[Impact of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection on related mortality]

Microsporidia persistence in host impairs epithelial barriers and increases chances of inflammatory bowel disease

Microsporidia are intracellular fungus-like pathogens and the infection symptoms include recurrent diarrhea and systematic inflammations. The major infection route of microsporidia is the digestive tract. Since microsporidia are hard to fully eliminate, the interactions and persistence of the pathogen within epithelium may modulate host susceptibility to digestive disorders. In this study, both in vitro and in vivo infection models were applied. The alterations of epithelial barrier integrity, permeability, and tight junction proteins after microsporidia infection were assessed on MDCK/Caco-2 monolayers. The fecal intestinal microbiota and tissue alterations after microsporidia infection were assessed on C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, the susceptibility to develop dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) was also analyzed by the murine infection model. The results demonstrated that microsporidia infection increased epithelium permeability, weakened wound healing capability, and destructed tight junction protein zonula occludens-1. Microsporidia infection also dysregulates intestinal microbiota. These impairing effects of microsporidia increased host vulnerability to develop enteritis as shown by the murine model of DSS-induced IBD. Our study is the first to elucidate molecular mechanisms of the damaging effects of microsporidia on host epithelium and pointed out the cryptic threats of latent microsporidia infection to public health as reflected by the increased chances of developing more severe diseases.IMPORTANCEMicrosporidia are widely present in nature and usually cause latent and persistent infections in hosts. Given the fact that the digestive tract is the major infection route, it is of great importance to explore the consequences of microsporidia infection on the intestinal epithelial barrier and the risks to the host. In this study, we demonstrated the destructing effects of microsporidium infection on epithelial barriers manifested as increased epithelial permeability, weakened wound healing ability, and disrupted tight junctions. Moreover, microsporidia made the host more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammatory bowel disease. These findings provide new evidence for us to better understand and develop novel strategies for microsporidia prevention and disease control.