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Chassaing M, Bastin G, Robin M, Majou D, Belliot G, de Rougemont A, Boudaud N, Gantzer C. Free Chlorine and Peroxynitrite Alter the Capsid Structure of Human Norovirus GII.4 and Its Capacity to Bind Histo-Blood Group Antigens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:662764. [PMID: 33927710 PMCID: PMC8076513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. HuNoVs are frequently detected in water and foodstuffs. Free chlorine and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) are two oxidants commonly encountered by HuNoVs in humans or in the environment during their natural life cycle. In this study, we defined the effects of these two oxidants on GII.4 HuNoVs and GII.4 virus-like particles (VLPs). The impact on the capsid structure, the major capsid protein VP1 and the ability of the viral capsid to bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) following oxidative treatments were analyzed. HBGAs are attachment factors that promote HuNoV infection in human hosts. Overall, our results indicate that free chlorine acts on regions involved in the stabilization of VP1 dimers in VLPs and affects their ability to bind to HBGAs. These effects were confirmed in purified HuNoVs. Some VP1 cross-links also take place after free chlorine treatment, albeit to a lesser extent. Not only ONOO− mainly produced VP1 cross-links but can also dissociate VLPs depending on the concentration applied. Nevertheless, ONOO− has less effect on HuNoV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Chassaing
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint-Lô, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| | | | - Maëlle Robin
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint-Lô, France
| | | | - Gaël Belliot
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France.,UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France.,UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
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Chassaing M, Boudaud N, Belliot G, Estienney M, Majou D, de Rougemont A, Gantzer C. Interaction between norovirus and Histo-Blood Group Antigens: A key to understanding virus transmission and inactivation through treatments? Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103594. [PMID: 32950136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a main cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. They are frequently involved in foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Environmental transmission of the virus depends on two main factors: the ability of viral particles to remain infectious and their adhesion capacity onto different surfaces. Until recently, adhesion of viral particles to food matrices was mainly investigated by considering non-specific interactions (e.g. electrostatic, hydrophobic) and there was only limited information about infectious HuNoVs because of the absence of a reliable in vitro HuNoV cultivation system. Many HuNoV strains have now been described as having specific binding interactions with human Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) and non-HBGA ligands found in food and the environment. Relevant approaches to the in vitro replication of HuNoVs were also proposed recently. On the basis of the available literature data, this review discusses the opportunities to use this new knowledge to obtain a better understanding of HuNoV transmission to human populations and better evaluate the hazard posed by HuNoVs in foodstuffs and the environment.
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Abstract
As the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, human noroviruses (HuNoVs) have caused around 685 million cases of infection and nearly $60 billion in losses every year. Despite their highly contagious nature, an effective vaccine for HuNoVs has yet to become commercially available. Therefore, rapid detection and subtyping of noroviruses is crucial for preventing viral spread. Over the past half century, there has been monumental progress in the development of techniques for the detection and analysis of noroviruses. However, currently no rapid, portable assays are available to detect and subtype infectious HuNoVs. The purpose of this review is to survey and present different analytical techniques for the detection and characterization of noroviruses.
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Robin M, Chassaing M, Loutreul J, de Rougemont A, Belliot G, Majou D, Gantzer C, Boudaud N. Effect of natural ageing and heat treatments on GII.4 norovirus binding to Histo-Blood Group Antigens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15312. [PMID: 31653918 PMCID: PMC6814753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of viral foodborne outbreaks worldwide. To date, no available methods can be routinely used to detect infectious HuNoVs in foodstuffs. HuNoVs recognize Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) through the binding pocket (BP) of capsid protein VP1, which promotes infection in the host cell. In this context, the suitability of human HBGA-binding assays to evaluate the BP integrity of HuNoVs was studied on GII.4 virus-like particles (VLPs) and GII.4 HuNoVs during natural ageing at 20 °C and heat treatments. Our results demonstrate that this approach may reduce the over-estimation of potential infectious HuNoVs resulting from solely using the genome detection, even though some limitations have been identified. The specificity of HBGA-binding to the BP is clearly dependent on the HGBA type (as previously evidenced) and the ionic strength of the media without disturbing such interactions. This study also provides new arguments regarding the ability of VLPs to mimic HuNoV behavior during inactivation treatments. The BP stability of VLPs was at least 4.3 fold lower than that of HuNoVs at 20 °C, whereas capsids of both particles were disrupted at 72 °C. Thus, VLPs are relevant surrogates of HuNoVs for inactivation treatments inducing significant changes in the capsid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Robin
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Manon Chassaing
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000, Saint-Lô, France
- LCPME, UMR 7564 CNRS, University of Lorraine, F-54601, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julie Loutreul
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- National Reference Center for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, F-21000, France
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Food and Microbiological Processes, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | - Gaël Belliot
- National Reference Center for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, F-21000, France
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Food and Microbiological Processes, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | | | - Christophe Gantzer
- LCPME, UMR 7564 CNRS, University of Lorraine, F-54601, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
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