1
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Victor CP, Leon JS, Williams AM. Vitamin A biomarkers were associated with α(1)-acid glycoprotein and C-reactive protein over the course of a human norovirus challenge infection. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:482-488. [PMID: 37694547 PMCID: PMC10784129 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Retinol binding protein (RBP) is used as a proxy for retinol in population-based assessments of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) for cost-effectiveness and feasibility. When the cut-off of < 0·7 μmol/l for retinol is applied to RBP to define VAD, an equivalence of the two biomarkers is assumed. Evidence suggests that the relationship between retinol and RBP is not 1:1, particularly in populations with a high burden of infection or inflammation. The goal of this analysis was to longitudinally evaluate the retinol:RBP ratio over 1 month of follow-up among fifty-two individuals exposed to norovirus (n 26 infected, n 26 uninfected), test whether inflammation (measured as α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) affects retinol, RBP and the ratio between the two and assess whether adjusting vitamin A biomarkers for AGP or CRP improves the equivalence of retinol and RBP. We found that the median molar ratio between retinol and RBP was the same among infected (0·68) and uninfected (0·68) individuals. AGP was associated with the ratio and RBP individually, controlling for CRP, and CRP was associated with both retinol and RBP individually, controlling for AGP over 1 month of follow-up. Adjusting for inflammation led to a slight increase in the ratio among infected individuals (0·71) but remained significantly different from the expected value of one. These findings highlight the need for updated recommendations from the WHO on a cut-off value for RBP and an appropriate method for measuring and adjusting for inflammation when using RBP in population assessments of VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P. Victor
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322, USA
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322, USA
| | - Anne M. Williams
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Huang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Du W, Liang X, Pan W, Yang F, Niu R, Chen H, Geng L, Xiang L, Gong S, Xu W. The novel mechanism of human norovirus induced diarrhea: Activation of PKD2 caused by HuNoVs destroyed AQP3 expression through AP2γ in intestinal epithelial cells. Life Sci 2024; 337:122348. [PMID: 38103725 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated protein kinase D2 (PKD2) played a critical influence in experimental colitis in animal. However, the role of PKD2 in human norovirus (HuNoVs)-induced diarrhea remained unknown. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) expression, a critical protein mediating diarrhea, was assessed by western blot, qRT-PCR in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Luciferase, IF, IP and ChIP assay were used to explore the mechanism through which HuNoVs regulated AQP3. Herein, we found that AQP3 expression was drastically decreased in IECs in response to VP1 transfection, the major capsid protein of HuNoVs, or HuNoVs infection. Mechanistically, HuNoVs triggered phosphorylation of PKD2 through TLR2/MyD88/IRAK4, which further inhibited AP2γ activation and nuclear translocation, leading to suppress AQP3 transactivation in IECs. Most importantly, PKD2 interacted with MyD88/IRAK4, and VP1 overexpression enhanced this complex form, which, in turn, to increase PKD2 phosphorylation. In addition, endogenous PKD2 interacted with AP2γ, and this interaction was enhanced in response to HuNoVs treatment, and subsequently resulting in AP2γ phosphorylation inhibition. Moreover, inhibition of PKD2 activation could reverse the inhibitory effect of HuNoVs on AQP3 expression. In summary, we established a novel mechanism that HuNoV inhibited AQP3 expression through TLR2/MyD88/IRAK4/PKD2 signaling pathway, targeting PKD2 activity could be a promising strategy for prevention of HuNoVs-induced gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Shuping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Putian Ninety-Five Hospital, Putian 351100, China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Wenxu Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Fangying Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Rongwei Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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3
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Toh JYL, Zwe YH, Tan MTH, Gong Z, Li D. Sequential infection of human norovirus and Salmonella enterica resulted in higher mortality and ACOD1/IRG1 upregulation in zebrafish larvae. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105229. [PMID: 37739029 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HNoVs) and Salmonella are both very important foodborne pathogens with mixed infection of HNoV and Salmonella reported clinically. With the use of model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio), it was observed that the sequential infection of HNoVs and Salmonella caused lower survival rates (12.5 ± 4.2%) than the single-pathogen infection by Salmonella (31.6 ± 7.3%, P < 0.05) or HNoVs (no mortality observed). Gene expression study with the use of RT-PCR and global transcriptomic analysis revealed that the mortality of zebrafish larvae was very likely due to the harmful inflammatory responses. Specifically, it was noted that the genes encoding aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1), also known as immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1), were significantly upregulated in the sequentially infected zebrafish larvae. The expression of acod1 could lead to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The ROS levels were indeed higher in sequentially infected zebrafish larvae than the single-pathogen infected ones (P < 0.05). An immersion treatment of glutathione or citraconate did not affect the microbial loads of HNoVs and Salmonella but significantly reduced the ROS levels and protected the zebrafish larvae by inducing higher survival rates in the sequentially infected zebrafish larvae (P < 0.05). Taken together, this study accumulated new knowledge over the function of ACOD1/IRG1 pathway in infectious diseases, and proposed possible treatment strategies accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillinda Yi Ling Toh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Htut Zwe
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Mills JT, Minogue SC, Snowden JS, Arden WKC, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Wobus CE, Herod MR. Amino acid substitutions in norovirus VP1 dictate host dissemination via variations in cellular attachment. J Virol 2023; 97:e0171923. [PMID: 38032199 PMCID: PMC10734460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01719-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE All viruses initiate infection by utilizing receptors to attach to target host cells. These virus-receptor interactions can therefore dictate viral replication and pathogenesis. Understanding the nature of virus-receptor interactions could also be important for the development of novel therapies. Noroviruses are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses of medical importance. They are a common cause of acute gastroenteritis with no approved vaccine or therapy and are a tractable model for studying fundamental virus biology. In this study, we utilized the murine norovirus model system to show that variation in a single amino acid of the major capsid protein alone can affect viral infectivity through improved attachment to suspension cells. Modulating plasma membrane mobility reduced infectivity, suggesting an importance of membrane mobility for receptor recruitment and/or receptor conformation. Furthermore, different substitutions at this site altered viral tissue distribution in a murine model, illustrating how in-host capsid evolution could influence viral infectivity and/or immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T. Mills
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna C. Minogue
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph S. Snowden
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Wynter K. C. Arden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David J. Rowlands
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Morgan R. Herod
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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5
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Lalithamaheswari B, Anu Radha C. Structural and binding studies of 2'- and 3-fucosyllactose and its complexes with norovirus capsid protein by molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10230-10243. [PMID: 36476051 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2153923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human breast milk contains free oligosaccharides (Human Milk Oligosaccharides-HMOs) that help to protect breastfed infants against a variety of infectious diseases and act as decoy receptors. In breast milk, HMOs are the third most abundant compounds after lactose and lipids. Structural and conformational models of HMOs are quite crucial to studying the interaction with proteins and molecular recognition phenomenon. Molecular dynamics simulations for two trisaccharides HMOs (2'-FL and 3-FL) were carried out for 250 ns and the conformational models were subsequently substantiated by three replicate simulations. The conformer models of HMOs 2'-FL and 3-FL were deposited in the 3-Dimensional Structural Database for Sialic acid-containing CARbohydrates (3DSDSCAR) database website (www.3dsdscar.in). HMOs were then docked into the active site of norovirus capsid protein and are simulated for 100 ns duration. Each complex system was stabilized by direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonding interactions. Binding free energy calculations predict two possible binding modes for each complex system. The conformational flexibility and binding stability of the complex systems were calculated. The protein folding/unfolding and compactness seem to be better for the two HMOs. From a general perspective, we found that both 2'-FL and 3-FL exhibited higher binding efficacy towards norovirus capsid protein and according to the structural stability, 3-FL might be used as a preventive inhibitor for norovirus infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lalithamaheswari
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Anu Radha
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Eruera AR, McSweeney AM, McKenzie-Goldsmith GM, Opel-Reading HK, Thomas SX, Campbell AC, Stubbing L, Siow A, Hubert JG, Brimble MA, Ward VK, Krause KL. Crystal Structure of Inhibitor-Bound GII.4 Sydney 2012 Norovirus 3C-Like Protease. Viruses 2023; 15:2202. [PMID: 38005879 PMCID: PMC10674469 DOI: 10.3390/v15112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, and there are no approved vaccines or therapeutic treatments for chronic or severe norovirus infections. The structural characterisation of the norovirus protease and drug development has predominantly focused upon GI.1 noroviruses, despite most global outbreaks being caused by GII.4 noroviruses. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the GII.4 Sydney 2012 ligand-free norovirus protease at 2.79 Å and at 1.83 Å with a covalently bound high-affinity (IC50 = 0.37 µM) protease inhibitor (NV-004). We show that the active sites of the ligand-free protease structure are present in both open and closed conformations, as determined by their Arg112 side chain orientation. A comparative analysis of the ligand-free and ligand-bound protease structures reveals significant structural differences in the active site cleft and substrate-binding pockets when an inhibitor is covalently bound. We also report a second molecule of NV-004 non-covalently bound within the S4 substrate binding pocket via hydrophobic contacts and a water-mediated hydrogen bond. These new insights can guide structure-aided drug design against the GII.4 genogroup of noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice-Roza Eruera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (H.K.O.-R.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Alice M. McSweeney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
| | - Geena M. McKenzie-Goldsmith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
| | - Helen K. Opel-Reading
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (H.K.O.-R.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Simone X. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
| | - Ashley C. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (H.K.O.-R.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Louise Stubbing
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (L.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Andrew Siow
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (L.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Jonathan G. Hubert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (L.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (L.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Vernon K. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (H.K.O.-R.); (A.C.C.)
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7
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Kher G, Sabin C, Lun JH, Devant JM, Ruoff K, Koromyslova AD, von Itzstein M, Pancera M, Hansman GS. Direct Blockade of the Norovirus Histo-Blood Group Antigen Binding Pocket by Nanobodies. J Virol 2023; 97:e0183322. [PMID: 36971561 PMCID: PMC10134814 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01833-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. These viruses usually interact with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are considered essential cofactors for norovirus infection. This study structurally characterizes nanobodies developed against the clinically important GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses with a focus on the identification of novel nanobodies that efficiently block the HBGA binding site. Using X-ray crystallography, we have characterized nine different nanobodies that bound to the top, side, or bottom of the P domain. The eight nanobodies that bound to the top or side of the P domain were mainly genotype specific, while one nanobody that bound to the bottom cross-reacted against several genotypes and showed HBGA blocking potential. The four nanobodies that bound to the top of the P domain also inhibited HBGA binding, and structural analysis revealed that these nanobodies interacted with several GII.4 and GII.17 P domain residues that commonly engaged HBGAs. Moreover, these nanobody complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) extended completely into the cofactor pockets and would likely impede HBGA engagement. The atomic level information for these nanobodies and their corresponding binding sites provide a valuable template for the discovery of additional "designer" nanobodies. These next-generation nanobodies would be designed to target other important genotypes and variants, while maintaining cofactor interference. Finally, our results clearly demonstrate for the first time that nanobodies directly targeting the HBGA binding site can function as potent norovirus inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses are highly contagious and a major problem in closed institutions, such as schools, hospitals, and cruise ships. Reducing norovirus infections is challenging on multiple levels and includes the frequent emergence of antigenic variants, which complicates designing effective, broadly reactive capsid therapeutics. We successfully developed and characterized four norovirus nanobodies that bound at the HBGA pockets. Compared with previously developed norovirus nanobodies that inhibited HBGA through disrupted particle stability, these four novel nanobodies directly inhibited HBGA engagement and interacted with HBGA binding residues. Importantly, these new nanobodies specifically target two genotypes that have caused the majority of outbreaks worldwide and consequently would have an enormous benefit if they could be further developed as norovirus therapeutics. To date, we have structurally characterized 16 different GII nanobody complexes, a number of which block HBGA binding. These structural data could be used to design multivalent nanobody constructs with improved inhibition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Kher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles Sabin
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer H. Lun
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica M. Devant
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Ruoff
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna D. Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Grant S. Hansman
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Zhou N, Huang Y, Zhou L, Li M, Jin H. Molecular Evolution of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Region in Norovirus Genogroup I. Viruses 2023; 15:166. [PMID: 36680206 PMCID: PMC9861054 DOI: 10.3390/v15010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading viral agent of gastroenteritis in humans. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is essential in the replication of norovirus RNA. Here, we present a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the norovirus GI RdRp gene. Our results show that the norovirus GI RdRp gene can be divided into three groups, and that the most recent common ancestor was 1484. The overall evolutionary rate of GI RdRp is 1.821 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. Most of the amino acids of the GI RdRp gene were under negative selection, and only a few positively selected sites were recognized. Amino acid substitutions in the GI RdRp gene accumulated slowly over time. GI.P1, GI.P3 and GI.P6 owned the higher evolutionary rates. GI.P11 and GI.P13 had the faster accumulation rate of amino acid substitutions. GI.P2, GI.P3, GI.P4, GI.P6 and GI.P13 presented a strong linear evolution. These results reveal that the norovirus GI RdRp gene evolves conservatively, and that the molecular evolutionary characteristics of each P-genotype are diverse. Sequencing in RdRp and VP1 of norovirus should be advocated in the surveillance system to explore the effect of RdRp on norovirus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingma Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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9
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Helm EW, Peiper AM, Phillips M, Williams CG, Sherman MB, Kelley T, Smith HQ, Jacobs SO, Shah D, Tatum SM, Iyer N, Grodzki M, Morales Aparicio JC, Kennedy EA, Manzi MS, Baldridge MT, Smith TJ, Karst SM. Environmentally-triggered contraction of the norovirus virion determines diarrheagenic potential. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1043746. [PMID: 36389732 PMCID: PMC9664153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea and foodborne disease worldwide. While they are a major cause of disease in all age groups, infections in the very young can be quite severe with annual estimates of 50,000-200,000 fatalities in children under 5 years old. In spite of the remarkable disease burden associated with norovirus infections in people, very little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying norovirus diarrhea, principally because of the lack of tractable small animal models. We recently demonstrated that wild-type neonatal mice are susceptible to murine norovirus (MNV)-induced acute self-resolving diarrhea in a time course mirroring human norovirus disease. Using this robust pathogenesis model system, we demonstrate that virulence is regulated by the responsiveness of the viral capsid to environmental cues that trigger contraction of the VP1 protruding (P) domain onto the particle shell, thus enhancing receptor binding and infectivity. The capacity of a given MNV strain to undergo this contraction positively correlates with infection of cells expressing low abundance of the virus receptor CD300lf, supporting a model whereby virion contraction triggers infection of CD300lflo cell types that are responsible for diarrhea induction. These findings directly link environmentally-influenced biophysical features with norovirus disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Helm
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amy M. Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew Phillips
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Caroline G. Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael B. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Theresa Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Q. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sorin O. Jacobs
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dhairya Shah
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah M. Tatum
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Neha Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marco Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joyce C. Morales Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mikayla S. Manzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Yang M, Tong L, Wang S, Liu N, Zhao F, Sun Y, Sun G, Zhou D. Gut Microbiota and Transcriptomics Reveal the Effect of Human Norovirus Bioaccumulation on Oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0016122. [PMID: 35867424 PMCID: PMC9431538 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00161-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes acute viral gastroenteritis, and oysters are one of the main carriers of HuNoV transmission. While progress has been made toward understanding the pattern of oyster-bioaccumulated HuNoV, the response of oysters to HuNoV bioaccumulation, including changes in gene expression and gut microbiota, is unclear. In this study, histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-like molecule expression and gene regulation features and the HuNoV-microbiome interactions of oysters during HuNoV bioaccumulation were characterized. With the prolongation of bioaccumulation time, the HuNoV content and expression of type A HBGA-like molecules in oysters increased and stabilized. HuNoV also altered the expression of immunity- and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-related genes. Prolonged bioaccumulation of HuNoV can reduce the abundance and change the composition of the oyster gut microbiota. In particular, with the extension of bioaccumulation time, the abundance of Blautia, Agathobacter, Faecalibacterium, Terrisporobacter, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus decreased, while the abundance of Vibrio and Alphaproteobacteria increased. This study provides potential candidates for identifying functional genes involved in the bioaccumulation of HuNoV in oysters. More importantly, it provides the first description of the changes in gut microbiota during HuNoV bioaccumulation in oysters. IMPORTANCE The role of the oyster gut microbiota in HuNoV bioaccumulation is poorly understood. This study revealed, for the first time, the changes in gut microbiota and gene expression of oysters with HuNoV bioaccumulation. This study enriches the understanding of the impact of HuNoV bioaccumulation on oysters and provides a new direction for the study of the molecular mechanism of HuNoV bioaccumulation in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lihui Tong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohui Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Deqing Zhou
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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11
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Moreno-Valladares M, Moncho-Amor V, Bernal-Simon I, Agirre-Iturrioz E, Álvarez-Satta M, Matheu A. Norovirus Intestinal Infection and Lewy Body Disease in an Older Patient with Acute Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158376. [PMID: 35955510 PMCID: PMC9368907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case report on an older woman with unspecific symptoms and predominant long-term gastrointestinal disturbances, acute overall health deterioration with loss of autonomy for daily activities, and cognitive impairment. Autopsy revealed the presence of alpha-synuclein deposits spread into intestinal mucosa lesions, enteric plexuses, pelvic and retroperitoneal nerves and ganglia, and other organs as well as Lewy pathology in the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, we isolated norovirus from the patient, indicating active infection in the colon and detected colocalization of norovirus and alpha-synuclein in different regions of the patient’s brain. In view of this, we report a concomitant norovirus infection with synthesis of alpha-synuclein in the gastrointestinal mucosa and Lewy pathology in the CNS, which might support Braak’s hypothesis about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Moreno-Valladares
- Pathology Department, Donostia University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (I.B.-S.); (E.A.-I.)
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (V.M.-A.); (M.Á.-S.); (A.M.)
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943007151
| | - Veronica Moncho-Amor
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (V.M.-A.); (M.Á.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Iraide Bernal-Simon
- Pathology Department, Donostia University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (I.B.-S.); (E.A.-I.)
| | - Eñaut Agirre-Iturrioz
- Pathology Department, Donostia University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (I.B.-S.); (E.A.-I.)
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (V.M.-A.); (M.Á.-S.); (A.M.)
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (V.M.-A.); (M.Á.-S.); (A.M.)
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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12
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Maass T, Westermann LT, Creutznacher R, Mallagaray A, Dülfer J, Uetrecht C, Peters T. Assignment of Ala, Ile, Leu proS, Met, and Val proS methyl groups of the protruding domain of murine norovirus capsid protein VP1 using methyl-methyl NOEs, site directed mutagenesis, and pseudocontact shifts. Biomol NMR Assign 2022; 16:97-107. [PMID: 35050443 PMCID: PMC9068638 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-022-10066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The protruding domain (P-domain) of the murine norovirus (MNV) capsid protein VP1 is essential for infection. It mediates receptor binding and attachment of neutralizing antibodies. Protein NMR studies into interactions of the P-domain with ligands will yield insights not easily available from other biophysical techniques and will extend our understanding of MNV attachment to host cells. Such studies require at least partial NMR assignments. Here, we describe the assignment of about 70% of the Ala, Ile, LeuproS, Met, and ValproS methyl groups. An unfavorable distribution of methyl group resonance signals prevents complete assignment based exclusively on 4D HMQC-NOESY-HMQC experiments, yielding assignment of only 55 out of 100 methyl groups. Therefore, we created point mutants and measured pseudo contact shifts, extending and validating assignments based on methyl-methyl NOEs. Of note, the P-domains are present in two different forms caused by an approximate equal distribution of trans- and cis-configured proline residues in position 361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Maass
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Leon Torben Westermann
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Robert Creutznacher
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jasmin Dülfer
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen & Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), & Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg & European XFEL GmbH, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany.
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Schilling-Loeffler K, Rodriguez R, Williams-Woods J. Target Affinity and Structural Analysis for a Selection of Norovirus Aptamers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168868. [PMID: 34445583 PMCID: PMC8396345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers, single-stranded oligonucleotides that specifically bind a molecule with high affinity, are used as ligands in analytical and therapeutic applications. For the foodborne pathogen norovirus, multiple aptamers exist but have not been thoroughly characterized. Consequently, there is little research on aptamer-mediated assay development. This study characterized seven previously described norovirus aptamers for target affinity, structure, and potential use in extraction and detection assays. Norovirus-aptamer affinities were determined by filter retention assays using norovirus genotype (G) I.1, GI.7, GII.3, GII.4 New Orleans and GII.4 Sydney virus-like particles. Of the seven aptamers characterized, equilibrium dissociation constants for GI.7, GII.3, GII.4 New Orleans and GII.4 Sydney ranged from 71 ± 38 to 1777 ± 1021 nM. Four aptamers exhibited affinity to norovirus GII.4 strains; three aptamers additionally exhibited affinity toward GII.3 and GI.7. Aptamer affinity towards GI.1 was not observed. Aptamer structure analysis by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that six aptamers exhibit B-DNA structure, and one aptamer displays parallel/antiparallel G-quadruplex hybrid structure. CD studies also showed that biotinylated aptamer structures were unchanged from non-biotinylated aptamers. Finally, norovirus aptamer assay feasibility was demonstrated in dot-blot and pull-down assays. This characterization of existing aptamers provides a knowledge base for future aptamer-based norovirus detection and extraction assay development and aptamer modification.
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14
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Liang Y, Wang WB, Zhang J, Hou JW, Tang F, Zhang XF, Du LF, Su JG, Li QM. Evolution of the interactions between GII.4 noroviruses and histo-blood group antigens: Insights from experimental and computational studies. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009745. [PMID: 34252166 PMCID: PMC8297928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the major pathogen causing the outbreaks of the viral gastroenteritis across the world. Among the various genotypes of NoV, GII.4 is the most predominant over the past decades. GII.4 NoVs interact with the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) to invade the host cell, and it is believed that the receptor HBGAs may play important roles in selecting the predominate variants by the nature during the evolution of GII.4 NoVs. However, the evolution-induced changes in the HBGA-binding affinity for the GII.4 NoV variants and the mechanism behind the evolution of the NoV-HBGA interactions remain elusive. In the present work, the virus-like particles (VLPs) of the representative GII.4 NoV stains epidemic in the past decades were expressed by using the Hansenula polymorpha yeast expression platform constructed by our laboratory, and then the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based HBGA-binding assays as well as the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with the molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MMGBSA) calculations were performed to investigate the interactions between various GII.4 strains and different types of HBGAs. The HBGA-binding assays show that for all the studied types of HBGAs, the evolution of GII.4 NoVs results in the increased NoV-HBGA binding affinities, where the early epidemic strains have the lower binding activity and the newly epidemic strains exhibit relative stronger binding intensity. Based on the MD simulation and MMGBSA calculation results, a physical mechanism that accounts for the increased HBGA-binding affinity was proposed. The evolution-involved residue mutations cause the conformational rearrangements of loop-2 (residues 390–396), which result in the narrowing of the receptor-binding pocket and thus tighten the binding of the receptor HBGAs. Our experimental and computational studies are helpful for better understanding the mechanism behind the evolution-induced increasing of HBGA-binding affinity, which may provide useful information for the drug and vaccine designs against GII.4 NoVs. Human norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as the leading cause of the epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide and more than 50% acute gastroenteritis outbreaks are associated with NoVs. NoVs are highly infectious and may result in serious dehydration, malnutrition and even death, which severely threatens human health and brings heavy economic burden. NoVs are highly genetically diverse, in which the GII.4 genotype is the most predominant. The reported outbreaks of NoV infections have risen sharply from 2002, and it is suggested that the increasing NoV infections are attributed to the emergence of new strains with more infectiousness. GII.4 NoV evolves rapidly and on average every 2–3 years a new strain appears. It has been revealed that the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) serve as the recognition receptor for the GII.4 NoVs infecting the host cell, and the NoV-HBGA interactions may play an important role in selecting the predominate variants during the evolution of GII.4 NoVs. However, the molecular mechanism behind the evolution of the NoV-HBGA binding affinities is still not clear. In this work, the representative GII.4 NoV strains prevalent in the past decades were expressed, and the changes in the interactions between these strains and the receptor HBGAs were investigated by using the experimental measurements combined with computational simulations. Based on the experimental and computational results, a molecular mechanism that accounts for the increasing of the NoV-HBGA binding affinities during the evolution of GII.4 NoVs was proposed. Our studies are helpful for the understanding of the evolution mechanism of GII.4 NoVs and provide valuable information for the drug and vaccine designs against GII.4 NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Bu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, College of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wei Hou
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Tang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Feng Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Li Fang Du
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Guo Su
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, College of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- * E-mail: (JGS); (QML)
| | - Qi Ming Li
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JGS); (QML)
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15
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McSweeney AM, Young VL, Ward VK. Norovirus VPg Binds RNA through a Conserved N-Terminal K/R Basic Patch. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071282. [PMID: 34209211 PMCID: PMC8310136 DOI: 10.3390/v13071282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral protein genome-linked (VPg) of noroviruses is a multi-functional protein that participates in essential roles during the viral replication cycle. Predictive analyses indicate that murine norovirus (MNV) VPg contains a disordered N-terminal region with RNA binding potential. VPg proteins were expressed with an N-terminal spidroin fusion protein in insect cells and the interaction with RNA investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) against a series of RNA probes (pentaprobes) representing all possible five nucleotide combinations. MNV VPg and human norovirus (HuNV) VPg proteins were directly bound to RNA in a non-specific manner. To identify amino acids involved in binding to RNA, all basic (K/R) residues in the first 12 amino acids of MNV VPg were mutated to alanine. Removal of the K/R amino acids eliminated RNA binding and is consistent with a K/R basic patch RNA binding motif within the disordered N-terminal region of norovirus VPgs. Finally, we show that mutation of the K/R basic patch required for RNA binding eliminates the ability of MNV VPg to induce a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest.
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16
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Chassaing M, Robin M, Loutreul J, Majou D, Belliot G, de Rougemont A, Boudaud N, Gantzer C. The effect of proteolytic enzymes and pH on GII.4 norovirus, during both interactions and non-interaction with Histo-Blood Group Antigens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17926. [PMID: 33087754 PMCID: PMC7578656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Histo-Blood Groups Antigens (HBGAs) have been described as attachment factors, promoting HuNoV infection. However, their role has not yet been elucidated. This study aims to evaluate the ability of HBGAs to protect HuNoVs against various factors naturally found in the human digestive system. The effects of acid pH and proteolytic enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin) on GII.4 virus-like particles (VLPs) and GII.4 HuNoVs were studied, both during interactions and non-interaction with HBGAs. The results showed that GII.4 VLPs and GII.4 HuNoVs behaved differently following the treatments. GII.4 VLPs were disrupted at a pH of less than 2.0 and in the presence of proteolytic enzymes (1,500 units/mL pepsin, 100 mg/mL trypsin, and 100 mg/mL chymotrypsin). VLPs were also partially damaged by lower concentrations of trypsin and chymotrypsin (0.1 mg/mL). Conversely, the capsids of GII.4 HuNoVs were not compromised by such treatments, since their genomes were not accessible to RNase. HBGAs were found to offer GII.4 VLPs no protection against an acid pH or proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Chassaing
- Food Safety Department, Actalia, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
- University of Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Maëlle Robin
- Food Safety Department, Actalia, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Julie Loutreul
- Food Safety Department, Actalia, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | | | - Gaël Belliot
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
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17
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Mallory ML, Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Graham RL, Baric RS. Bile Facilitates Human Norovirus Interactions with Diverse Histoblood Group Antigens, Compensating for Capsid Microvariation Observed in 2016-2017 GII.2 Strains. Viruses 2020; 12:E989. [PMID: 32899556 PMCID: PMC7552067 DOI: 10.3390/v12090989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of global infectious acute gastroenteritis, causing ~20% of reported diarrheal episodes. Typically, GII.4 strains cause 50-70% of yearly outbreaks, and pandemic waves of disease approximately every 2-7 years due to rapid evolution. Importantly, GII.4 dominance is occasionally challenged by the sudden emergence of other GII strains, most recently by GII.2 strains which peaked in 2016-2017, dramatically increasing from 1% to 20% of total HuNoV outbreaks. To determine if viral capsid evolution may account for the sudden rise in GII.2 outbreaks, Virus Like Particles (VLPs) of two 2016-2017 GII.2 strains were compared by antigenic and histo blood group antigen (HBGA) binding profiles to the prototypic 1976 GII.2 Snow Mountain Virus (SMV) strain. Despite >50 years of GII.2 strain persistence in human populations, limited sequence diversity and antigenic differences were identified between strains. However, capsid microvariation did affect HBGA binding patterns, with contemporary strains demonstrating decreased avidity for type A saliva. Furthermore, bile salts increased GII.2 VLP avidity for HBGAs, but did not alter antigenicity. These data indicate that large changes in antigenicity or receptor binding are unlikely to explain GII.2 emergence, in contrast to the pandemic GII.4 strains, and indicate that host factors such as waning or remodeling of serum or mucosal immunity likely contributed to the surge in GII.2 prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.L.M.); (L.C.L.); (P.D.B.-J.); (R.L.G.)
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18
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Madrigal JL, Bhar S, Hackett S, Engelken H, Joseph R, Keyhani NO, Jones MK. Attach Me If You Can: Murine Norovirus Binds to Commensal Bacteria and Fungi. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070759. [PMID: 32674489 PMCID: PMC7412252 DOI: 10.3390/v12070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of commensal bacteria enhances both acute and persistent infection of murine noroviruses. For several enteric viral pathogens, mechanisms by which these bacteria enhance infection involve direct interactions between the virus and bacteria. While it has been demonstrated that human noroviruses bind to a variety of commensal bacteria, it is not known if this is also true for murine noroviruses. The goal of this study was to characterize interactions between murine noroviruses and commensal bacteria and determine the impact of bacterial growth conditions, incubation temperature and time, on murine norovirus attachment to microbes that comprise the mammalian microbiome. We show that murine noroviruses bind directly to commensal bacteria and show similar patterns of attachment as human norovirus VLPs examined under the same conditions. Furthermore, while binding levels are not impacted by the growth phase of the bacteria, they do change with time and incubation temperature. We also found that murine norovirus can bind to a commensal fungal species, Candidaalbicans.
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Müller-Hermes C, Creutznacher R, Mallagaray A. Complete assignment of Ala, Ile, Leu ProS, Met and Val ProS methyl groups of the protruding domain from human norovirus GII.4 Saga. Biomol NMR Assign 2020; 14:123-130. [PMID: 31993958 PMCID: PMC7069894 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-020-09932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of human noroviruses to histo blood group antigens (HBGAs) is thought to be essential for infection, although how this binding event promotes infection is unknown. Recent studies have shown that 60% of all GII.4 epidemic strains may undergo a spontaneous post-translational modification (PTM) in an amino acid located adjacent to the binding pocket for HBGAs. This transformation proceeds with an estimated half-life of 1-2 days under physiological conditions, dramatically affecting HBGA recognition. The surface-exposed position of this PTM and its sequence conservation suggests a relevant role in immune escape and host-cell recognition. As a first step towards the understanding of the biological implications of this PTM at atomic resolution, we report the complete assignment of methyl resonances of a MILProSVProSA methyl-labeled sample of a 72 kDa protruding domain from a GII.4 Saga human norovirus strain. Assignments were obtained from methyl-methyl NOESY experiments combined with site-directed mutagenesis and automated assignment. This data provides the basis for a detailed characterization of the PTM-driven modulation of immune recognition in human norovirus on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller-Hermes
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Creutznacher
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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20
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Graziano VR, Walker FC, Kennedy EA, Wei J, Ettayebi K, Strine MS, Filler RB, Hassan E, Hsieh LL, Kim AS, Kolawole AO, Wobus CE, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS, Estes MK, Orchard RC, Baldridge MT, Wilen CB. CD300lf is the primary physiologic receptor of murine norovirus but not human norovirus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008242. [PMID: 32251490 PMCID: PMC7162533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNoV) is an important model of human norovirus (HNoV) and mucosal virus infection more broadly. Viral receptor utilization is a major determinant of cell tropism, host range, and pathogenesis. The bona fide receptor for HNoV is unknown. Recently, we identified CD300lf as a proteinaceous receptor for MNoV. Interestingly, its paralogue CD300ld was also sufficient for MNoV infection in vitro. Here we explored whether CD300lf is the sole physiologic receptor in vivo and whether HNoV can use a CD300 ortholog as an entry receptor. We report that both CD300ld and CD300lf are sufficient for infection by diverse MNoV strains in vitro. We further demonstrate that CD300lf is essential for both oral and parenteral MNoV infection and to elicit anti-MNoV humoral responses in vivo. In mice deficient in STAT1 signaling, CD300lf is required for MNoV-induced lethality. Finally, we demonstrate that human CD300lf (huCD300lf) is not essential for HNoV infection, nor does huCD300lf inhibit binding of HNoV virus-like particles to glycans. Thus, we report huCD300lf is not a receptor for HNoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R. Graziano
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Forrest C. Walker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jin Wei
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Madison S. Strine
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renata B. Filler
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Leon L. Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abimbola O. Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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21
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Creutznacher R, Schulze E, Wallmann G, Peters T, Stein M, Mallagaray A. Chemical-Shift Perturbations Reflect Bile Acid Binding to Norovirus Coat Protein: Recognition Comes in Different Flavors. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1007-1021. [PMID: 31644826 PMCID: PMC7186840 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have been reported as important cofactors promoting human and murine norovirus (NoV) infections in cell culture. The underlying mechanisms are not resolved. Through the use of chemical shift perturbation (CSP) NMR experiments, we identified a low-affinity bile acid binding site of a human GII.4 NoV strain. Long-timescale MD simulations reveal the formation of a ligand-accessible binding pocket of flexible shape, allowing the formation of stable viral coat protein-bile acid complexes in agreement with experimental CSP data. CSP NMR experiments also show that this mode of bile acid binding has a minor influence on the binding of histo-blood group antigens and vice versa. STD NMR experiments probing the binding of bile acids to virus-like particles of seven different strains suggest that low-affinity bile acid binding is a common feature of human NoV and should therefore be important for understanding the role of bile acids as cofactors in NoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Creutznacher
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM)Institute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGermany
| | - Eric Schulze
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical SystemsMolecular Simulations and Design GroupSandtorstrasse 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Georg Wallmann
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM)Institute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGermany
| | - Thomas Peters
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM)Institute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGermany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical SystemsMolecular Simulations and Design GroupSandtorstrasse 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM)Institute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGermany
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22
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Robin M, Chassaing M, Loutreul J, de Rougemont A, Belliot G, Majou D, Gantzer C, Boudaud N. Effect of natural ageing and heat treatments on GII.4 norovirus binding to Histo-Blood Group Antigens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15312. [PMID: 31653918 PMCID: PMC6814753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of viral foodborne outbreaks worldwide. To date, no available methods can be routinely used to detect infectious HuNoVs in foodstuffs. HuNoVs recognize Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) through the binding pocket (BP) of capsid protein VP1, which promotes infection in the host cell. In this context, the suitability of human HBGA-binding assays to evaluate the BP integrity of HuNoVs was studied on GII.4 virus-like particles (VLPs) and GII.4 HuNoVs during natural ageing at 20 °C and heat treatments. Our results demonstrate that this approach may reduce the over-estimation of potential infectious HuNoVs resulting from solely using the genome detection, even though some limitations have been identified. The specificity of HBGA-binding to the BP is clearly dependent on the HGBA type (as previously evidenced) and the ionic strength of the media without disturbing such interactions. This study also provides new arguments regarding the ability of VLPs to mimic HuNoV behavior during inactivation treatments. The BP stability of VLPs was at least 4.3 fold lower than that of HuNoVs at 20 °C, whereas capsids of both particles were disrupted at 72 °C. Thus, VLPs are relevant surrogates of HuNoVs for inactivation treatments inducing significant changes in the capsid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Robin
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Manon Chassaing
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000, Saint-Lô, France
- LCPME, UMR 7564 CNRS, University of Lorraine, F-54601, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julie Loutreul
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- National Reference Center for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, F-21000, France
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Food and Microbiological Processes, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | - Gaël Belliot
- National Reference Center for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, F-21000, France
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Food and Microbiological Processes, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | | | - Christophe Gantzer
- LCPME, UMR 7564 CNRS, University of Lorraine, F-54601, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
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23
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Esseili MA, Gao X, Boley P, Hou Y, Saif LJ, Brewer-Jensen P, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS, Atmar RL, Wang Q. Human Norovirus Histo-Blood Group Antigen (HBGA) Binding Sites Mediate the Virus Specific Interactions with Lettuce Carbohydrates. Viruses 2019; 11:E833. [PMID: 31500340 PMCID: PMC6784273 DOI: 10.3390/v11090833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce is often implicated in human norovirus (HuNoV) foodborne outbreaks. We identified H-like histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on lettuce leaves as specific binding moieties for virus-like particles (VLPs) of HuNoV GII.4/HS194/2009 strain. The objective of this study was to determine whether HuNoV-lettuce binding is mediated through the virus HBGA binding sites (HBS). Toward this objective, VLPs of historical HuNoV GII.4 strains (1987, 1997, 2002, 2004 and 2006) with known natural mutations in their HBS, two newly generated VLP mutants of GII.4/HS194/2009 (D374A and G443A) and a VLP mutant (W375A) of GI.1/Norwalk/1968 along with its wild type VLPs, which displays distinct HBS, were investigated for their binding to lettuce. ELISA revealed that historical GII.4 strains binding to lettuce was dependent on their HBGAs profiles. The VLP mutants D374A and G443A lost binding to HBGAs and displayed no to minimal binding to lettuce, respectively. The VLPs of GI.1/Norwalk/1968 strain bound to lettuce through an H-like HBGA and the binding was inhibited by fucosidase digestion. Mutant W375A which was previously shown not to bind to HBGAs, displayed significantly reduced binding to lettuce. We conclude that the binding of HuNoV GII.4 and GI.1 strains to lettuce is mediated through the virus HBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A Esseili
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
- Currently at Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA.
| | - Xiang Gao
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Patricia Boley
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Paul Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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24
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Abstract
In recent years, appreciation has been growing for the role that the microbiota plays in interactions between the host and various pathogens, including norovirus. Proviral and antiviral effects of the microbiota have been observed for both human and murine noroviruses, and it has become clear that direct effects of microbes and their metabolites as well as indirect effects of commensals on the host are key in modulating pathogenesis. In particular, a common thread has emerged in the ability of members of the microbiota to regulate the host interferon response, thereby modulating norovirus infection. Here, we highlight key differences between human and murine noroviruses and their interactions with the microbiota, while also underscoring shared characteristics between noroviruses and other gastrointestinal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest C Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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25
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Rong S, Zhou Y, Wang M, Guan S, Zhang S, Cai B, Wang D, Tian P, Li Q. Characterization of conditions for bacteria-human norovirus capsid P protein complex (BPC) binding to and removal from Romaine lettuce extract. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 298:11-19. [PMID: 30889474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis. Contaminated produce is a main vehicle for dissemination of human noroviruses (HuNoVs). As HuNoVs could bind to bacteria effectively, it is highly possible that produce could be contaminated by bacteria-HuNoVs complex. In this study, we used a bacterial-surface-display system to express genogroup I (GI) or genogroup II (GII) HuNoV capsid protein (P protein) on the surface of bacteria. The bacteria-P protein complex (BPC) was used to characterize the conditions for binding to Romaine lettuce extract and removal of the bound BPCs. We demonstrated both GI and GII BPCs could bind to extract from leaf (LE) and vein (VE) effectively. Carbohydrates in LE and VE were involved in GI BPCs binding, and both carbohydrates and proteins were involved in GII BPCs binding. Saliva from both type A and O secretors could completely block binding of both BPCs to LE and VE. Saliva from type B secretors only partially blocked binding of GII but not GI BPCs to LE and VE. However, LE- and VE-bound BPCs could not be reversely removed by washing solution containing free HBGAs from saliva. The binding of GI BPCs to LE and VE was enhanced when pH was below pI (6.1) of GI and reduced when pH was above pI of GI (p < 0.05). The optimal binding for GII BPCs to LE and VE occurred at pI (6.4) of GII. All LE- or VE-bound BPCs could be reversely removed by washing with low (3.0-5.0) or high (9.0-10.0) pH buffer. The effect of ionic strength (NaCl and MgCl2, from zero to 100 g/L) on binding of BPCs to LE and VE was tested. The optimal ionic strength for binding of BPCs to LE and VE was 10.0 g/L (GI) and 5.0 g/L (GII) for NaCl, and 5.0 g/L for MgCl2. LE- and VE-bound BPCs could be reversely removed by washing with high ionic solutions. All LE- or VE- bound BPCs could be released when washed with NaCl concentrations of above 75.0 g/L (GI) and 25.0 g/L (GII), or with MgCl2 concentrations of above 75.0 g/L (GI) and 50.0 g/L (GII). Binding of BPCs to LE and VE was inhibited in the presence of Tween-80 (nonionic surfactant) as low as 0.05% (v/v). All LE- and VE-bound BPCs could be reversed by Tween-80 concentrations over 0.1% (v/v). The study provided important parameters for BPCs binding to and removal from lettuce extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Rong
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Rd, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Rd, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Rd, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Shimin Guan
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Rd, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Rd, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Baoguo Cai
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Rd, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agriculture Research Service - United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Rd, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201418, China.
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26
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Emmott E, de Rougemont A, Hosmillo M, Lu J, Fitzmaurice T, Haas J, Goodfellow I. Polyprotein processing and intermolecular interactions within the viral replication complex spatially and temporally control norovirus protease activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4259-4271. [PMID: 30647130 PMCID: PMC6422069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections are a major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis and a significant burden on global human health. A vital process for norovirus replication is the processing of the nonstructural polyprotein by a viral protease into the viral components required to form the viral replication complex. This cleavage occurs at different rates, resulting in the accumulation of stable precursor forms. Here, we characterized how precursor forms of the norovirus protease accumulate during infection. Using stable forms of the protease precursors, we demonstrated that all of them are proteolytically active in vitro, but that when expressed in cells, their activities are determined by both substrate and protease localization. Although all precursors could cleave a replication complex-associated substrate, only a subset of precursors lacking the NS4 protein were capable of efficiently cleaving a cytoplasmic substrate. By mapping the full range of protein-protein interactions among murine and human norovirus proteins with the LUMIER assay, we uncovered conserved interactions between replication complex members that modify the localization of a protease precursor subset. Finally, we demonstrate that fusion to the membrane-bound replication complex components permits efficient cleavage of a fused substrate when active polyprotein-derived protease is provided in trans These findings offer a model for how norovirus can regulate the timing of substrate cleavage throughout the replication cycle. Because the norovirus protease represents a key target in antiviral therapies, an improved understanding of its function and regulation, as well as identification of interactions among the other nonstructural proteins, offers new avenues for antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Emmott
- From the Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom,
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- the National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Labology of Biology and Pathology, University Hospital Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon 21700, France
- the AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102 Bourgogne Franche-Comte University, Dijon 21000, France, and
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- From the Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Lu
- From the Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Fitzmaurice
- From the Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Haas
- the Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- From the Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom,
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27
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Yang Y, Xia M, Wang L, Arumugam S, Wang Y, Ou X, Wang C, Jiang X, Tan M, Chen Y, Li X. Structural basis of host ligand specificity change of GII porcine noroviruses from their closely related GII human noroviruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1642-1657. [PMID: 31711377 PMCID: PMC6853222 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1686335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diverse noroviruses infect humans and animals via the recognition of host-specific glycan ligands. Genogroup II (GII) noroviruses consist of human noroviruses (huNoVs) that generally bind histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host factors and three porcine norovirus (porNoV) genotypes (GII.11/18/19) that form a genetic lineage lacking HBGA-binding ability. Thus, these GII porNoVs provide an excellent model to study norovirus evolution with host ligand specificity changes. Here we solved the crystal structures of a native GII.11 porNoV P protein and a closely-related GII.3 huNoV P protein complexed with an HBGA, focusing on the HBGA-binding sites (HBSs) compared with the previously known ones to understand the structural basis of the host ligand specificity change. We found that the GII.3 huNoV binds HBGAs via a conventional GII HBS that uses an arginine instead of the conserved aromatic residue for the required Van der Waals interaction, while the GII.11 porNoV HBS loses its HBGA-binding function because of two mutations (Q355/V451). A mutant that reversed the two mutated residues back to the conventional A355/Y451 restored the HBGA-binding function of the GII.11 porNoV P protein, which validated our observations. Similar mutations are also found in GII.19 porNoVs and a GII.19 P protein mutant with double reverse mutations restored the HBS function. This is the first reconstruction of a functional HBS based on one with new host specificity back to its parental one. These data shed light on the molecular basis of structural adaptation of the GII porNoVs to the pig hosts through mutations at their HBSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sahaana Arumugam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yajing Wang
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianjin Ou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yutao Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Nelson CA, Wilen CB, Dai YN, Orchard RC, Kim AS, Stegeman RA, Hsieh LL, Smith TJ, Virgin HW, Fremont DH. Structural basis for murine norovirus engagement of bile acids and the CD300lf receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9201-E9210. [PMID: 30194229 PMCID: PMC6166816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805797115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNoV) is closely related to human norovirus (HNoV), an infectious agent responsible for acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of the dimeric MNoV VP1 protruding (P) domain in complex with its cellular receptor CD300lf. CD300lf binds the P domain with a 2:2 stoichiometry, engaging a cleft between the AB and DE loops of the P2 subdomain at a site that overlaps the epitopes of neutralizing antibodies. We also identify that bile acids are cofactors enhancing MNoV cell-binding and infectivity. Structures of CD300lf-P domain in complex with glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) reveal two bile acid binding sites at the P domain dimer interface distant from receptor binding sites. The structural determinants for receptor and bile acid binding are supported by numerous biophysical assays utilizing interface residue mutations. We find that the monomeric affinity of CD300lf for the P domain is low and is divalent cation dependent. We have also determined the crystal structure of CD300lf in complex with phosphocholine, revealing that MNoV engages its receptor in a manner mimicking host ligands including similar metal coordination. Docking of the cocomplex structures onto a cryo-EM-derived model of MNoV suggests that each virion can make multiple CD300lf engagements, and thus, infection may be driven by the avidity of cell surface clustered CD300lf. These studies identify multiple potential modulators of norovirus infection that may act to regulate the interaction between the viral capsid P domain and its cognate cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Roderick A Stegeman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Leon L Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Wegener H, Mallagaray Á, Schöne T, Peters T, Lockhauserbäumer J, Yan H, Uetrecht C, Hansman GS, Taube S. Human norovirus GII.4(MI001) P dimer binds fucosylated and sialylated carbohydrates. Glycobiology 2018; 27:1027-1037. [PMID: 28973640 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV), members of the family Caliciviridae, are the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Successful infection is linked to the ability of the protruding (P) domain of the viral capsid to bind histo-blood group antigens (HBGA). Binding to gangliosides plays a major role for many nonhuman calici- and noroviruses. Increasing evidence points to a broader role of sialylated carbohydrates such as gangliosides in norovirus infection. Here, we compare HBGA and ganglioside binding of a GII.4 HuNoV variant (MI001), previously shown to be infectious in a HuNoV mouse model. Saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, native mass spectrometry (MS) and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy were used to characterize binding epitopes, affinities, stoichiometry and dynamics, focusing on 3'-sialyllactose, the GM3 ganglioside saccharide and B antigen. Binding was observed for 3'-sialyllactose and various HBGAs following a multistep binding process. Intrinsic affinities (Kd) of fucose, 3'-sialyllactose and B antigen were determined for the individual binding steps. Stronger affinities were observed for B antigen over 3'-sialyllactose and fucose, which bound in the mM range. Binding stoichiometry was analyzed by native MS showing the presence of four B antigens or two 3'-sialyllactose in the complex. Epitope mapping of 3'-sialyllactose revealed direct interaction of α2,3-linked sialic acid with the P domain. The ability of HuNoV to engage multiple carbohydrates emphasizes the multivalent nature of norovirus glycan-specificity. Our findings reveal direct binding of a GII.4 HuNoV P dimer to α2,3-linked sialic acid and support a broader role of ganglioside binding in norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Wegener
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Álvaro Mallagaray
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Chemistry,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Schöne
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Chemistry,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Chemistry,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Lockhauserbäumer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology,Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hao Yan
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology,Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Grant S Hansman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), CHS Foundation at the University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Taube
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Virology and Cell Biology,Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are a class of alternative ligands increasingly growing in importance in the face of contemporary detection challenges. Aptamers offer multiple advantages over traditional ligands like antibodies; however, their ability to specifically bind target molecules must first be confirmed after their generation. Use of a plate-based enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA) is a generally rapid way to screen and characterize aptamer binding to protein targets. ELASA involves directly plating a protein target onto a nonspecific (polystyrene) surface and assessing binding of functionalized (biotinylated) aptamers to those plated proteins using an enzyme conjugate that recognizes the aptamers. Here, we describe an ELASA that was designed and used to evaluate and compare binding of ssDNA aptamers against the capsids of different strains of human norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 315 Schaub Hall, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Blanca I Escudero-Abarca
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 315 Schaub Hall, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 315 Schaub Hall, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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31
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Dunkin N, Weng S, Jacangelo JG, Schwab KJ. Minimizing Bias in Virally Seeded Water Treatment Studies: Evaluation of Optimal Bacteriophage and Mammalian Virus Preparation Methodologies. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:473-486. [PMID: 28616834 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One key assumption impacting data quality in viral inactivation studies is that reduction estimates are not altered by the virus seeding process. However, seeding viruses often involves the inadvertent addition of co-constituents such as cell culture components or additives used during preparation steps which can impact viral reduction estimates by inducing non-representative oxidant demand in disinfection studies and fouling in membrane assessments. The objective of this study was therefore to characterize a mammalian norovirus surrogate, murine norovirus (MNV), and bacteriophage MS2 at sequential stages of viral purification and to quantify their potential contribution to artificial oxidant demand and non-representative membrane fouling. Our results demonstrate that seeding solvent extracted and 0.1 micron filtered MNV to ~105 PFU/mL in an experimental water matrix will result in additional total organic carbon (TOC) and 30 min chlorine demand of 39.2 mg/L and 53.5 mg/L as Cl2, respectively. Performing sucrose cushion purification on the MNV stock prior to seeding reduces the impacts of TOC and chlorine demand to 1.6 and 0.15 mg/L as Cl2, respectively. The findings for MNV are likely relevant for other mammalian viruses propagated in serum-based media. Thus, advanced purification of mammalian virus stocks by sucrose cushion purification (or equivalent density-based separation approach) is warranted prior to seeding in water treatment assessments. Studies employing bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate virus may not need virus purification, since seeding MS2 at a concentration of ~106 PFU/mL will introduce only ~1 mg/L of TOC and ~1 mg/L as Cl2 of chlorine demand to experimental water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Dunkin
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - ShihChi Weng
- JHU/MWH-Stantec Alliance, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph G Jacangelo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- JHU/MWH-Stantec Alliance, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- MWH-Stantec, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kellogg J Schwab
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- JHU/MWH-Stantec Alliance, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Koromyslova AD, Hansman GS. Nanobodies targeting norovirus capsid reveal functional epitopes and potential mechanisms of neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006636. [PMID: 29095961 PMCID: PMC5667739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite recent developments in norovirus propagation in cell culture, these viruses are still challenging to grow routinely. Moreover, little is known on how norovirus infects the host cells, except that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are important binding factors for infection and cell entry. Antibodies that bind at the HBGA pocket and block attachment to HBGAs are believed to neutralize the virus. However, additional neutralization epitopes elsewhere on the capsid likely exist and impeding the intrinsic structural dynamics of the capsid could be equally important. In the current study, we investigated a panel of Nanobodies in order to probe functional epitopes that could trigger capsid rearrangement and/ or interfere with HBGA binding interactions. The precise binding sites of six Nanobodies (Nano-4, Nano-14, Nano-26, Nano-27, Nano-32, and Nano-42) were identified using X-ray crystallography. We showed that these Nanobodies bound on the top, side, and bottom of the norovirus protruding domain. The impact of Nanobody binding on norovirus capsid morphology was analyzed using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. We discovered that distinct Nanobody epitopes were associated with varied changes in particle structural integrity and assembly. Interestingly, certain Nanobody-induced capsid morphological changes lead to the capsid protein degradation and viral RNA exposure. Moreover, Nanobodies employed multiple inhibition mechanisms to prevent norovirus attachment to HBGAs, which included steric obstruction (Nano-14), allosteric interference (Nano-32), and violation of normal capsid morphology (Nano-26 and Nano-85). Finally, we showed that two Nanobodies (Nano-26 and Nano-85) not only compromised capsid integrity and inhibited VLPs attachment to HBGAs, but also recognized a broad panel of norovirus genotypes with high affinities. Consequently, Nano-26 and Nano-85 have a great potential to function as novel therapeutic agents against human noroviruses. We determined the binding sites of six novel human norovirus specific Nanobodies (Nano-4, Nano-14, Nano-26, Nano-27, Nano-32, and Nano-42) using X-ray crystallography. The unique Nanobody recognition epitopes were correlated with their potential neutralizing capacities. We showed that one Nanobody (Nano-26) bound numerous genogroup II genotypes and interacted with highly conserved capsid residues. Four Nanobodies (Nano-4, Nano-26, Nano-27, and Nano-42) bound to occluded regions on the intact particles and impaired normal capsid morphology and particle integrity. One Nanobody (Nano-14) bound contiguous to the HBGA pocket and interacted with several residues involved in binding HBGAs. We found that the Nanobodies delivered multiple inhibition mechanisms, which included steric obstruction, allosteric interference, and disruption of the capsid stability. Our data suggested that the HBGA pocket might not be an ideal target for drug development, since the surrounding region is highly variable and inherently suffers from lack of conservation among the genetically diverse genotypes. Instead, we showed that the capsid contained other highly susceptible regions that could be targeted for virus inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (ADK); (GSH)
| | - Grant S. Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (ADK); (GSH)
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Hurwitz AM, Huang W, Kou B, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Palzkill T. Identification and Characterization of Single-Chain Antibodies that Specifically Bind GI Noroviruses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170162. [PMID: 28095447 PMCID: PMC5240998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections commonly lead to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis and spread quickly, resulting in many health and economic challenges prior to diagnosis. Rapid and reliable diagnostic tests are therefore essential to identify infections and to guide the appropriate clinical responses at the point-of-care. Existing tools, including RT-PCR and enzyme immunoassays, pose several limitations based on the significant time, equipment and expertise required to elicit results. Immunochromatographic assays available for use at the point-of-care have poor sensitivity and specificity, especially for genogroup I noroviruses, thus requiring confirmation of results with more sensitive testing methods. Therefore, there is a clear need for novel reagents to help achieve quick and reliable results. In this study, we have identified two novel single-chain antibodies (scFvs)—named NJT-R3-A2 and NJT-R3-A3—that effectively detect GI.1 and GI.7 virus-like particles (VLPs) through selection of a phage display library against the P-domain of the GI.1 major capsid protein. The limits of detection by each scFv for GI.1 and GI.7 are 0.1 and 0.2 ng, and 6.25 and 25 ng, respectively. They detect VLPs with strong specificity in multiple diagnostic formats, including ELISAs and membrane-based dot blots, and in the context of norovirus-negative stool suspensions. The scFvs also detect native virions effectively in norovirus-positive clinical stool samples. Purified scFvs bind to GI.1 and GI.7 VLPs with equilibrium constant (KD) values of 27 nM and 49 nM, respectively. Overall, the phage-based scFv reagents identified and characterized here show utility for detecting GI.1 and GI.7 noroviruses in multiple diagnostic assay formats with strong specificity and sensitivity, indicating promise for integration into existing point-of-care tests to improve future diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Hurwitz
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology & Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wanzhi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Baijun Kou
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Huo Y, Wang W, Ling T, Wan X, Ding L, Shen S, Huo J, Zhang S, Wang M, Wang Y, Liu Y. Chimeric VLPs with GII.3 P2 domain in a backbone of GII.4 VP1 confers novel HBGA binding ability. Virus Res 2016; 224:1-5. [PMID: 27521750 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Tong Ling
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xin Wan
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li Ding
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, PR China.
| | | | | | | | - Yumei Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yubing Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, PR China
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35
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O'Donnell TB, Hyde JL, Mintern JD, Mackenzie JM. Mouse Norovirus infection promotes autophagy induction to facilitate replication but prevents final autophagosome maturation. Virology 2016; 492:130-9. [PMID: 26922001 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process used to eliminate intracellular pathogens. Many viruses however are able to manipulate this cellular process for their own advantage. Here we demonstrate that Mouse Norovirus (MNV) infection induces autophagy but does not appear to utilise the autophagosomal membrane for establishment and formation of the viral replication complex. We have observed that MNV infection results in lipidation and recruitment of LC3 to the autophagosome membrane but prevents subsequent fusion of the autophagosomes with lysosomes, as SQSTM1 (an autophagy receptor) accumulates and Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein1 is sequestered to the MNV replication complex (RC) rather than to autophagosomes. We have additionally observed that chemical modulation of autophagy differentially affects MNV replication. From this study we can conclude that MNV infection induces autophagy, however suppresses the final maturation step of this response, indicating that autophagy induction contributes to MNV replication independently of RC biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya B O'Donnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Hyde
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia.
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36
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Huo Y, Wan X, Ling T, Shen S. Biological and immunological characterization of norovirus major capsid proteins from three different genotypes. Microb Pathog 2015; 90:78-83. [PMID: 26616166 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to a lack of cell culture system and animal model, our understanding of NoVs has been lagging behind. In this study, NoV major capsid proteins (VP1) from three different genotypes (GI.2, GII.3 and GII.4) were expressed by using recombinant baculovirus expression system and which led to successful assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs). The receptor binding patterns of three kinds of VLPs were characterized by using synthetic and salivary HBGA-VLP binding assay. Cross-reactivity and cross-blocking activity of rabbit hyperimmune sera against these VLPs were determined by ELISA/Western blot analysis and saliva-VLP binding blockade assay, respectively. Expression of the major capsid proteins from three genotypes all led to smaller VLPs in dominance when sf9 cells were cultured in suspension, which was in consistence with our previous report. These smaller VLPs were used for in vitro synthetic and salivary HBGA-VLP binding and binding blockade assays. VLPs from GII.3 strain exhibited no binding to all synthetic HBGAs and saliva samples tested while VLPs from GI.2 and GII.4 strain showed similar binding pattern and bound to all salivary HBGAs tested. Rabbit anti-GII.3 VLPs hyperimmune serum didn't block the binding of GI.2 and GII.4 VLPs to salivary HBGAs while rabbit anti-GI.2 VLP hyperimmune serum blocked the binding of GII.4 VLPs to salivary HBGAs but not vice versa. Our results provide further evidence indirectly in support of presence of other factors involved in receptor binding other than HBGAs for NoVs, and demonstrate poor cross-blocking activities of antibodies against VLPs within or across genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Xin Wan
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Tong Ling
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, PR China.
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37
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Broglie JJ, Alston B, Yang C, Ma L, Adcock AF, Chen W, Yang L. Antiviral Activity of Gold/Copper Sulfide Core/Shell Nanoparticles against Human Norovirus Virus-Like Particles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141050. [PMID: 26474396 PMCID: PMC4608711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide in a plethora of residential and commercial settings, including restaurants, schools, and hospitals. Methods for easily detecting the virus and for treating and preventing infection are critical to stopping norovirus outbreaks, and inactivation via nanoparticles (NPs) is a more universal and attractive alternative to other physical and chemical approaches. Using norovirus GI.1 (Norwalk) virus-like particles (VLPs) as a model viral system, this study characterized the antiviral activity of Au/CuS core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) against GI.1 VLPs for the rapid inactivation of HuNoV. Inactivation of VLPs (GI.1) by Au/CuS NPs evaluated using an absorbance-based ELISA indicated that treatment with 0.083 μM NPs for 10 min inactivated ~50% VLPs in a 0.37 μg/ml VLP solution and 0.83 μM NPs for 10 min completely inactivated the VLPs. Increasing nanoparticle concentration and/or VLP-NP contact time significantly increased the virucidal efficacy of Au/CuS NPs. Changes to the VLP particle morphology, size, and capsid protein were characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot analysis. The strategy reported here provides the first reported proof-of-concept Au/CuS NPs-based virucide for rapidly inactivating human norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jenkins Broglie
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brittny Alston
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lun Ma
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Audrey F. Adcock
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Liju Yang
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Yoda T, Suzuki Y, Aoyama I, Yamazaki K, Nakata S, Takahashi K. No crucial amino acid changes in the predicted histo blood group antigen-binding sites of norovirus genotype GII.4 capsid between non-secretors and secretors origin might suggest an alternative route of infection or existence of coincidental molecules. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1544-1547. [PMID: 26432289 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yoda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoononsis Control and Hokkaido University, Global Station for Zoonosis, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Aoyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamazaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakata
- Nakata Pediatric Clinic, Shiraishi medical building 2F, Nangoudoori 1-1-1, Shiraishi-ku, Sapporo, Japan 003-0023
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka City, Japan
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Jin M, Chen K, Song J, Li H, Zhang Q, Kong X, Liu N, Duan Z. [Analyses of Binding Profiles of the GII. 12 Norovirus with Human Histo-blood Group Antigens]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2015; 31:164-169. [PMID: 26164942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between noroviruses (NoVs) and the receptors of histo-blood group antigens (HB-GAs) affect the infectivity and host susceptibility of NoVs. We elucidated the binding profile of a GII. 12 NoV to HBGAs. First, we synthesized the P domain sequence of the GII. 12 NoV strain Pune (GenBank accession number EU921353). Protein of the P domain was expressed in a prokaryotic system. Formation of the P particle was monitored by gel-filtration chromatography. Antiserum was prepared by immunization of mice with GII. 12 P particles. The binding profile of the GII. 12 NoV Pune strain was determined by binding of the P particle with a panel of saliva samples with various known HBGAs phenotypes. The GII. 12 NoV was bound strongly to saliva samples of subjects with B and AB types and weakly to A, O secretor, and non-secretor saliva samples, suggesting higher affinity with B antigen by GII. 12 NoV. These results were consistent with those determined by a previous crystallography study of GII. 12 NoV. These data suggested that individuals with B and AB blood types may be more susceptible to infection by GII. 12 NoV compared with those with other blood types. Our findings may provide a basis for the prevention and control of an epidemic of GII. 12 NoV.
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Jin M, Tan M, Xia M, Wei C, Huang P, Wang L, Zhong W, Duan Z, Jiang X. Strain-specific interaction of a GII.10 Norovirus with HBGAs. Virology 2015; 476:386-394. [PMID: 25591173 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans, recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors. The crystal structures of the protruding (P) domain of a GII.10 NoV (Vietnam 026) in complex with various HBGA oligosaccharides were elucidated. However, the HBGA binding profile of this virus remains unknown. In this study, we determined the saliva and oligosaccharide binding profiles of this virus and the roles of amino acids that are involved in HBGA binding. Our data showed that Vietnam 026 bound to all ABO secretor and non-secretor saliva with clear signals detected by monoclonal antibodies against H3, H1, Le(y), Le(a) and sialyl Le(a). Mutagenesis study confirmed the binding site determined by the crystallography study, in which single mutations wiped out the binding function. We also identified amino acids surrounding the central binding pocket that may participate in the binding by affecting the HBGA binding specificity of the GII.10 NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road Street, Chang-ping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chao Wei
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road Street, Chang-ping District, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Ha JH, Choi C, Ha SD. Evaluation of Immunomagnetic Separation Method for the Recovery of Hepatitis A Virus and GI.1 and GII.4 Norovirus Strains Seeded on Oyster and Mussel. Food Environ Virol 2014; 6:290-296. [PMID: 24952877 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of viral diseases are frequently associated with the consumption of minimally processed shellfish. Among the viruses in these outbreaks, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (NoV) have been increasingly reported as the most common food-borne pathogens. These viruses must be concentrated in tested samples in order to be detected. In this study, a method for the detection of NoV and HAV in shellfish using an immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) procedure combined with reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR was developed. The IMS/RT-PCR method was applied to investigate the recovery rates of HAV, NoV GI.1, and GII.4 from oyster and mussel. Based on IMS/RT-PCR results, recovery rates for HAV from oyster and mussel test samples were 2.4 and 1.1%, respectively. The NoV GI.1 recovery rates from oyster and mussel samples were 4.9-9.2% (mean 6.9%) and 4.3-8.6% (mean 6.2%), respectively, and the NoV GII.4 recovery rates were 8.8 and 8.5%, respectively. These results verified that HAV, NoV GI.1, and GII.4 can be detected in all the test samples using the IMS/RT-PCR method, although the three inoculated viruses were recovered with low efficiency. In conclusion, the IMS/RT-PCR method can be used to efficiently and rapidly detect viruses such as HAV and NoV in shellfish such as oyster and mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyoung Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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Grøndahl-Rosado RC, Yarovitsyna E, Trettenes E, Myrmel M, Robertson LJ. A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway. Food Environ Virol 2014; 6:232-45. [PMID: 25086639 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses transmitted via the faecal-oral route occur in high concentrations in wastewater and may contaminate drinking water sources and cause disease. In order to quantify enteric adenovirus and norovirus genotypes I and II (GI and GII) impacting a drinking source in Norway, samples of surface water (52), wastewater inlet (64) and outlet (59) were collected between January 2011 and April 2012. Samples were concentrated in two steps, using an electropositive disc filter and polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by nucleic acid extraction and analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Virus was detected in 47/52 (90.4%) of surface water, 59/64 (92%) of wastewater inlet and 55/59 (93%) of wastewater outlet samples. Norovirus GI occurred in the highest concentrations in surface water (2.51e + 04) and adenovirus in wastewater (2.15e + 07). While adenovirus was the most frequently detected in all matrices, norovirus GI was more frequently detected in surface water and norovirus GII in wastewater. This study is the first in Norway to monitor both sewage and a drinking water source in parallel, and confirms the year-round presence of norovirus and adenovirus in a Norwegian drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Grøndahl-Rosado
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ekaterina Yarovitsyna
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Trettenes
- Virology Section, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Aboubakr HA, El-Banna AA, Youssef MM, Al-Sohaimy SAA, Goyal SM. Antiviral Effects of Lactococcus lactis on Feline Calicivirus, A Human Norovirus Surrogate. Food Environ Virol 2014; 6:282-9. [PMID: 25129102 PMCID: PMC7090733 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses, particularly human norovirus (NV) and hepatitis virus type A, are a cause of concern for public health making it necessary to explore novel and effective techniques for prevention of foodborne viral contamination, especially in minimally processed and ready-to-eat foods. This study aimed to determine the antiviral activity of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (LAB) against feline calicivirus (FCV), a surrogate of human NV. Bacterial growth medium filtrate (BGMF) of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LM0230 and its bacterial cell suspension (BCS) were evaluated separately for their antiviral activity against FCV grown in Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells. No significant antiviral effect was seen when CRFK cells were pre-treated with either BGMF (raw or pH 7-adjusted BGMF) or BCS. However, pre-treatment of FCV with BGMF and BCS resulted in a reduction in virus titers of 1.3 log10 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)50 and 1.8 log10 TCID50, respectively. The highest reductions in FCV infectivity were obtained when CRFK cells were co-treated with FCV and pH 7-adjusted BGMF or with FCV and BCS (7.5 log10 TCID50 and 6.0 log10 TCID50, respectively). These preliminary results are encouraging and indicate the need for continued studies on the role of probiotics and LAB on inactivation of viruses in various types of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada A Aboubakr
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflaton St., El-Shatby, P.O. Box 21545, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr A El-Banna
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflaton St., El-Shatby, P.O. Box 21545, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Youssef
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflaton St., El-Shatby, P.O. Box 21545, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sobhy A A Al-Sohaimy
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Arid Land Cultivation and Development Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El Aarab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Kiulia NM, Mans J, Mwenda JM, Taylor MB. Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya. Food Environ Virol 2014; 6:221-31. [PMID: 25059212 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence and genotypes of noroviruses (NoVs) in selected water sources from rural, urban and refugee settings in Kenya were investigated. Ten litres each of river, household and borehole water was collected in rural (Mboone River), urban (Nairobi and Mutoine River) and refugee (Dadaab refugee camp) settings. NoVs were recovered from the water samples by a glass wool adsorption-elution technique and/or PEG/NaCl precipitation. Nucleic acid was extracted using the automated MagNA Pure platform. NoVs were detected with singleplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays and characterised by nucleotide sequence analysis. NoVs were detected in 63% (25/40) of the selected water samples comprising GII (42.5%), GI (2.5%) and mixed GI/GII (17.5%) positive samples. The prevalence of NoVs in the Mutoine River (urban area) was higher than in the Mboone River (rural area) (P = 0.0013). Noroviruses GI.1, GI.3, GI.9, GII.4, GII.6, GII.12, GII.16 and GII.17 were identified, with GII.17 accounting for 76% (16/21) of the typed strains. The NoV GII.17 predominance differs to other studies in Africa and further surveillance of NoVs in clinical and environmental settings is required to clarify/elucidate this observation. As information regarding NoVs in Kenyan water sources is limited this report provides valuable new data on NoV genotypes circulating in environmental water sources and the surrounding communities in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Kiulia
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya.
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa.
| | - J Mans
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - J M Mwenda
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya
| | - M B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
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Rosilo H, McKee JR, Kontturi E, Koho T, Hytönen VP, Ikkala O, Kostiainen MA. Cationic polymer brush-modified cellulose nanocrystals for high-affinity virus binding. Nanoscale 2014; 6:11871-81. [PMID: 25171730 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03584d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces capable of high-affinity binding of biomolecules are required in several biotechnological applications, such as purification, transfection, and sensing. Therein, the rod-shaped, colloidal cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are appealing due to their large surface area available for functionalization. In order to exploit electrostatic binding, their intrinsically anionic surfaces have to be cationized as biological supramolecules are predominantly anionic. Here we present a facile way to prepare cationic CNCs by surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and subsequent quaternization of the polymer pendant amino groups. The cationic polymer brush-modified CNCs maintained excellent dispersibility and colloidal stability in water and showed a ζ-potential of +38 mV. Dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy showed that the modified CNCs electrostatically bind cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and norovirus-like particles with high affinity. Addition of only a few weight percent of the modified CNCs in water dispersions sufficed to fully bind the virus capsids to form micrometer-sized assemblies. This enabled the concentration and extraction of the virus particles from solution by low-speed centrifugation. These results show the feasibility of the modified CNCs in virus binding and concentrating, and pave the way for their use as transduction enhancers for viral delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Rosilo
- Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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May J, Viswanathan P, Ng KKS, Medvedev A, Korba B. The p4-p2' amino acids surrounding human norovirus polyprotein cleavage sites define the core sequence regulating self-processing order. J Virol 2014; 88:10738-47. [PMID: 24991013 PMCID: PMC4178882 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01357-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Noroviruses (NoV) are members of the family Caliciviridae. The human NoV open reading frame 1 (ORF1) encodes a 200-kDa polyprotein which is cleaved by the viral 20-kDa 3C-like protease (Pro, NS6) into 6 nonstructural proteins that are necessary for viral replication. The NoV ORF1 polyprotein is processed in a specific order, with "early" sites (NS1/2-3 and NS3-4) being cleaved rapidly and three "late" sites (NS4-5, NS5-6, and NS6-7) processed subsequently and less efficiently. Previously, we demonstrated that the NoV polyprotein processing order is directly correlated with the efficiency of the enzyme, which is regulated by the primary amino acid sequences surrounding ORF1 cleavage sites. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides representing the NS2-3 and NS6-7 ORF1 cleavage sites, we now demonstrate that the amino acids spanning positions P4 to P2' (P4-P2') surrounding each site comprise the core sequence controlling NoV protease enzyme efficiency. Furthermore, the NoV polyprotein self-processing order can be altered by interchanging this core sequence between NS2-3 and any of the three late sites in in vitro transcription-translation assays. We also demonstrate that the nature of the side chain at the P3 position for the NS1/2-3 (Nterm/NTPase) site confers significant influence on enzyme catalysis (kcat and kcat/Km), a feature overlooked in previous structural studies. Molecular modeling provides possible explanations for the P3 interactions with NoV protease. IMPORTANCE Noroviruses (NoV) are the prevailing cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide and pose a significant financial burden on health care systems. Proteolytic processing of the viral nonstructural polyprotein is required for norovirus replication. Previously, the core sequence of amino acids surrounding the scissile bonds responsible for governing the relative processing order had not been determined. Using both FRET-based peptides and full-length NoV polyprotein, we have successfully demonstrated that the core sequences spanning positions P4-P2' surrounding the NS2-3, NS4-5, NS5-6, and NS6-7 cleavage sites contain all of the structural information necessary to control processing order. We also provide insight into a previously overlooked role for the NS2-3 P3 residue in enzyme efficiency. This article builds upon our previous studies on NoV protease enzymatic activities and polyprotein processing order. Our work provides significant additional insight into understanding viral polyprotein processing and has important implications for improving the design of inhibitors targeting the NoV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared May
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Prasanth Viswanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth K-S Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexei Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brent Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Herod MR, Salim O, Skilton RJ, Prince CA, Ward VK, Lambden PR, Clarke IN. Expression of the murine norovirus (MNV) ORF1 polyprotein is sufficient to induce apoptosis in a virus-free cell model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90679. [PMID: 24599381 PMCID: PMC3944349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into human norovirus infection, replication and pathogenesis, as well as the development of potential antiviral agents, have been restricted by the lack of a cell culture system for human norovirus. To date, the optimal cell culture surrogate virus model for studying human norovirus biology is the murine norovirus (MNV). In this report we generate a tetracycline-regulated, inducible eukaryotic cell system expressing the entire MNV ORF1 polyprotein. Once induced, the MNV ORF1 polyprotein was faithfully processed to the six mature non-structural proteins that predominately located to a discrete perinuclear region, as has been observed in active MNV infection. Furthermore, we found that expression of the ORF1 polyprotein alone was sufficient to induce apoptosis, characterised by caspase-9 activation and survivin down-regulation. This cell line provides a valuable new tool for studying MNV ORF1 non-structural protein function, screening for potential antiviral agents and acts as a proof-of-principle for such systems to be developed for human noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R. Herod
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Salim
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Skilton
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia A. Prince
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Vernon K. Ward
- Otago School of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul R. Lambden
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian N. Clarke
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Yazawa S, Yokobori T, Ueta G, Ide M, Altan B, Thongprachum A, Nishimura T, Nakajima T, Kominato Y, Asao T, Saniabadi AR, Furukawa K, Kuwano H, Le Pendu J, Ushijima H. Blood group substances as potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of infection with noroviruses proving novel binding patterns in human tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89071. [PMID: 24558470 PMCID: PMC3928367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood group-related glycans determining ABO and Lewis blood groups are known to function as attachment factors for most of the norovirus (NoV) strains. To identify binding specificity of each NoV, recombinant norovirus-like particles (VLPs) and human saliva samples with different ABO, Lewis phenotypes and secretor status have been commonly applied. When binding specificities of VLPs prepared from 16 different genotypes of NoVs in GI and GII genogroups were characterized in samples of human gastric mucosa compared to human saliva based on blood group phenotypes, considerable differences were observed for several strains. Novel binding specificities determined by an ELISA using preparations from human gastric mucosa were also ascertained by immunohistochemical analyses using human jejunal mucosa, widely believed to be susceptible to NoV infection. Further, A, B and O(H) blood group substances prepared from porcine and squid tissues were found to be effective for preventing ABO blood group-specific binding of VLPs to both saliva and mucosa samples. Therefore, these blood group substances might have potential for the prevention and treatment of NoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yazawa
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Gen Ueta
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Munenori Ide
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Bolag Altan
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Aksara Thongprachum
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyo Nishimura
- Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tamiko Nakajima
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kominato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- Inserm, UMR892; CNRS, UMR 6299; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zang Y, Bi J, Du D, Liu X, Zhang Y, Su W, Wu J, Shan Y, Wang S, Kong W, Qiu A, Jiang C. Development of a Norovirus P particle platform for eliciting neutralizing antibody responses to the membrane proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope. Protein Pept Lett 2014; 21:1230-1239. [PMID: 24939661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eliciting efficient broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) is an important goal that has yet to be achieved for human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development, although they are rarely produced in virus-infected individuals. In particular, inducing specific neutralizing antibodies to the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER) has proven a difficult task. In this study, we introduce Norovirus P particles as a new platform to display the MPER epitope of HIV-1 as a vaccine with the aim of enhancing immune responses. The results showed that HIV-1 chimeric P particles were capable of inducing MPER-specific antibody responses in immunized guinea pigs, although only weakly neutralizing activity could be detected. These findings are consistent with other previous studies which have also focused on the well-studied 2F5 and 4E10 BnAbs. Our findings provide an alternate strategy for design of vaccines against HIV-1. However, great challenges remain in the effort to develop vaccines that can induce efficient HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Parra GI, Azure J, Fischer R, Bok K, Sandoval-Jaime C, Sosnovtsev SV, Sander P, Green KY. Identification of a Broadly Cross-Reactive Epitope in the Inner Shell of the Norovirus Capsid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67592. [PMID: 23805319 PMCID: PMC3689733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis. They are diverse viruses, with at least six genogroups (GI-GVI) and multiple genotypes defined by differences in the major capsid protein, VP1. This diversity has challenged the development of broadly cross-reactive vaccines as well as efficient detection methods. Here, we report the characterization of a broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibody (MAb) raised against the capsid protein of a GII.3 norovirus strain. The MAb reacted with VLPs and denatured VP1 protein from GI, GII, GIV and GV noroviruses, and mapped to a linear epitope located in the inner shell domain. An alignment of all available VP1 sequences showed that the putative epitope (residues 52–56) is highly conserved across the genus Norovirus. This broadly cross-reactive MAb thus constitutes a valuable reagent for the diagnosis and study of these diverse viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I. Parra
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KYG); (GIP)
| | - JoLynn Azure
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Karin Bok
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carlos Sandoval-Jaime
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Sander
- Clinical Diagnostics, R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KYG); (GIP)
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