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Lee HJ, Choi HJ, Jeong YJ, Na YH, Hong JT, Han JM, Hoe HS, Lim KH. Developing theragnostics for Alzheimer's disease: Insights from cancer treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131925. [PMID: 38685540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its associated economic and societal burdens are on the rise, but there are no curative treatments for AD. Interestingly, this neurodegenerative disease shares several biological and pathophysiological features with cancer, including cell-cycle dysregulation, angiogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding, and DNA damage. However, the genetic factors contributing to the overlap in biological processes between cancer and AD have not been actively studied. In this review, we discuss the shared biological features of cancer and AD, the molecular targets of anticancer drugs, and therapeutic approaches. First, we outline the common biological features of cancer and AD. Second, we describe several anticancer drugs, their molecular targets, and their effects on AD pathology. Finally, we discuss how protein-protein interactions (PPIs), receptor inhibition, immunotherapy, and gene therapy can be exploited for the cure and management of both cancer and AD. Collectively, this review provides insights for the development of AD theragnostics based on cancer drugs and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Choi
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Joo Jeong
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Key-Hwan Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea.
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Chandramohan K, Balan DJ, Devi KP, Nabavi SF, Reshadat S, Khayatkashani M, Mahmoodifar S, Filosa R, Amirkhalili N, Pishvaei S, Aval OS, Nabavi SM. Short interfering RNA in colorectal cancer: is it wise to shoot the messenger? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175699. [PMID: 37011722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the leading cause of gastrointestinal cancer death. 90% of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer are over the age of 50; nevertheless, the illness is more aggressive among those detected at a younger age. Chemotherapy-based treatment has several adverse effects on both normal and malignant cells. The primary signaling pathways implicated in the advancement of CRC include hedgehog (Hh), janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin, transforming growth factor-β (TNF-β), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and Notch. Loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor genes like adenomatous polyposis coli, as well as mutation or deletion of genes like p53 and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), are all responsible for the occurrence of CRC. Novel therapeutic targets linked to these signal-transduction cascades have been identified as a consequence of advances in small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatments. This study focuses on many innovative siRNA therapies and methodologies for delivering siRNA therapeutics to the malignant site safely and effectively for the treatment of CRC. Treatment of CRC using siRNA-associated nanoparticles (NPs) may inhibit the activity of oncogenes and MDR-related genes by targeting a range of signaling mechanisms. This study summarizes several siRNAs targeting signaling molecules, as well as the therapeutic approaches that might be employed to treat CRC in the future.
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Yang L, Zhang X, Hu G. Circulating non-coding RNAs as new biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2021. [PMID: 34275108 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, and a large number of patients are diagnosed and die every year. Due to the lack of appropriate diagnosis, prediction and treatment, early diagnosis rate of CRC is low and the prognosis is poor. Studies have found that abnormally expressed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) (including microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs),etc.) play an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of CRC. Some studies have shown that they are stable in the blood and can be detected repeatedly. They are expected to be non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and prediction of drug sensitivity of CRC, as well as potential applications in the treatment of CRC.
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Gu Y, Yu H, Hao C, Martin TA, Hargest R, He J, Cheng S, Jiang WG. NHERF1 regulates the progression of colorectal cancer through the interplay with VEGFR2 pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7753-7765. [PMID: 27999191 PMCID: PMC5352358 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic role of ectopic expression of Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) was recently suggested in colorectal cancer, where it was implicated in playing a role in the tumor hypoxia microenvironment. Here we showed that a high level expression of NHERF1 was found in colorectal cancer tissues and that the expression of NHERF1 was positively correlated with VEGFR2 expression. The prognostic value of VEGFR2 expression in colorectal cancer relied on the expression of NHERF1. The up-regulation of NHERF1 induced by the exposure to hypoxia in colon cancer cells depended on the activation of VEGFR2 signaling. NHERF1 in turn inhibited the activation of VEGFR2 signaling which could be regulated by the interaction between NHERF1 and VEGFR2, resulting in the reduction of migration and invasion of colon cancer cells. These results suggest a dynamic interplay between NHERF1 and VEGFR2 signaling in colorectal cancer, which could explain the contribution of NHERF1 to the regulation of tumor cell responses to the hypoxia microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hefen Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chengcheng Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tracey A Martin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rachel Hargest
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Junqi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Guo YT, Qiu CZ, Huang ZX, Yu WS, Yang XF, Wang MZ. Correlational research of Golgi phosphorylation protein 3 expression in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:13473-13479. [PMID: 26730158 PMCID: PMC4690176 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i48.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of Golgi phosphorylation protein 3 (GOLPH3) expression on cell apoptosis, angiogenesis and prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC).
METHODS: The expression of GOLPH3 in CRC tissues and normal colorectal mucosae was determined by immunohistochemistry in 62 patients. In addition, immunohistochemistry was also carried out to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD34 and microvessel density (MVD). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay was used to determine the apoptotic index (AI). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the relationship between GOLPH3 expression and survival in another 123 CRC cases.
RESULTS: Compared with normal colorectal mucosae, a notably higher level of GOLPH3 protein expression was identified in CRC tissues (53.2% vs 24.2%, P < 0.05). Positive GOLPH3 expression was significantly associated with tumor invasion depth, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001; P = 0.020; P = 0.020; P < 0.05, respectively), but not with tumor length, tumor site, and age (P = 0.363; P = 0.819; P = 0.599; P > 0.05, respectively). VEGF expression and MVD in GOLPH3-positive CRC was significantly higher than in GOLPH3-negative CRC (VEGF: 69.7% vs 31.0%; MVD: 21.45 ± 9.39 vs 14.24 ± 8.97; P < 0.05). GOLPH3 expression was negatively correlated with AI in CRC as shown by Spearman correlation analysis (r = -0.320, P < 0.05). The 5-year survival rate in GOLPH3-negative CRC (69.4%) was significantly higher than in GOLPH3-positive CRC (48.6%) (log-rank test, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: High expression of GOLPH3 is found in CRC tissues. GOLPH3 expression may be a novel prognostic marker for CRC patients.
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Chinh Chung D, Thanh Long L, Nghia Son H, Tri Bao L, Minh Si D, Dong LV. Downregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Enhances Chemosensitivity by Induction of Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Cell J 2015. [PMID: 26199906 PMCID: PMC4503841 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common cancers worldwide, is resistant to anticancer drugs. Angiogenesis is a major cause of tumor resistance to chemotherapy, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of small-interfering RNA targeting VEGF gene (VEGF-siRNA) on chemosensitivity of HCC cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, transfection was performed on Hep3B cells. After transfection with siRNAs, VEGF mRNA and protein levels were examined. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and anti-apoptotic gene expression were also analyzed after treatment with VEGF-siRNA in combination with doxorubicin in Hep3B cells. RESULTS Transfection of VEGF-siRNA into Hep3B cells significantly reduced the expression of VEGF at both mRNA and protein levels. Combination therapy with VEGF-siRNA and doxorubicin more effectively suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis than the respective monotherapies. This could be explained by the significant downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and SURVIVIN. CONCLUSION VEGF-siRNA enhanced the chemosensitivity of doxorubicin in Hep3B cells at least in part by suppressing the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Therefore, the downregulation of VEGF by siRNA combined with doxorubicin treatment has been shown to yield promising results for eradicating HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Chinh Chung
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thanh Long
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Nghia Son
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Tri Bao
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do Minh Si
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Dong
- Department of Immunology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi City, Vietnam
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Mésange P, Poindessous V, Sabbah M, Escargueil AE, de Gramont A, Larsen AK. Intrinsic bevacizumab resistance is associated with prolonged activation of autocrine VEGF signaling and hypoxia tolerance in colorectal cancer cells and can be overcome by nintedanib, a small molecule angiokinase inhibitor. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4709-21. [PMID: 25015210 PMCID: PMC4148093 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common tumor type with a high mortality rate, in part due to intrinsic drug resistance. Although bevacizumab, a VEGF-directed neutralizing antibody, is particularly active in this pathology, some patients never respond for reasons not well understood. We here wish to clarify the role of autocrine VEGF signaling in the response of CRC cells to angiogenesis inhibition. Our results show that CRC cells with intrinsic bevacizumab-resistance displayed pronounced upregulation of autocrine HIF-VEGF-VEGFR signaling in response to prolonged bevacizumab exposure whereas the same signaling pathway was downregulated in bevacizumab-sensitive xenografts. Importantly, both bevacizumab-sensitive and -resistant CRC xenografts were sensitive to nintedanib, a small molecule angiokinase inhibitor, which was associated with inhibition of mTORC1. In vitro studies revealed that bevacizumab-resistant cells displayed intrinsically higher HIF-VEGF signaling intensity and hypoxia tolerance compared to their bevacizumab-sensitive counterparts. Interestingly, although nintedanib showed comparable activity toward bevacizumab-sensitive cells under normoxia and hypoxia, the drug was three-fold more toxic to the resistant cells under hypoxia, suggesting that nintedanib attenuated the survival signaling that usually protects these cells from hypoxia-mediated cell death. In conclusion, our findings support a role for autocrine VEGF signaling in the survival of CRC cells to hypoxia and thus to angiogenesis inhibition. We further show that nintedanib, a small molecule angiokinase inhibitor, is active toward CRC models with intrinsic bevacizumab resistance supporting clinical trials of nintedanib in patients that do not respond to bevacizumab, alone or in combination with bevacizumab to increase angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mésange
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Annette K Larsen
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Jayasinghe C, Simiantonaki N, Kirkpatrick CJ. Cell type- and tumor zone-specific expression of pVEGFR-1 and its ligands influence colon cancer metastasis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:104. [PMID: 25880726 PMCID: PMC4384349 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detailed knowledge of the essential pro-angiogenic biomolecules, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and its receptors, in the characteristically heterogeneous tumor tissue is a pre-requisite for an effective personalized target therapy. The effects of VEGF receptors after ligand binding are mediated through receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation. We determined the relevance of the VEGFR-1 activating pathway for colon cancer (CC) metastasis. Methods The expression profiles of VEGFR-1, phosphorylated (activated) VEGFR-1 (pVEGFR-1Tyr1048, pVEGFR-1Tyr1213 and pVEGFR-1Tyr1333) and the VEGFR-1 ligands (VEGF, PlGF and VEGF-B) were investigated using immunohistochemistry in different tumor compartments (intratumoral - invasive front - extratumoral), cell types (tumor cells – macro- (large and small vessels) and the microvasculature (capillaries) - inflammatory cells) in human sporadic non-metastatic, lymphogenous metastatic and haematogenous metastatic CC. Results VEGF and PlGF produced by tumor cells have an autocrine affinity for their receptor VEGFR-1. Subsequent PlGF-mediated receptor activation by autophosphorylation at Tyr1048 and Tyr1213 is a potential signaling pathway, which in turn seems to protect against distant metastasis and, in regions of tumor budding, additionally against lymph node metastasis. This autocrine link could be supported by possible formation of PlGF-VEGF heterodimers and PlGF-PlGF homodimers, which are known to have anti-metastatic properties. In contrast, in order to enhance their potential for distant metastasis tumor cells produce paracrine-acting VEGF-B. VEGFR-1 activation in tumor-associated macrovasculature but not capillaries appears to affect metastatic ability. Paracrine-mediated receptor autophosphorylation at Tyr1048 and Tyr1213 in small vessels located intratumorally and along the invasive front appears to be inversely correlated with metastasis, especially distant metastasis. Additionally, macrovessels are able to produce VEGFR-1 ligands, which influence the metastatic potential. Paracrine-acting VEGF-B production by intratumorally located small vessels and autocrine-acting PlGF production by extratumorally located small vessels seem to be associated with the non-metastatic phenotype. In contrast, VEGF-B-expressing extratumoral large and small vessels correlate with distant metastasis. Lymphocyte-associated VEGFR-1 expression in the invasive front without accompanying autophosphorylation could prevent against distant metastasis possibly by acting as a decoy and scavenger receptor. Conclusion VEGFR-1 and its ligands participate in vascular, tumor cell-mediated and immuno-inflammatory processes in a complex biomolecule-dependent and tumor zone-specific manner and hence could influence metastatic behavior in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Jayasinghe
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Pathology, Laboratory Dr. Wisplinghoff, Geibelstr. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Nektaria Simiantonaki
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Pathology, Laboratory Dr. Wisplinghoff, Geibelstr. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Charles James Kirkpatrick
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101, Mainz, Germany.
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Doan CC, Le LT, Hoang SN, Do SM, Le DV. Simultaneous silencing of VEGF and KSP by siRNA cocktail inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. Biol Res 2014; 47:70. [PMID: 25723613 PMCID: PMC4289546 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in the growth of new blood vessels that feed tumors and kinesin spindle protein (KSP) plays a critical role in mitosis involving in cell proliferation. Simultaneous silencing of VEGF and KSP, an attractive and viable approach in cancer, leads on restricting cancer progression. The purpose of this study is to examine the therapeutic potential of dual gene targeted siRNA cocktail on human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. Results The predesigned siRNAs could inhibit VEGF and KSP at mRNA level. siRNA cocktail showed a further downregulation on KSP mRNA and protein levels compared to KSP-siRNA or VEGF-siRNA, but not on VEGF expression. It also exhibited greater suppression on cell proliferation as well as cell migration or invasion capabilities and induction of apoptosis in Hep3B cells than single siRNA simultaneously. This could be explained by the significant downregulation of Cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Survivin. However, no sigificant difference in the mRNA and protein levels of ANG2, involving inhibition of angiogenesis was found in HUVECs cultured with supernatant of Hep3B cells treated with siRNA cocktail, compared to that of VEGF-siRNA. Conclusion Silencing of VEGF and KSP plays a key role in inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion and inducing apoptosis of Hep3B cells. Simultaneous silencing of VEGF and KSP using siRNA cocktail yields promising results for eradicating hepatocellular carcinoma cells, a new direction for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Chinh Doan
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ward 4,District 5, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Xa lo Ha Noi Street,Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Long Thanh Le
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Xa lo Ha Noi Street,Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Son Nghia Hoang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Xa lo Ha Noi Street,Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Si Minh Do
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ward 4,District 5, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Dong Van Le
- Department of Immunology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street,Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City, Vietnam.
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Al-Maghrabi J, Gomaa W, Buhmeida A, Qari Y, Al-Qahtani M, Al-Ahwal M. Prognostic significance of VEGFR1/Flt-1 immunoexpression in colorectal carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9045-51. [PMID: 24908415 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Vascular endothelial growth factor 1/Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (VEGFR1/Flt-1) regulates monocyte migration, recruits endothelial cell progenitors, increases the adhesive properties of natural killer cells and induces of growth factors. Flt-1 is expressed on tumour cells and has been implicated in tumour growth and progression. The objective of this study is to address the relation of Flt-1 expression to tumour prognostication. Paraffin blocks from 143 primary CRC and 48 regional nodal metastases were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology at King Abdulaziz University. Tissue microarrays were designed and constructed. Immunohistochemistry for Flt-1 was performed. Staining intensity and extent of staining were assessed and combined. Results were dichotomised as low expression and high expression. Flt-1 was overexpressed in primary tumours and nodal metastasis (p < 0.001 and 0.001) with no difference between primary and nodal metastasis (p = 0.690). Flt-1 immunoexpression was not associated with the clinicopathological parameters. Flt-1 overexpression was an independent predictor of positive margin status, positive lymphovascular invasion and local disease recurrence (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). Flt-1 was not associated with survival (log-rank = 0.003, p = 0.959). Flt-1 was overexpressed in primary CRC and their nodal metastases. Flt-1 expression was an independent predictor of margin status, lymphovascular invasion and local disease recurrence. Therefore, expression profiling of Flt-1 seems to have a prognostic potential in CRC. However, to elucidate the association of overexpression of Flt-1 with tumour characteristics and prognostication, more in vivo and in vitro molecular investigations are recommended.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in both men and women and has shown a progressive increase over the past 20 years. Current chemotherapy has major limitations, and a novel therapeutic approach is required. Given that neoplastic transformation of colon epithelial cells is a consequence of genetic and epigenetic alterations, RNA interference (RNAi) has been proposed as a new therapeutic strategy that offers important advantages over conventional treatments, with high specificity and potency and low toxicity. RNAi has been employed as an effective tool to study the function of genes, preventing their expression and leading to the development of new approaches to cancer treatment. In malignancies, including colon cancer, RNAi is being used for "silencing" genes that are deregulated by different processes such as gene amplification, mutation, or overexpression and may be the cause of oncogenesis. This strategy not only provides information on the involvement of certain genes in colon cancer, but also opens up a new perspective for its treatment. However, most studies have used adenovirus or lentivirus vectors to transport RNAi into tumor cells or tumors in animal models, because several technical obstacles must be overcome before RNAi can be used in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to review current knowledge on the use of RNAi techniques in the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
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Li W, Li P, Liu Z, Du Q, Steinmetz A, Wang N, Du H, Hu J. A Chinese medicine preparation induces neuroprotection by regulating paracrine signaling of brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 151:686-693. [PMID: 24280029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tong Luo Jiu Nao injection (TLJN), a Chinese medicine preparation, was extracted from the Chinese herbs Panax notoginseng and Gardenia jasminoides. Its pharmacological effect on cerebral ischemia was observed in the study. We previously reported that paracrine signaling of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) had a direct impact on the survival of neurons in mimicked cerebral ischemia in vitro. The current study was designed to investigate whether paracrine signaling of BMECs could be regulated by drug to achieve neuroprotection. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia in BMECs or neurons was established by oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD). TLJN was used as a medicine of intervention. Injured neurons were cultured in the conditioned media from normal and injured BMECs treated with TLJN. The changes in neurons, including the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1(NMDAR1), Ca(2+) concentration, cytochrome c release, the mitochondrial membrane potential, were determined by the immunofluorescence staining and molecular Probes. The content of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet activating factor (PAF) in various BMECs were also examined by Western blotting and Elisa. RESULTS The results showed the activity of injured neurons was significantly increased when they were grown in conditioned media of normal or injured BMECs treated with TLJN, compared with that of normal or injured BMECs. These changes include a decrease of Ca(2+) concentration, of NMDAR1 expression, and of cytochrome c release, also an increase of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, the VEGF expression was up-regulated and the PAF expression was down-regulated by TLJN in BMECs. CONCLUSION The results suggest that a neuroprotective effect of TLJN could be achieved by regulating paracrine signaling of BMECs, which could in part be explained by a TLJN-induced up-regulation of VEGF and a down-regulation of PAF in BMECs. Therefore, regulating the paracrine of BMECs could be the important target of the drug action on injured-neurons, which may be a novel path for therapeutic intervention in ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Pengtao Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated with Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 5 Hai Yun Cang, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ziwang Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 51 An Wai Xiao Guan, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qinghong Du
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Andre Steinmetz
- Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé), 84 Val Fleuri, Luxembourg L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Ning Wang
- Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé), 84 Val Fleuri, Luxembourg L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Huan Du
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 88 Yu Quan Lu, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jinghong Hu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Ferrero E, Mauricio MD, Granado M, García-Villar O, Aldasoro M, Vila JM, Hidalgo M, Ferrero JL, Fernández N, Monge L, García-Villalón AL. Tyrosine phosphorylation modulates the vascular responses of mesenteric arteries from human colorectal tumors. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:545983. [PMID: 24324963 DOI: 10.1155/2013/545983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze whether tyrosine phosphorylation in tumoral arteries may modulate their vascular response. To do this, mesenteric arteries supplying blood flow to colorectal tumors or to normal intestine were obtained during surgery and prepared for isometric tension recording in an organ bath. Increasing tyrosine phosphorylation with the phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate produced arterial contraction which was lower in tumoral than in control arteries, whereas it reduced the contraction to noradrenaline in tumoral but not in control arteries and reduced the relaxation to bradykinin in control but not in tumoral arteries. Protein expression of VEGF-A and of the VEGF receptor FLT1 was similar in control and tumoral arteries, but expression of the VEGF receptor KDR was increased in tumoral compared with control arteries. This suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation may produce inhibition of the contraction in tumoral mesenteric arteries, which may increase blood flow to the tumor when tyrosine phosphorylation is increased by stimulation of VEGF receptors.
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Larsen AK, de Gramont A, Poindessous V, Bouygues A, Ayadi M, Mésange P. Functions and Clinical Implications of Autocrine VEGF Signaling in Colorectal Cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Han YF, Cao GW. Role of nuclear receptor NR4A2 in gastrointestinal inflammation and cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6865-73. [PMID: 23322982 PMCID: PMC3531668 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NR4A2 is a transcription factor belonging to the steroid orphan nuclear receptor superfamily. It was originally considered to be essential in the generation and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons, and associated with neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Recently, NR4A2 has been found to play a critical role in some inflammatory diseases and cancer. NR4A2 can be efficiently trans-activated by some proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway serves as a principal regulator of inducible NR4A expression in immune cells. NR4A2 can trans-activate Foxp3, a hallmark specifically expressed in regulatory T (Treg) cells, and plays a critical role in the differentiation, maintenance, and function of Treg cells. NR4A2 in T lymphocytes is pivotal for Treg cell induction and suppression of aberrant induction of Th1 under physiological and pathological conditions. High density of Foxp3+ Treg cells is significantly associated with gastrointestinal inflammation, tumor immune escape, and disease progression. NR4A2 is produced at high levels in CD133+ colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells and significantly upregulated by cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner in CRC cells. The cAMP/PKA signaling pathway is the common pathway of NR4A2-related inflammation and cancer. NR4A2 trans-activates osteopontin, a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway associated with CRC invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Knockdown of endogenous NR4A2 expression attenuates VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration and in vivo angiogenesis. Taken together, NR4A2 emerges as an important nuclear factor linking gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer, especially CRC, and should serve as a candidate therapeutic target for inflammation-related gastrointestinal cancer.
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Deezagi A, Ansari-Majd S, Vaseli-Hagh N. Induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by blocking of vascular endothelial growth factor by siRNA. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:791-9. [PMID: 22855159 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates several cell functions including; proliferation, differentiation, permeability, vascular tone, and the production of vasoactive molecules. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potency of specific short-interfering RNA (siRNA) to suppress human VEGF expression by siRNA and investigate the effects of VEGF down-regulation on the cell proliferation and apoptosis of the human prostate cancer cell lines DU-145. METHODS Transfection was performed using X-tremeGENE siRNA transfection reagent. At different time intervals, transfected cells were harvested and total RNA was extracted for RT-PCR. The VEGF content in supernatants were measured by ELISA. Inhibition of cell growth by hVEGF-siRNA was measured by using cell proliferation ELISA BrdU assay. Apoptotic cells were evaluated by using annexin-V-FITC apoptotic detection method. RESULTS Transfection of hVEGF-siRNA resulted in statistically significant inhibition of hVEGF-mRNA that in turn caused a marked reduction in the expression of hVEGF. The cell growth was assessed every 24 h for 4 days after siRNA treatment resulted in a marked inhibition of cell proliferation as compared to scramble siRNA. The results of apoptosis showed that approximately 15 % of the cells treated with control-siRNA manifested evident apoptotic changes after 24 hpt, whereas DU-145 cells treated with hVEGF-siRNA significantly were positive, that is to say, 53 % at 72 hpt 23.9 ± 2.78 % (P < 0.001) and 13 ± 1.57 % at 96 hpt. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that siRNA are effective in eliciting the RNAi pathway in cancerous cells and that specific siRNA efficiently down-regulate VEGF expression. They could decrease VEGF production and induce apoptosis, which may also be linked to the inhibition of cancerous cell proliferation. Therefore, it can be concluded that siRNA-mediated suppression of VEGF represents a powerful tool against prostate cancer cell proliferation. VEGF down-regulation exerts a direct anti-apoptotic function in the DU-145 cell lines and promises the development of drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deezagi
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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Li Y, Deuring J, Peppelenbosch MP, Kuipers EJ, de Haar C, van der Woude CJ. IL-6-induced DNMT1 activity mediates SOCS3 promoter hypermethylation in ulcerative colitis-related colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1889-96. [PMID: 22739025 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with a high risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The mechanisms by which chronic inflammatory responses in the colon may promote CRC remain only partially understood, but may involve reduced negative regulation of interleukin (IL)-6 signaling towards signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation through the loss of SOCS3 expression, unleashing the full carcinogenic potential of this transcription factor. Thus, we analyzed SOCS3 expression in the colon of healthy controls, as well as in a cohort of UC patients with varying degrees of dysplasia. We observe that the loss of epithelial SOCS3 expression delimits the areas subject to dysplasia in UC, suggesting an important tumour-suppressive role of SOCS3 downregulation, early in the transformation process. Importantly, methylation of the SOCS3 promotor appears to constitute an important regulatory mechanism for colonic SOCS3 expression as SOCS3 methylation status in CRC cells correlates with a disability to upregulate SOCS3 upon IL-6 stimulation, whereas forced demethylation using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restores SOCS3 expression and inhibits IL-6-induced p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and proliferation. Expression of the DNA methyltransferase gene DMNT1 is prominent in dysplastic cells and correlates with low or absent SOCS3 expression. Thus, induction of DNMT1 expression in the chronically inflamed colon may release IL-6 signaling towards signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 from inhibition through SOCS3 increasing the propensity to malignant transformation. Hence, DNMT1 emerges as a rational target in preventive strategies aimed at counteracting UC-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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Bordignon V, Cordiali-Fei P, Rinaldi M, Signori E, Cottarelli A, Zonfrillo M, Ensoli F, Rasi G, Fuggetta MP. Evaluation of antigen specific recognition and cell mediated cytotoxicity by a modified lysispot assay in a rat colon carcinoma model. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2012; 31:9. [PMID: 22296726 PMCID: PMC3395825 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes represent potent effector cells of the adaptive immune response against viruses as well as tumours. Therefore assays capable at exploring the generation and function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes represent an important objective for both clinical and experimental settings. Methods Here we show a simple and reproducible assay for the evaluation of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes based on a LysiSpot technique for the simultaneous determination of antigen-specific IFN-γ production and assessment of tumor cytolysis. The assay was developed within an experimental model of colorectal carcinoma, induced by the colorectal tumor cell line DHD-K12 that induces tumors in BDIX rats and, in turn, elicits a tumor- specific immune response. Results Using DHD-K12 cells transfected to express Escherichia coli β-galactosidase as target cells, and by the fine setting of spot colours detection, we have developed an in vitro assay that allows the recognition of cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced in BDIX rats as well as the assessment of anti-tumour cytotoxicity. The method highlighted that in the present experimental model the tumour antigen-specific immune response was bound to killing target cells in the proportion of 55%, while 45% of activated cells were not cytotoxic but released IFN-γ. Moreover in this model by an ELISPOT assay we demonstrated the specific recognition of a nonapeptide epitope called CSH-275 constitutionally express in DHD-K12 cells. Conclusions The assay proved to be highly sensitive and specific, detecting even low frequencies of cytotoxic/activated cells and providing the evaluation of cytokine-expressing T cells as well as the extent of cytotoxicity against the target cells as independent functions. This assay may represent an important tool to be adopted in experimental settings including the development of vaccines or immune therapeutic strategies
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bordignon
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Tayama M, Furuhata T, Inafuku Y, Okita K, Nishidate T, Mizuguchi T, Kimura Y, Hirata K. Vascular endothelial growth factor 165b expression in stromal cells and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4867-74. [PMID: 22171127 PMCID: PMC3235629 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i44.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the implications of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in stromal cells and colorectal cancer and the expression of VEGF-A splice variants.
METHODS: VEGF-A expression in tumor and stromal cells from 165 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer was examined by immunohistochemistry. The association between VEGF-A expression status and clinicopathological factors was investigated. Twenty fresh-frozen samples were obtained for laser capture microdissection to analyze the splice variants of VEGF-A.
RESULTS: VEGF-A was expressed in 53.9% and 42.4% of tumor and stromal cells, respectively. VEGF-A expression in tumor cells (t-VEGF-A) was associated with advanced clinical stage (stage 0, 1/9; stage 1, 2/16; stage 2, 32/55; stage 3, 38/66; stage 4, 16/19, P < 0.0001). VEGF-A expression in stromal cells (s-VEGF-A) increased in the earlier clinical stage (stage 0, 7/9; stage 1, 6/16; stage 2, 33/55; stage 3, 22/66; stage 4, 5/19; P = 0.004). Multivariate analyses for risk factors of recurrence showed that only s-VEGF-A expression was an independent risk factor for recurrence (relative risk 0.309, 95% confidence interval 0.141-0.676, P = 0.0033). The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates of t-VEGF-A-positive and -negative cases were 51.4% and 62.9%, respectively. There was no significant difference in t-VEGF-A expression status. The five-year DFS rates of s-VEGF-A-positive and -negative cases were 73.8% and 39.9%, respectively. s-VEGF-A-positive cases had significantly better survival than s-VEGF-A-negative cases (P = 0.0005). Splice variant analysis revealed that t-VEGF-A was mainly composed of VEGF165 and that s-VEGF-A included both VEGF165 and VEGF165b. In cases with no venous invasion (v0), the level of VEGF165b mRNA was significantly higher (v0 204.5 ± 122.7, v1 32.5 ± 36.7, v2 2.1 ± 1.7, P = 0.03). The microvessel density tended to be lower in cases with higher VEGF165b mRNA levels.
CONCLUSION: s-VEGF-A appears be a good prognostic factor for colorectal cancer and includes VEGF165 and VEGF165b.
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Zhou HB, Yin YF, Hu Y, Li X, Zou LY, Li YJ, Gu Y, Ou BQ, Fu J, Du JH, Wu G. Suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor via siRNA interference modulates the biological behavior of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Jpn J Radiol 2011; 29:615-22. [PMID: 21956366 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-011-0603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to study the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) down-regulation by small interfering (si)RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) on the biological features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The combined plasmids pU-siVEGF and pU-siCONT were transfected into CNE-2 cells with lipofectamine. The transfected cells were placed in fresh medium containing G418. Expression of VEGF mRNA and protein were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. The transwell chamber model was employed to test the ability of cell invasion in vitro. The distribution of cell cycle phases was determined by flow cytometry. Cell survival was assessed by clonogenic assays. RESULTS Both VEGF mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased in the pU-siVEGF group compared with controls (P < 0.05). The cell cycle was arrested in the G(1) phase (P < 0.05). A higher apoptotic ratio and lower invasion ability were seen in the pU-siVEGF group. The D(0) (mean lethal dose) and SF(2) values were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Delivery of siRNA targeting VEGF seems efficient in down-regulating VEGF expression and diminishing the growth, proliferation, and invasiveness of CNE-2 cells. It also enhanced the sensitivity of CNE-2 cells to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai B Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Second Hospital of Yichang, 4 Tiyuchang Road, Yichang, Hubei 443000, China.
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Zhao S, Ma D, Dai H, Yuan F, Wang Z. Biologically inhibitory effects of VEGF siRNA on endometrial carcinoma cells. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284:1533-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-1891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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