemotherapy. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and levels of 14 tumor microenvironmental factors, analyzed by next-generation sequencing, were assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of preoperative biopsy samples and surgical specimens. Univariate analysis showed that grade 2 (G2) and better therapeutic effects were significantly associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive cancer, lower PLRs, and higher NK cell and interleukin-6 levels after chemotherapy. The disappearance of axillary lymph-node metastasis was significantly associated with HER-2-positive cancer; increased pNK cell activity and lower PLRs and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels after chemotherapy; and increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) levels in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and ≥5% TILs before chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed that G2 and better therapeutic effects tended to be associated with higher NK cell levels after chemotherapy (odds ratio = 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.05; P = 0.07). The activation of local and systemic immune responses by downregulation of immunosuppressive factors, such as VEGF and CTLA-4 in Tregs, had variable pathological and therapeutic effects after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-Chome Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Ami Kawai
- Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-Chome Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Wakisaka
- Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-Chome Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sawada
- Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-Chome Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mika Shimoyama
- Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-Chome Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naomi Yasuda
- Breast Surgery, Hiroshima Mark Clinic, 1-4-3F, 2-Chome Ohte-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Shoichiro Ohtani
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima City Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Ito
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima City Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawasaki
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima City Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takanori Kin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima City Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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Crown A, Handy N, Weed C, Laskin R, Rocha FG, Grumley J. Oncoplastic Breast-Conserving Surgery: Can We Reduce Rates of Mastectomy and Chemotherapy Use in Patients with Traditional Indications for Mastectomy? Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:2199-2209. [PMID: 32989659 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional indications for mastectomy include multiple ipsilateral lesions and/or disease spanning ≥ 5 cm. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy increases breast conservation but does not improve survival. We hypothesized that oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery (OPS) may allow for breast conservation while providing full staging and tumor profiling information to guide systemic therapy decisions, thereby permitting more judicious chemotherapy use. METHODS This was an observational cohort of patients with invasive breast cancer with multiple lesions and/or disease spanning ≥ 5 cm who underwent OPS from 2012 to 2018. Clinicopathologic features, mastectomy rate, chemotherapy use, and recurrence were evaluated. RESULTS Overall, 100 patients were identified. Average disease span was 62.8 ± 20.1 mm, with an average of 2.9 lesions (range 1-13). 'No ink on tumor' was achieved at the index operation in 80 patients; 13 patients underwent completion mastectomy to achieve adequate margins. Eighty-one patients completed radiation therapy. Breast conservation was possible in 50/58 (86%) patients who did not receive chemotherapy. Forty-two patients received chemotherapy (8 neoadjuvant, 34 adjuvant), of whom 37 (88%) achieved breast conservation. Twenty-six patients with high-risk features received adjuvant chemotherapy. Oncotype DX testing demonstrated the need for chemotherapy in an additional eight patients. After a median follow-up of 40 months, four patients had a local recurrence, including two who declined radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS OPS can facilitate breast conservation in most patients with traditional indications for mastectomy. Additionally, OPS may reduce unnecessary chemotherapy, especially in patients who qualify for Oncotype DX testing. Further study evaluating long-term oncologic and cosmetic outcomes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelena Crown
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Breast Surgery, True Family Women's Cancer Center, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicketti Handy
- Department of General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina Weed
- Department of General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruby Laskin
- Department of General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Flavio G Rocha
- Department of General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janie Grumley
- Margie Peterson Breast Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
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15
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Inari H, Teruya N, Kishi M, Horii R, Akiyama F, Takahashi S, Ito Y, Ueno T, Iwase T, Ohno S. Survival in Cytologically Proven Node-Positive Breast Cancer Patients with Nodal Pathological Complete Response after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2633. [PMID: 32942650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether patients with cytologically proven axillary node-positive breast cancer who achieve axillary pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) have comparable prognosis to patients with axillary pathological node-negative disease (pN-) without NAC. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with cytologically proven axillary node-positive disease who received NAC and those with axillary pN- without NAC for control between January 2007 and December 2012. We compared outcomes according to response in the axilla to NAC and between patients with axillary pCR and matched pairs with axillary pN- without NAC using propensity scores. RESULTS We included 596 patients with node-positive breast cancer who received NAC. The median follow-up period was 64 months. Patients with axillary pCR showed significantly better distant disease-free survival (DDFS) and overall survival (OS) than patients with residual axillary disease (both p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in DDFS and OS between patients with axillary pCR and matched pairs with axillary pN- without NAC. CONCLUSION Axillary pCR was associated with improved prognosis. Patients with axillary pCR and matched pairs with axillary pN- without NAC had comparable outcomes. This information will be useful when considering the intensity of follow-up and adjuvant therapy.
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16
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Botty Van den Bruele A, Lavery J, Plitas G, Pilewskie ML. Axillary Downstaging in Occult Primary Breast Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:968-974. [PMID: 32813202 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is increasingly used for clinically node-positive (cN+) tumors with intact primary breast cancer (IPBC) to downstage the axilla, and those who convert to cN0 may be eligible for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Rates of axillary downstaging in occult primary breast cancer (OPBC) are unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of nodal pathologic complete response (pCR) following NAC in a cohort of patients with OPBC. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with stage II/III OPBC treated between January 2008 and December 2019 were identified. Twenty patients had cN1-3 OPBC, pretreatment lymph node needle biopsy, and received NAC; these constituted the study population. Treatment factors and nodal pCR rates were summarized by tumor subtype. RESULTS Median age at diagnosis was 54 years. Most patients presented with cN1 disease (75%) and ductal histology (80%). Nodal pCR was seen in 16/20 (80%) patients. Eight (40%) patients were triple negative, 6 (30%) were estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (ER +/HER2 -), and 6 (30%) were HER2 positive, with pCR rates of 88%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. Among the 15 patients who presented as cN1, 14 (93%) converted to cN0 following NAC. Of these, nine underwent SLNB and all achieved nodal pCR (100%). CONCLUSION In this small series, 80% of OPBC patients achieved nodal pCR following NAC. pCR rates varied by receptor profile, being lowest in the ER positive/HER2 negative group and highest in the HER2 positive group (50-100%); however, these rates are excellent and numerically exceed those in the literature for IPBC. Given the pCR rate, SLNB may be an option in select OPBC patients who downstage following NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Lavery
- Biostatistics Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Plitas
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa L Pilewskie
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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De la Cruz-Ku GA, Chambergo-Michilot D, Valcarcel B, Rebaza P, Möller M, Araujo JM, Enriquez D, Morante Z, Razuri C, Luque R, Saavedra A, Eyzaguirre E, Lujan M, Noel N, Pinto J, Cotrina J, Gomez H. Lymph node ratio as best prognostic factor in triple-negative breast cancer patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Breast J 2020; 26:1659-1666. [PMID: 32713113 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although lymph node status (ypN) is one of the most important prognostic factors of survival, the lymph node ratio (LNR) has emerged as an equitable factor. We aimed to compare the prognostic value of both ypN and LNR in patients with residual triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). This was a retrospective cohort study of patients treated in a tertiary care center during the period 2000-2014. We stratified the population based on LNR (≤0.20, 0.20-0.65, and >0.65) and ypN (N1, N2, and N3) status. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated with Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank + test. We further compared patient mortality and disease recurrence using multivariate Cox regression analysis. We evaluated 169 patients with a median follow-up of 87 months. At 2 years of follow-up, patients with low-risk LNR compared to those with moderate and high risk had a higher PFS (54% vs 31% vs 18%, respectively; P < .001) and OS (74% vs 64% vs 45%, respectively; P < .001). Moreover, ypN1 patients compared to ypN2 and ypN3 showed similar results in PFS (53% vs 35% vs 19%, respectively; P = .001) and OS (73% vs 69% vs 43%, respectively; P < .001). Compared to the low-risk population, patients with moderate (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41-8.71) and high risk (HR: 6.90; 95% CI: 2.29-20.77) had a worse PFS. Regarding OS, moderate-risk (HR: 2.85; 95% CI: 1.10-7.38) and high-risk patients (HR: 6.48; 95% CI: 2.13-19.76) showed considerably worse outcomes. On the other hand, ypN staging was not associated with PFS or OS in the multivariate analysis. The LNR is a better prognostic factor of survival than ypN. The LNR should be considered in the stratification of risk after NAC in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A De la Cruz-Ku
- Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.,Unidad de Investigación Básica y Translacional, Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Bryan Valcarcel
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pamela Rebaza
- Unidad de Investigación Básica y Translacional, Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima, Peru
| | - Mecker Möller
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jhajaira M Araujo
- Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú
| | - Daniel Enriquez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Zaida Morante
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Razuri
- Division of General Surgery, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Pinto
- Unidad de Investigación Básica y Translacional, Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima, Peru
| | - Jose Cotrina
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Henry Gomez
- Unidad de Investigación Básica y Translacional, Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima, Peru.,Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
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18
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Niinikoski L, Hukkinen K, Leidenius MHK, Heikkilä P, Mattson J, Meretoja TJ. Axillary nodal metastatic burden in patients with breast cancer with clinically positive axillary nodes. Br J Surg 2020; 107:1615-1624. [PMID: 32492194 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine preoperative factors and tumour characteristics related to a high nodal tumour burden in patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer. These findings were used to construct a predictive tool to evaluate the patient-specific risk of having more than two axillary lymph node metastases. METHODS Altogether, 507 consecutive patients with breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis diagnosed by preoperative ultrasound-guided needle biopsy were reviewed. These patients underwent breast surgery and axillary lymph node dissection at Helsinki University Hospital between 2010 and 2014. Patients were grouped into those with one or two, and those with more than two lymph node metastases. RESULTS There were 153 patients (30·2 per cent) with one or two lymph node metastases and 354 (69·8 per cent) with more than two metastases. Five-year disease-free survival was poorer for the latter group (P = 0·032). Five-year overall survival estimates for patients with one or two and those with more than two lymph node metastases were 87·0 and 81·4 per cent respectively (P = 0·215). In multivariable analysis, factors significantly associated with more than two lymph node metastases were: age, tumour size, lymphovascular invasion in the primary tumour, extracapsular extension of metastasis in lymph nodes, and morphology of lymph nodes. These factors were included in a multivariable predictive model, which had an area under the curve of 0·828 (95 per cent c.i. 0·787 to 0·869). CONCLUSION The present study provides a patient-specific prediction model for evaluating nodal tumour burden in patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Niinikoski
- Breast Surgery Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - J Mattson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center
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19
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Morgan C, Stringfellow TD, Rolph R, Kovacs T, Kothari A, Pinder SE, Hamed H, Sever AR. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: Does response in the breast predict axillary node response? Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 46:522-526. [PMID: 31740186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.11.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Determining the extent of residual disease in the breast and axilla following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is vital for surgical planning. Traditionally patients with incomplete radiological response in the breast after NACT undergo axillary node clearance, regardless of axillary clinical and radiological response. The aim of this study was to determine whether radiological and/or pathological response in the breast to NACT were predictive of axillary response. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients with operable breast cancer with histologically proven axillary lymph node involvement who received NACT and underwent definitive surgical treatment between 1/1/2016 and 31/12/2018 were included. All had MRI and/or US of the breast and axilla before, mid-treatment and at the end of NACT. RESULTS The 83 patients had a median age of 50 years (range 25-77). MRI had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 52.6% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 81.8% for breast pathological complete response (pCR). For axillary pCR, US had a PPV of 60.0% and NPV of 89.6%. Only 71% of patients had radiological concordance; 15.9% had radiological complete response (rCR) in breast and axilla whilst 55.1% had neither breast nor axillary rCR. 85.6% of patients had pathological concordance (20.5% with breast and axillary pCR: 65.1% with residual disease in both). CONCLUSION Radiological and pathological response in the breast to NACT does not accurately predict axillary response. The axilla and the breast should be viewed and assessed as two separate entities for treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morgan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - T D Stringfellow
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R Rolph
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - T Kovacs
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A Kothari
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S E Pinder
- Department of Pathology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - H Hamed
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A R Sever
- Department of Radiology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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20
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Zhu J, Jiao D, Guo X, Qiao J, Ma Y, Zhang J, Chen H, Xiao H, Yang Y, Lu Z, Liu Z. Predictive factors and prognostic value of pathologic complete response of ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Transl Med 2019; 7:666. [PMID: 31930067 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer with ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph node metastasis is one of the indicators of poor prognosis. Patients who attain pathologic complete response in breast and axillary sites have improved survival and are highest in aggressive HR-HER2- and HER2-positive tumor subtypes. However, there is no study on the related factors and prognostic value of supraclavicular pathologic complete response in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of our work was to investigate the factors and prognostic significance of pathologic complete response of ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph node metastasis in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods A total of 214 patients with breast cancer who had primary ISLN metastasis, receiving NAC and subsequent ISLN dissection, were retrospectively and consecutively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using χ2 test and the logistic regression model, and the prognosis was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curve. Results All patients included were women who were 26-74 years old. The rate of supraclavicular pathologic complete response (pCR) was 53.7%. Multivariate analysis showed that the expression of Ki67, breast pCR, and axillary pCR were independent predictors of supraclavicular pCR (P<0.05). After a median follow-up of 16.2 months, the risk of recurrence and metastasis in patients with supraclavicular pCR was half reduced compared to that of the non-pCR group (HR 0.51, 95% CI, 0.32-0.80, P<0.01), mainly manifested in HR-HER2- and HER2-positive disease. Conclusions The expression level of Ki67, breast pCR, and axillary pCR were independent predictors of supraclavicular pCR. Supraclavicular pCR was an independent predictor of disease-free survival (DFS). Surgical removal of supraclavicular lymph nodes can accurately evaluate the rate of supraclavicular pCR, which is of great significance for patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujun Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Dechuang Jiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Xuhui Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jianghua Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Youzhao Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jingyang Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hui Chen
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Zhenduo Lu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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Qu X, Zhao B, Hu M, Ji Z, Xu J, Xia W, Qu Y. Downregulation of TBC1 Domain Family Member 24 (BC1D24) Inhibits Breast Carcinoma Growth via IGF1R/PI3K/AKT Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3987-3996. [PMID: 29893377 PMCID: PMC6029514 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TBC1 domain family member 24 (TBC1D24) pathogenic mutations affect its binding to ARF6 and then result in severe impairment of neuronal development. However, there are no reports about the expression and function of TBC1D24 in cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of proliferation, migration, and invasion after silencing TBC1D24 expression in breast cancer MCF-7 cells, and to elucidate the potential mechanism of TBC1D24 in breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of TBC1D24 in breast cancer tissues and the adjacent non-tumor tissues was determined by S-P immunohistochemistry. The malignant behavior, including proliferation, migration, and invasion ability, was determined after silencing TBC1D24 in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The expression of IGF1R was determined after silencing TBC1D24. The expression of TBC1D24 and IGF1R was detected after transfecting miR-30a mimics or inhibitors. The effect of TBC1D24 on MCF-7 cells growth in vivo was evaluated by a tumor xenograft study. RESULTS TBC1D24 expression was elevated and was associated with poor outcome in breast carcinoma. TBC1D24 high expression was significantly correlated with unfavorable OS and RFS for breast cancer patients (p<0.05). Silencing TBC1D24 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of MCF-7 cells. TBC1D24 and IGF1R expression were decreased when transfected with miR-30a mimics. However, TBC1D24 and IGF1R expression were increased when transfected with miR-30a inhibitors (p<0.05). Knockdown of TBC1D24 inhibited the expression of IGF1R, PI3K, and p-AKT (p<0.05). Knockdown of TBC1D24 abolished tumorigenicity of MCF-7 cells. The average volume and weight of tumors was lower after silencing TBC1D24 expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Silencing TBC1D24 inhibited MCF-7 cells growth in vitro and in vivo. TBC1D24 promoted breast carcinoma growth through the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT pathway. TBC1D24 is a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiusheng Qu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Min Hu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiwu Ji
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Weibin Xia
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yikun Qu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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Cocciolone V, Cannita K, Tessitore A, Mastroiaco V, Rinaldi L, Paradisi S, Irelli A, Baldi PL, Sidoni T, Ricevuto E, Dal Mas A, Calvisi G, Coletti G, Ciccozzi A, Pizzorno L, Resta V, Bafile A, Alesse E, Ficorella C. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: a dose-dense schedule in real life and putative role of PIK3CA mutations. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27380-96. [PMID: 29937992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dose-dense chemotherapy is one of the treatments of choice for neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer (BC). Activating mutations in PIK3CA gene predict worse response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for HER2-positive patients, while their role is less clearly defined for HER2-negative tumors. Methods We conducted a phase I/II study of neoadjuvant, sequential, dose-dense anthracycline/taxane chemotherapy, plus trastuzumab in HER2-positive patients and investigated the correlation of pre-treatment PIK3CA mutation status with pathologic complete response (pCR) and long-term outcome in a real-life setting. Results we established a dose-dense docetaxel recommended dose of 60 mg/m2 and 65 mg/m2, with or without trastuzumab, respectively, according to HER2-status, following dose-dense epirubicin-cyclophosphamide (90/600 mg/m2), every 2 weeks. The overall pCR rate was 21.4%; median disease-free survival (DFS) was 52 months and median overall survival (OS) was not yet reached. PIK3CA mutation status was not significantly associated with the pCR rate: 18% for both mutated and wild-type patients. The pCR rate was: 25% in the mutated and 24% in the wild-type (p 0.560) cohort of the HER2-positive subgroup; 33% both in the mutant and wild-type cohort of the triple-negative subgroup; no pCR neither in the mutant nor in the wild-type cohort of the HR-positive/HER2-negative subgroup. Among the HER2-positive population, a trend toward worse DFS was observed in case of mutation, as opposed to the triple negative population. Conclusions This study proposes an effective and safe neoadjuvant dose-dense anthracycline/taxane schedule and suggests that PIK3CA mutation analysis can be usefully performed in real-life clinical practice.
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Guilbert M, Overmoyer B, Lester SC. Pure Intralymphatic Invasion in the Absence of Stromal Invasion After Neoadjuvant Therapy: A Rare Pattern of Residual Breast Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2018; 42:679-86. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hayashi N, Takahashi Y, Matsuda N, Tsunoda H, Yoshida A, Suzuki K, Nakamura S, Yamauchi H. The Prognostic Effect of Changes in Tumor Stage and Nodal Status After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Each Primary Breast Cancer Subtype. Clin Breast Cancer 2018; 18:e219-e229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Clark BZ, Farrugia DJ, Landmann A, Diego EJ, Dabbs DJ, Puhalla SL, Jankowitz RC, Brufsky AM, Ahrendt GM, McAuliffe PF, Bhargava R. Prognostic Significance of Modified Residual Disease in Breast and Nodes (mRDBN) Algorithm After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2018; 149:332-343. [PMID: 29481634 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that prognostic accuracy of the residual disease in breast and lymph nodes (RDBN) method, which is calculated using residual tumor size, nodal involvement, and tumor grade, may be improved by incorporating residual tumor cellularity. METHODS Cases included 614 patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Tumor size was adjusted for residual cellularity of invasive carcinoma and used to calculate modified RDBN (mRDBN) and compared with unmodified gross tumor size (gRDBN). RESULTS RDBN could be calculated in 428 cases. Relative risks of recurrence and death were significantly higher for RDBN-3 and RDBN-4 compared with RDBN-1. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significant differences in disease-free survival and overall survival for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative and ER-positive/HER2-negative subgroups (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Both mRDBN and gRDBN provide prognostic information, particularly in HER2-negative carcinoma; however, mRDBN showed better stratification of RDBN-3 and RDBN-4 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Z Clark
- Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Daniel J Farrugia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Centegra Comprehensive Breast Program, Centegra Health System, Crystal Lake, IL
| | - Alessandra Landmann
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City
| | - Emilia J Diego
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David J Dabbs
- Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shannon L Puhalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rachel C Jankowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Adam M Brufsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gretchen M Ahrendt
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Priscilla F McAuliffe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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26
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Ouldamer L, Chas M, Arbion F, Body G, Cirier J, Ballester M, Bendifallah S, Daraï E. Risk scoring system for predicting axillary response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in initially node-positive women with breast cancer. Surg Oncol 2018; 27:158-165. [PMID: 29937166 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the current therapeutic challenges for women with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is distinguishing women with complete axillary nodal response from those with axillary residual disease to promote a personalized therapeutic strategy including sparing axillary surgery. This study set out to develop a risk scoring system (RSS) for predicting probability of nodal pathological complete response (pCR) in women presenting with cN1 breast cancer who received NAC. METHODS Data of 116 women with cN1 breast cancer who received NAC between January 2009 and December 2013 were abstracted from our prospectively maintained database. A risk model based on factors impacting nodal axillary was developed. RESULTS The overall nodal conversion rate was 36.2% (42/116). Axillary nodal response was associated with three variables: menopausal status [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.23; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09-0.60], the radiological % of breast tumour shrinkage ≥50% (OR = 3.71; 95% CI 1.51-9.10), and negative hormone receptors (ER-, PR-) (OR = 2.41; 95% CI 0.99-5.87). These variables were included in the RSS and assigned scores ranging from 0 to 2. The discrimination of the RSS was 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-0.86]. A total score of 3 points corresponded to the optimal threshold of the RSS. The diagnostic accuracy was 74.1%. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the probability of axillary nodal pCR after NAC can be accurately predicted so that women at high probability may be spared of axillary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Ouldamer
- Department of Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM U1069, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Marie Chas
- Department of Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Flavie Arbion
- INSERM U1069, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Body
- Department of Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM U1069, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Julien Cirier
- Department of Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM U1069, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Marcos Ballester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; INSERM UMR S 938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sofiane Bendifallah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; UMR S 707, Epidemiology, Information Systems, Modeling, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Emile Daraï
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; INSERM UMR S 938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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27
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Cao L, Ou D, Shen KW, Cai G, Cai R, Xu F, Zhao SG, Xu C, Grellier Adedjouma N, Kirova YM, Chen JY. Outcome of postmastectomy radiotherapy after primary systemic treatment in patients with clinical T1-2N1 breast cancer. Cancer Radiother 2018; 22:38-44. [PMID: 29306555 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of postmastectomy radiotherapy following primary systemic treatment in patients with clinical T1-2N1 breast cancer remains a controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefit of postmastectomy radiotherapy following primary systemic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2005 and 2012, in two independent institutions, female patients with T1-2N1 breast cancer receiving primary systemic treatment followed by mastectomy and lymph node dissection because bad response, then treated with or without chest wall and regional lymph node irradiation have been studied retrospectively. The patients received normofractionated radiotherapy using 3D conformal photons or electron techniques. Locoregional recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival and disease-free survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis of potential prognostic factors was performed using log-rank test. RESULTS Eighty-eight patients have been studied. Of them, 75 patients received postmastectomy radiotherapy. At surgery, 53 patients achieved ypN0. Median follow-up was 67 months. Postmastectomy radiotherapy significantly improved locoregional recurrence-free survival, with a 5-year rate of 96.9% versus 78.6% in the group that did not have postmastectomy radiotherapy. In the subgroup of 53 patients achieving ypN0, postmastectomy radiotherapy improved locoregional recurrence-free survival (a 5-year rate of 94.7% vs. 72.9%), distant metastasis-free survival (a 5-year rate of 92.8% vs. 75%) and disease-free survival (a 5-year rate of 92.9% vs. 62.5%). By univariate analysis, postmastectomy radiotherapy was the only significant prognostic factor affecting locoregional recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSIONS For patients with clinical T1-2N1 disease, postmastectomy radiotherapy could significantly improve locoregional recurrence-free survival after primary systemic treatment and be even more therapeutic in the subgroup of patients with good response for primary systemic treatment by improving locoregional recurrence-free, distant metastasis-free and disease-free survival. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Lymph Node Excision
- Mastectomy
- Middle Aged
- Neoadjuvant Therapy
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prognosis
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
- Retrospective Studies
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - D Ou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - K-W Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - G Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - R Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - F Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - S-G Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - C Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - N Grellier Adedjouma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Y M Kirova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - J-Y Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Fleming CA, McCarthy K, Ryan C, McCarthy A, O'Reilly S, O'Mahony D, Browne TJ, Redmond P, Corrigan MA. Evaluation of Discordance in Primary Tumor and Lymph Node Response After Neoadjuvant Therapy in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:e255-e261. [PMID: 29246703 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) offers a unique opportunity to assess tumor response to systemic agents. However, a discrepancy may exist between the response of the primary tumor and involved nodes. We report on the frequency of response discordance after NAT in breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS All consecutive node-positive patients receiving NAT in our department from 2009 to 2014 were identified. Patient demographics, and radiologic and pathologic features were tabulated. Tumor response was estimated by magnetic resonance imaging of the breast. Lymph node (LN) response was estimated from pathologic treatment response measurements. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 108 node-positive patients treated with NAT were eligible for inclusion. Median age was 51.73 years (range, 20-87 years). All patients underwent axillary clearance, and 62% underwent mastectomy. A 40% mean reduction in tumor size was observed. Statistically, a positive correlation between tumor and LN response after NAT was observed (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = 0.46, P < .001). Complete pathologic response was observed in 17 patients (15.7%). However, 21 patients experienced complete LN response, with only 81% of these patients (n = 17) experiencing a complete response in tumor also. A complete response was observed in tumor in 20 patients, and this predicted complete nodal response in 85% of cases (n = 17). Fifteen percent of primary tumors with complete pathologic response had persistently positive LNs. CONCLUSION A significant discordance exists between the primary tumor and LN response, representing a concern for the lack of response of occult regional or systemic metastases due to potential biologic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen McCarthy
- Breast Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciara Ryan
- Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife McCarthy
- Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Seamus O'Reilly
- Breast Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Tara Jane Browne
- Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Redmond
- Breast Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark A Corrigan
- Breast Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Choi HY, Park M, Seo M, Song E, Shin SY, Sohn YM. Preoperative Axillary Lymph Node Evaluation in Breast Cancer: Current Issues and Literature Review. Ultrasound Q 2017; 33:6-14. [PMID: 28187012 DOI: 10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Axillary lymph node (ALN) status is an important prognostic factor for overall breast cancer survival. In current clinical practice, ALN status is evaluated before surgery via multimodal imaging and physical examination. Mammography is typically suboptimal for complete ALN evaluation. Currently, ultrasonography is widely used to evaluate ALN status; nonetheless, results may vary according to operator. Ultrasonography is the primary imaging modality for evaluating ALN status. Other imaging modalities including contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography can play additional roles in axillary nodal staging.The purpose of this article is (1) to review the strengths and weaknesses of current imaging modalities for nodal staging in breast cancer patients and (2) to discuss updated guidelines for ALN management with regard to preoperative ALN imaging.
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Peppe A, Wilson R, Pope R, Downey K, Rusby J. The use of ultrasound in the clinical re-staging of the axilla after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Breast 2017; 35:104-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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31
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Kong D, Wang MH, Yang J, Li L. Association of T-cadherin levels with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13747-13753. [PMID: 28099918 PMCID: PMC5355134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the association of T-cadherin with pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer. Results T-cadherin expression before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was similar (P = 0.162). The multivariable analysis indicated that negative T-cadherin expression was independently associated with pCR after neoadjuvant TAC chemotherapy (P = 0.001). Materials and Methods A total of 136 patients with locally advanced breast cancer received four cycles of neoadjuvant TAC chemotherapy (docetaxel + epirubicin + cyclophosphamide), followed by surgery. T-cadherin, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER-2, and Ki-67 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The association between T-cadherin expression and pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was analyzed using multivariable logistic analysis. Conclusions Negative T-cadherin expression before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer was similar. T-cadherin could be considered an independent factor associated with the efficacy of such therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedi Kong
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jiningy 272011, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Hong Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jiningy 272011, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jiningy 272011, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jiningy 272011, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Tadros AB, Yang WT, Krishnamurthy S, Rauch GM, Smith BD, Valero V, Black DM, Lucci A, Caudle AS, DeSnyder SM, Teshome M, Barcenas CH, Miggins M, Adrada BE, Moseley T, Hwang RF, Hunt KK, Kuerer HM. Identification of Patients With Documented Pathologic Complete Response in the Breast After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Omission of Axillary Surgery. JAMA Surg 2017; 152:665-670. [PMID: 28423171 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance A pathologic complete response (pCR; no invasive or in situ cancer) occurs in 40% to 50% of patients with HER2-positive (HER2+) and triple-negative (TN) breast cancer. The need for surgery if percutaneous biopsy of the breast after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) indicates pCR in the breast (hereinafter referred to as breast pCR) has been questioned, and appropriate management of the axilla in such patients is unknown. Objective To identify patients among exceptional responders to NCT with a low risk for axillary metastases when breast pCR is documented who may be eligible for an omission of surgery clinical trial design. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study at a single-institution academic national comprehensive cancer center included 527 consecutive patients with HER2+/TN (T1/T2 and N0/N1) cancer treated with NCT followed by standard breast and nodal surgery from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Patients who achieved a breast pCR were compared with patients who did not based on subtype, initial ultrasonographic findings, and documented pathologic nodal status. Incidence of positive findings for nodal disease on final pathologic review was calculated for patients with and without pCR and compared using relative risk ratios with 95% CIs. Results The analysis included 527 patients (median age, 51 [range, 23-84] years). Among 290 patients with initial nodal ultrasonography showing N0 disease, 116 (40.4%) had a breast pCR and 100% had no evidence of axillary lymph node metastases after NCT. Among 237 patients with initial biopsy-proved N1 disease, 69 of 77 (89.6%) with and 68 of 160 (42.5%) without a breast pCR had no evidence of residual nodal disease (P < .01). Patients without a breast pCR had a relative risk for positive nodal metastases of 7.4 (95% CI, 3.7-14.8; P < .001) compared with those with a breast pCR. Conclusions and Relevance Breast pCR is highly correlated with nodal status after NCT, and the risk for missing nodal metastases without axillary surgery in this cohort is extremely low. These data provide the fundamental basis and rationale for management of the axilla in clinical trials of omission of cancer surgery when image-guided biopsy indicates a breast pCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audree B Tadros
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Wei T Yang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | - Gaiane M Rauch
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Benjamin D Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Vicente Valero
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Dalliah M Black
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Abigail S Caudle
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Sarah M DeSnyder
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Mediget Teshome
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Carlos H Barcenas
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Makesha Miggins
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Beatriz E Adrada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Tanya Moseley
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Rosa F Hwang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Henry M Kuerer
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Gu M, Zheng X. Osteopontin and vasculogenic mimicry formation are associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4121-4127. [PMID: 28860821 PMCID: PMC5571838 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s129414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional phosphoprotein, has been implicated in a series of important physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. In breast cancer, OPN functionally contributes to the tumorigenicity of spheroid-forming cells. It also plays a critical role in enhancing the proliferation, tumorigenicity, and ability to display vasculogenic mimicry (VM) of spheroid-forming cells in breast cancer. However, the role of OPN in breast cancer is not clear. Patients and methods This study investigated OPN expression and VM in breast cancer patients before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Their association with clinicopathologic factors was first analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Then, the response of breast cancer patients to NACT was evaluated. The correlation between the clinicopathologic factors, including the molecular subtype, and the response to NACT was analyzed. Results Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining of OPN in 40% of the breast cancer patients, whereas VM, which was related to tumor stage, was observed in 30% of cases. OPN expression was found to have a significant correlation with VM (P<0.05). The results also indicated that the clinicopathologic factors were not related to the response to NACT, including the molecular subtype. The multivariate analysis of clinicopathologic features correlated with pathological complete response (pCR) indicated that OPN(+)VM(+) was correlated with pCR (P<0.001). Conclusion Our findings underlined that the concurrence of OPN-positive expression and VM can predict the pCR to NACT in breast cancer. The efficiency of NACT in certain patients can be easily predicted by detecting the expression of OPN and VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Unit of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Unit of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Pilewskie M, Zabor EC, Mamtani A, Barrio AV, Stempel M, Morrow M. The Optimal Treatment Plan to Avoid Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients Differs by Surgical Strategy and Tumor Subtype. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 24:3527-3533. [PMID: 28762114 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-6016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to reduce the likelihood of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) include application of Z0011 or use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Indications for ALND differ by treatment plan, and nodal pathologic complete response rates after NAC vary by tumor subtype. This study compared ALND rates for cT1-2N0 tumors treated with upfront surgery versus those treated with NAC. METHODS The ALND rates for cT1-2N0 breast cancer patients were compared by tumor subtype among women undergoing upfront surgery to NAC. Multivariable analysis with control for age, cT stage, and lymphovascular invasion, and stratification by subtype was performed. RESULTS The study identified 1944 cancers in 1907 women who underwent sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy with or without ALND (669 upfront breast-conserving surgeries [BCSs], 1004 upfront mastectomies, 271 NACs). Compared with the NAC group, the ALND rates in the BCS group were lower for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor-positive (PR+), human epidermal growth factor 2-negative (HER2-) tumors (15 vs 34%; p < 0.001). The ALND rates in the upfront mastectomy group were higher than in the NAC group for HER2+ or TN tumors. In the multivariable analysis, receipt of NAC compared with upfront BCS remained significantly associated with higher odds of ALND in the ER/PR+ HER2- subtype (hazard ratio [HR], 3.35; p < 0.001), whereas NAC versus upfront mastectomy remained significantly associated with lower odds of ALND in the HER2+ and TN subtypes (HR for HER2+, 0.19, p < 0.001; HR for TN, 0.25, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION The study showed that ALND rates differ according to surgery type and tumor subtype secondary to differing ALND indications and nodal response to NAC. These factors can be used to personalize treatment planning to minimize ALND risk for patients with early-stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pilewskie
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Emily C Zabor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anita Mamtani
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea V Barrio
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Stempel
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Morrow
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Importance The increasing use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for operable breast cancer has raised questions about optimal local therapy for the axilla. Observations Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) after NAC in patients presenting with clinically negative nodes has an accuracy similar to upfront SLNB and reduces the need for axillary lymph node dissection compared with SLNB prior to NAC. In patients presenting with node-positive disease, clinical trials demonstrate that SLNB after NAC is accurate when 3 or more sentinel nodes are obtained, but long-term outcomes are lacking. The relative importance of pre- and post-NAC stage in predicting risk of locoregional recurrence remains an area of controversy. Conclusions and Relevance Neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduces the need for axillary lymph node dissection, and SLNB is an accurate method of determining nodal status after NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pilewskie
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Monica Morrow
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Mirza SM, Ali L, Rajinder D, Asad M, Aitken J. Is it time to relook the management of axilla in post-neoadjuvant breast cancer cases in a re-evolving era of current axillary management? Breast Cancer Management 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Axillary node dissection (AND) is an established practice, recently a conservative approach to axilla has resurged but there is reluctance to pass this benefit to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) cases, even in complete responders. Present study aims to look whether this approach is applicable to post-NAC cases. Patients & methods: Prospective study of 100 cases of NAC for breast cancer. Results: The core positive axillary nodes at diagnosis (66) after NAC had AND, 25 (38%) showed pathological complete response (pCR) in axillary nodes and 41 (62%) have residual disease. While, 34 with radiologically normal nodes, incidence of positive sentinel lymph node biopsy after NAC is lower as compared with patients without NAC. Conclusion: We conclude that it is time to re-examine axillary management in post-NAC cases with pCR, and possibly avoiding AND in 30–40% cases. Also, there is no place for upfront sentinel lymph node biopsy which offers no gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Mahmood Mirza
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, NHS Trust, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 6NT, UK
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, NHS Trust, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 6NT, UK
| | - Dhaliwal Rajinder
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, NHS Trust, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 6NT, UK
| | - Maria Asad
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, NHS Trust, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 6NT, UK
| | - Jane Aitken
- Department of Breast Surgery, West Suffolk Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2QZ, UK
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Buzatto IPC, Ribeiro-Silva A, Andrade JM, Carrara HHA, Silveira WA, Tiezzi DG. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer: pathologic complete response rate, predictive and prognostic factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5674. [PMID: 28146217 PMCID: PMC5304215 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate from patients (n=86) with stage II and III HER2-positive breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy at our institution from 2008 to 2013 and to determine possible predictive and prognostic factors. Immunohistochemistry for hormone receptors and Ki-67 was carried out. Clinical and pathological features were analyzed as predictive factors of response to therapy. For survival analysis, we used Kaplan-Meier curves to estimate 5-year survival rates and the log-rank test to compare the curves. The addition of trastuzumab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved pCR rate from 4.8 to 46.8%, regardless of the number of preoperative trastuzumab cycles (P=0.0012). Stage II patients achieved a higher response rate compared to stage III (P=0.03). The disease-free and overall survivals were not significantly different between the group of patients that received trastuzumab in the neoadjuvant setting (56.3 and 70% at 5 years, respectively) and the group that initiated it post-operatively (75.8 and 88.7% at 5 years, respectively). Axillary pCR post neoadjuvant chemotherapy with trastuzumab was associated with reduced risk of recurrence (HR=0.34; P=0.03) and death (HR=0.21; P=0.02). In conclusion, we confirmed that trastuzumab improves pCR rates and verified that this improvement occurs even with less than four cycles of the drug. Hormone receptors and Ki-67 expressions were not predictive of response in this subset of patients. Axillary pCR clearly denotes prognosis after neoadjuvant target therapy and should be considered to be a marker of resistance, providing an opportunity to investigate new strategies for HER2-positive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P C Buzatto
- Setor de Mastologia, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A Ribeiro-Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J M Andrade
- Setor de Mastologia, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - H H A Carrara
- Setor de Mastologia, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - W A Silveira
- Setor de Mastologia, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - D G Tiezzi
- Setor de Mastologia, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Diaz-Botero S, Espinosa-Bravo M, Gonçalves VR, Esgueva-Colmenarejo A, Peg V, Perez J, Cortes J, Rubio IT. Different Prognostic Implications of Residual Disease After Neoadjuvant Treatment: Impact of Ki 67 and Site of Response. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23:3831-3837. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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de Groot S, Charehbili A, van Laarhoven HWM, Mooyaart AL, Dekker-Ensink NG, van de Ven S, Janssen LGM, Swen JJ, Smit VTHBM, Heijns JB, Kessels LW, van der Straaten T, Böhringer S, Gelderblom H, van der Hoeven JJM, Guchelaar HJ, Pijl H, Kroep JR. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor expression and IGF1R 3129G > T polymorphism are associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: results from the NEOZOTAC trial (BOOG 2010-01). Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:3. [PMID: 26738606 PMCID: PMC4702399 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathway is involved in cell growth and proliferation and is associated with tumorigenesis and therapy resistance. This study aims to elucidate whether variation in the IGF-1 pathway is predictive for pathologic response in early HER2 negative breast cancer (BC) patients, taking part in the phase III NEOZOTAC trial, randomizing between 6 cycles of neoadjuvant TAC chemotherapy with or without zoledronic acid. Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of pre-chemotherapy biopsies and operation specimens were collected for analysis of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression (n = 216) and for analysis of 8 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the IGF-1 pathway (n = 184) using OpenArray® RealTime PCR. Associations with patient and tumor characteristics and chemotherapy response according to Miller and Payne pathologic response were performed using chi-square and regression analysis. Results During chemotherapy, a significant number of tumors (47.2 %) showed a decrease in IGF-1R expression, while in a small number of tumors an upregulation was seen (15.1 %). IGF-1R expression before treatment was not associated with pathological response, however, absence of IGF-1R expression after treatment was associated with a better response in multivariate analysis (P = 0.006) and patients with a decrease in expression during treatment showed a better response to chemotherapy as well (P = 0.020). Moreover, the variant T allele of 3129G > T in IGF1R (rs2016347) was associated with a better pathological response in multivariate analysis (P = 0.032). Conclusions Absent or diminished expression of IGF-1R after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a better pathological response. Additionally, we found a SNP (rs2016347) in IGF1R as a potential predictive marker for chemotherapy efficacy in BC patients treated with TAC. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01099436. Registered April 6, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie de Groot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ayoub Charehbili
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antien L Mooyaart
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - N Geeske Dekker-Ensink
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van de Ven
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura G M Janssen
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent T H B M Smit
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joan B Heijns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amphia Hospital, Langendijk 75, P.O. Box 90157, 4800 RL, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke W Kessels
- Department of Medical Oncology, Deventer Hospital, Nico Bolkesteinlaan 75, P.O. Box 5001, 7400 GC, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Tahar van der Straaten
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus J M van der Hoeven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Kroep
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has been established as the standard of care for axillary staging in patients with invasive breast carcinoma and clinically negative lymph nodes (cN0). Historically, all patients with a positive SLN underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The ACOSOG Z0011 trial showed that women with T1-T2 disease and cN0 who undergo breast-conserving surgery and whole-breast radiotherapy can safely avoid ALND. The main goal of SLN examination should be to detect all macrometastases (>2 mm). Gross sectioning of SLNs at 2-mm intervals and microscopic examination of one haematoxylin and eosin-stained section from each SLN block is the preferred method for pathological evaluation of SLNs. The role and timing of SLN biopsy for patients who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy is controversial, and continues to be explored in clinical trials. SLN biopsies from patients with invasive breast carcinoma who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy pose particular challenges for pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Maguire
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edi Brogi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Lee HJ, Park IA, Song IH, Kim SB, Jung KH, Ahn JH, Ahn SH, Kim HH, Gong G. Comparison of Pathologic Response Evaluation Systems after Anthracycline with/without Taxane-Based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy among Different Subtypes of Breast Cancers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137885. [PMID: 26394326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Several methods are used to assess the pathologic response of breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) to predict clinical outcome. However, the clinical utility of these systems for each molecular subtype of breast cancer is unclear. Therefore, we applied six pathologic response assessment systems to specific subtypes of breast cancer and compared the results. Patients and Methods Five hundred and eighty eight breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline with/without taxane-based NAC were retrospectively analyzed, and the ypTNM stage, residual cancer burden (RCB), residual disease in breast and nodes (RDBN), tumor response ratio, Sataloff’s classification, and Miller—Payne grading system were evaluated. The results obtained for each assessment system were analyzed in terms of patient survival. Results In triple-negative tumors, all systems were significantly associated with disease-free survival and Kaplan-Meier survival curves for disease-free survival were clearly separated by all assessment methods. For HR+/HER2- tumors, systems assessing the residual tumor (ypTNM stage, RCB, and RDBN) had prognostic significance. However, for HER2+ tumors, the association between patient survival and the pathologic response assessment results varied according to the system used, and none resulted in distinct Kaplan—Meier curves. Conclusion Most of the currently available pathologic assessment systems used after anthracycline with/without taxane-based NAC effectively classified triple-negative breast cancers into groups showing different prognoses. The pathologic assessment systems evaluating residual tumors only also had prognostic significance in HR+/HER2- tumors. However, new assessment methods are required to effectively evaluate the pathologic response of HR+/HER2+ and HR-/HER2+ tumors to anthracycline with/without taxane-based NAC.
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Fayanju OM, Nwaogu I, Jeffe DB, Margenthaler JA. Pathological complete response in breast cancer patients following neoadjuvant chemotherapy at a Comprehensive Cancer Center: The natural history of an elusive prognosticator. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:775-780. [PMID: 26171178 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the prognostic significance of pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we sought to chronicle the clinical course of breast cancer patients whose tumors exhibited pCR at our institution. We retrospectively reviewed 5,533 cancer center patients treated for a first primary breast cancer between March, 1999 and September, 2010 to identify those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy that resulted in pCR (i.e., no residual invasive malignancy in the breast or axilla). The descriptive statistics of treatments received, recurrence, morbidity and mortality as of October, 2013 were reported. Of the 5,533 patients reviewed, 86 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age at diagnosis was 48 years [standard deviation (SD), 9.4 years] and the mean length of follow-up was 68 months (SD, 27 months). The majority of the patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND; n=60, 69.8%), received adjuvant radiation therapy (XRT; n=72, 83.7%), had poorly differentiated (grade 3) tumors (n=74, 86.1%) and had pure ductal histology (n=74, 86.1%). A total of 5 patients (5.8%) developed disease recurrence. All the patients who recurred had grade 3 tumors with ductal histology and underwent ALND for known pre-neoadjuvant-treatment lymph node metastases; none received adjuvant chemotherapy. A total of 4 patients (4.7%) succumbed to the disease, 3 due to breast cancer recurrence <18 months following the initial diagnosis. Recurrence following pCR was rare, but when it did occur, time- to-recurrence was short at <18 months. All the patients who recurred and eventually succumbed to breast cancer had axillary metastases at diagnosis, indicating that axillary disease is a major negative prognostic factor in patients who achieve pCR following neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iheoma Nwaogu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Donna B Jeffe
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA ; The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie A Margenthaler
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA ; The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Mombelli S, Kwiatkowski F, Abrial C, Wang-Lopez Q, de Boissieu P, Garbar C, Bensussan A, Curé H. Prognostic factors in operable breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy: towards a quantification of residual disease. Oncology 2015; 88:261-72. [PMID: 25573741 DOI: 10.1159/000368557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) allows for a more frequent use of breast-conservative surgery; it is also an in vivo model of individual tumor sensitivity which permits to determine new prognostic factors to personalize the therapeutic approach. METHODS Between 2000 and 2012, 318 patients with primary invasive breast cancer were treated with a median of 6 cycles of NACT; they received either an anthracycline-based FEC 100 protocol (31.1%), or anthracyclines + taxanes (53.5%), with trastuzumab if indicated (15.4%). RESULTS After a median follow-up of 44.2 months, the pathological complete response rate according to the classification of Chevallier et al. [Am J Clin Oncol 1993;16:223-228] was 19.3%, and overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at 10 years were 60.2 and 69.6%, respectively. Univariate analyses demonstrated that the Residual Disease in Breast and Nodes (RDBN) index was the most significant prognostic factor for OS (p = 0.0082) and DFS (p = 0.0022), and multivariate analyses mainly revealed that the residual tumor size, residual involved node number and post-chemotherapy Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grading were the most significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of patients who were all homogeneously treated with some of the most common drugs for breast cancer, we demonstrate that NACT may provide additional prognostic factors and confirm the RDBN index. As this index allows for the prediction of survival with different breast cancer subtypes, we suggest that it should be calculated routinely to help clinicians to select patients who need adjuvant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mombelli
- Department of Clinical Research, Jean Godinot Institute, Reims, France
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Babyshkina N, Malinovskaya E, Patalyak S, Bragina O, Tarabanovskaya N, Doroshenko A, Slonimskaya E, Perelmuter V, Cherdyntseva N. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for different molecular breast cancer subtypes: a retrospective study in Russian population. Med Oncol 2014; 31:165. [PMID: 25139196 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the objective clinical response (cOR), pathological complete response (pCR), and progression-free survival (PFS) in 231 Russian patients with four subtypes of breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. About 130 (56.3 %) patients received anthracycline-based, 56 (24.2 %) capecitabine-containing (CAX), 28 (12.1 %) taxotere and 17 (7.4 %) non-anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimens at the Tomsk Cancer Research Institute between 2000 and 2010. Tumors were subtyped according to the hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemical data. The majority of tumors (48.9 %) were ER+/PR+ and HER2-negative (HR+/HER2-), 10.4 % were ER+ PR+ and HER2-positive (HR+/HER2+), 9.1 % were ER-/PR- and HER2-overexpressed (HER2-enriched) and 31.6 % were ER-/PR- and HER2-negative (triple negative). Both cOR and pCR were significantly higher in the triple-negative tumors compared to the other subtypes (P = 0.021 and P = 0.033, respectively). Among the four chemotherapy regimens, only CAX regimen had a predictive value for cOR (HR 2.30, 95 % CI 1.16-4.58, P = 0.009). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the triple-negative subtype (HR 2.54, 95 % CI 1.06-1.42, P = 0.011) and CAX regimen (HR 3.01, 95 % CI 1.01-1.46, P = 0.002) were significantly associated with cOR. No association between patient's PFS and a tumor subtype was observed. However, there was a trend for a prolonged PFS among patients with cOR (P = 0.056). Our data indicate a potentially better prognosis for triple-negative breast cancer patients if treated with the CAX neoadjuvant regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Babyshkina
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute of Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Kooperativny Street, Tomsk, 634050, Russian,
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Takahashi R, Toh U, Iwakuma N, Mishima M, Fujii T, Takenaka M, Koura K, Seki N, Kawahara A, Kage M, Ogo E, Shirouzu K. Treatment outcome in patients with stage III breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:1089-1095. [PMID: 24223627 PMCID: PMC3820806 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the good responses of patients (pts) with stage III breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), most eventually relapse and have a poor prognosis. We investigated the prognostic indicators in pts with stage III breast cancer treated with NAC, using epirubicin and/or docetaxel. A total of 22 women with stage III breast cancer underwent NAC between January 2005 and May 2011. The regimens of NAC comprised ED (epirubicin 60 mg/m2 and docetaxel 60 mg/m2) in 10 cases, FEC (fluorouracil 500 mg/m2, epirubicin 75-100 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2) in 10 cases and EC (epirubicin 60 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2) in two cases. Following four cycles of each regimen, a further four cycles of D (docetaxel 70 mg/m2) were undertaken in nine cases. Subsequent to the completion of NAC and surgery, we assessed the clinicopathological results and performed prognostic analyses. Statistical analyses concerning disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) were conducted by a Cox proportional hazard model. The median survival time was 66 months and there were 12 distant metastases and two local recurrences. Multivariate analyses showed the number of metastatic axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) [hazard ratio (HR), 1.079; P=0.023] was correlated with DFS, while the Ki-67 labeling index (HR, 1.109; P=0.042) and the number of meta-static ALNs (HR, 1.087; P=0.023) were correlated with OS. In conclusion, even if pts with stage III breast cancer show good responses to NAC using epirubicin and/or docetaxel, the majority eventually relapse and have a poor prognosis. The Ki-67 labeling index and the number of involved ALNs are suggested as prognostic indicators in stage III breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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Chang MC, Escallon JM, Colgan TJ. Prognostic significance of a positive axillary lymph node fine-needle aspirate in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Cancer Cytopathol 2013; 122:138-44. [PMID: 24106096 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Image-guided axillary lymph node fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) correlate well with pathologic lymph node staging in cases of invasive breast carcinoma. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of a positive lymph node. METHODS Consecutive cases of nonmetastatic (M0) invasive breast carcinoma evaluated by image-guided FNA were identified (4-year period, median follow-up of 51 months). "Positive" and "nonpositive" groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Multivariate Cox regression was used to correct for clinicopathologic and treatment factors. A total of 142 cases was included, 70 with positive axillary FNA and 72 with a nonpositive result. RESULTS FNA-positive and nonpositive cases did not differ in patient age, tumor subtype, or hormone receptor status. Positive FNA was significantly associated with advanced T and N pathologic stage, and with HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) positivity. FNA-positive patients were more likely to undergo mastectomy and to receive chemotherapy. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that positive FNA is associated with poor prognosis, both with respect to disease-free survival (89% nonpositive versus 73% positive at 5 years, P < .001) and overall survival (94% versus 81%, respectively, at 5 years, P = .01). Multivariate analysis showed that when correcting for other variables, FNA positivity was not independently significant. CONCLUSIONS Positive axillary lymph node FNA is associated with poor prognosis on univariate analysis. By contrast, overall nodal staging is independently significant on multivariate analysis. The prognostic significance of axillary FNA likely results from its ability to predict for nodal status. Axillary FNA has utility as a preoperative staging procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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