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Shete A, Wagh V, Sawant J, Shidhaye P, Sane S, Rao A, Kulkarni S, Ghate M. Antiretroviral Treatment-Induced Galectin-9 Might Impact HIV Viremia in Addition to Contributing to Inflammaging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12273. [PMID: 37569647 PMCID: PMC10418429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-9 induces HIV reactivation and also contributes to non-AIDS events through inflammaging. Hence, it is important to assess its levels in HIV-infected individuals to determine their association with HIV viremia and other comorbidities. METHODS Plasma galectin-9 levels were estimated in viremic (n = 152) and aviremic (n = 395) individuals on first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). They were assessed for correlation with HIV-1 viral load (VL), CD4 count, and ART duration, as well as for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULT Plasma galectin-9 levels correlated positively with VL (r = 0.507, p < 0.0001) and ART duration (r = 0.308, p = 0.002) and negatively with CD4 count (r = -0.186, p < 0.0001). Area under the curve for galectin-9/CD4 count ratio for identifying viremic individuals was 0.906. Sensitivity and specificity of the ratio at a cutoff of 14.47 were 90.13% and 70.05%, respectively, for detecting viremic individuals. Further, galectin-9 levels correlated with cystatin C (r = 0.239, p = 0.0183), IL-18 (r = 0.311, p = 0.006), and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.220, p = 0.0355). Galectin-9-induced HIV reactivation was significantly lower in individuals on long-term ART than those on short-term ART. CONCLUSION The galectin-9-to-CD4 count ratio indicated the potential of galectin-9 as a cheaper monitoring tool to detect HIV viremia. Strategies for countering the effects of galectin-9 for controlling HIV viremia and non-AIDS events are urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune 411026, India; (V.W.); (J.S.); (P.S.); (A.R.); (S.K.); (M.G.)
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Kodagoda YK, Liyanage DS, Omeka WKM, Kim G, Kim J, Lee J. Identification, expression profiling, and functional characterization of cystatin C from big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 138:108804. [PMID: 37207886 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins are natural inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine proteases, including cathepsins B, L, H, and S. Cystatin C (CSTC) is a member of the type 2 cystatin family and is an essential biomarker in the prognosis of several diseases. Emerging evidence suggests the immune regulatory roles of CSTC in antigen presentation, the release of different inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis in various pathophysiologies. In this study, the 390-bp cystatin C (HaCSTC) cDNA from big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) was cloned and characterized by screening the pre-established cDNA library. Based on similarities in sequence, HaCSTC is a homolog of the teleost type 2 cystatin family with putative catalytic cystatin domains, signal peptides, and disulfide bonds. HaCSTC transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all tested big-belly seahorse tissues, with the highest expression in ovaries. Immune challenge with lipopolysaccharides, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, Edwardsiella tarda, and Streptococcus iniae caused significant upregulation in HaCSTC transcript levels. Using a pMAL-c5X expression vector, the 14.29-kDa protein of recombinant HaCSTC (rHaCSTC) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and its protease inhibitory activity against papain cysteine protease was determined with the aid of a protease substrate. Papain was competitively blocked by rHaCSTC in a dose-dependent manner. In response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection, HaCSTC overexpression strongly decreased the expression of VHSV transcripts, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pro-apoptotic genes; while increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic genes in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Furthermore, HaCSTC overexpression protected VHSV-infected FHM cells against VHSV-induced apoptosis and increased cell viability. Our findings imply the profound role of HaCSTC against pathogen infections by modulating fish immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasara Kavindi Kodagoda
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Selection in Korean Aquaculture, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Xu S, Wang Y, Han C, Jiang Y, Qin Q, Wei S. Functional analysis of the Cystatin F gene response to SGIV infection in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 130:43-52. [PMID: 36084885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin F (CyF), an inhibitor of cysteine protease, was widely studied in immune defense and cancer therapy. However, the function of CyF and its latent molecular mechanism during virus infection in fish remain vacant. In our research, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of CyF homology from orange-spotted grouper (Ec-CyF) consisting of 342 nucleotides and encoding a 114-amino acid protein. Ec-CyF included two cystatins family sequences containing one KXVXG sequence without the signal peptide, and a hairpin ring containing proline and tryptophan (PW). Tissue distribution analysis indicated that Ec-CyF was highly expressed in spleen and head kidney. Besides, further analysis showed that the expression of Ec-CyF increased during SGIV infection in grouper spleen (GS) cells. Subcellular localization assay demonstrated that Ec-CyF was mainly distributed in cytoplasm in GS cells. Overexpressed Ec-CyF demoted the mRNA level of viral genes MCP, VP19 and LITAF. Meanwhile, SGIV-induced apoptosis in fat head minnow (FHM) cells was impeded, as well as the restraint of caspase 3/7 and caspase 8. In addition, Ec-CyF overexpression up-regulated the expression of IFN related molecules including ISG15, IFN, IFP35, IRF3, IRF7, MYD88 and down-regulated proinflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α. At the same time, Ec-CyF-overexpressing increased the activity of IFN3 and ISRE promoter, but impeded NF-κB promoter activity by luciferase reporter gene assay. In summary, our findings suggested that Ec-CyF was involved in innate immunity response and played a key role in DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suifeng Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuexuan Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengzong Han
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yunxiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 528478, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Pires D, Calado M, Velez T, Mandal M, Catalão MJ, Neyrolles O, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Anes E. Modulation of Cystatin C in Human Macrophages Improves Anti-Mycobacterial Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Coinfection With HIV. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742822. [PMID: 34867965 PMCID: PMC8637326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis owes its resurgence as a major global health threat mostly to the emergence of drug resistance and coinfection with HIV. The synergy between HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modifies the host immune environment to enhance both viral and bacterial replication and spread. In the lung immune context, both pathogens infect macrophages, establishing favorable intracellular niches. Both manipulate the endocytic pathway in order to avoid destruction. Relevant players of the endocytic pathway to control pathogens include endolysosomal proteases, cathepsins, and their natural inhibitors, cystatins. Here, a mapping of the human macrophage transcriptome for type I and II cystatins during Mtb, HIV, or Mtb-HIV infection displayed different profiles of gene expression, revealing cystatin C as a potential target to control mycobacterial infection as well as HIV coinfection. We found that cystatin C silencing in macrophages significantly improves the intracellular killing of Mtb, which was concomitant with an increased general proteolytic activity of cathepsins. In addition, downmodulation of cystatin C led to an improved expression of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II in macrophages and an increased CD4+ T-lymphocyte proliferation along with enhanced IFN-γ secretion. Overall, our results suggest that the targeting of cystatin C in human macrophages represents a promising approach to improve the control of mycobacterial infections including multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tomás Velez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Anes E, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Pires D. Cathepsins and Their Endogenous Inhibitors in Host Defense During Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726984. [PMID: 34421929 PMCID: PMC8371317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The moment a very old bacterial pathogen met a young virus from the 80's defined the beginning of a tragic syndemic for humanity. Such is the case for the causative agent of tuberculosis and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Syndemic is by definition a convergence of more than one disease resulting in magnification of their burden. Both pathogens work synergistically contributing to speed up the replication of each other. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV infections are in the 21st century among the leaders of morbidity and mortality of humankind. There is an urgent need for development of new approaches for prevention, better diagnosis, and new therapies for both infections. Moreover, these approaches should consider Mtb and HIV as a co-infection, rather than just as separate problems, to prevent further aggravation of the HIV-TB syndemic. Both pathogens manipulate the host immune responses to establish chronic infections in intracellular niches of their host cells. This includes manipulation of host relevant antimicrobial proteases such as cathepsins or their endogenous inhibitors. Here we discuss recent understanding on how Mtb and HIV interact with cathepsins and their inhibitors in their multifactorial functions during the pathogenesis of both infections. Particularly we will address the role on pathogen transmission, during establishment of intracellular chronic niches and in granuloma clinical outcome and tuberculosis diagnosis. This area of research will open new avenues for the design of innovative therapies and diagnostic interventions so urgently needed to fight this threat to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Elvitigala DAS, Lee J. Identification and molecular profiling of a novel homolog of cystatin C from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) evidencing its transcriptional sensitivity to pathogen infections. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4933-42. [PMID: 34041676 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins are reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases which show an omnipresent distribution in the life on earth. Although, cystatins with mammalian origin were well characterized and their roles in physiology were reported in details, those from teleostean origin are still underrepresented in literature. However, role of cystatins in fish physiology and immune defense is highlighted in few recent reports. In this study, a cystatin C holmologue from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus); termed RbCytC was identified and molecularly characterized. The complete coding sequence of RbCytC was 387 bp in length, which codes for a polypeptide with 129 amino acids, including a signal peptide of 19 amino acids. The consensus cystatin family signatures including a G residue, turning up towards the N-terminus region, QVVAG motif, locating at the middle of the sequence and the PW motif at the c terminal region was found to be well conserved in RbCytC. Phylogenetic analysis using different cystatin counterparts affirmed the close evolutionary relationship of RbCytC with its teleostan homologs which belong to family 2 cystatins. The predicted molecular model of RbCytC resembled most of the structural features of empirically elucidated tertiary structures for chicken egg white cystatin. According to the qPCR assays, RbCytC showed detectable expression in all fish tissues used in the experiment, with markedly pronounced expression level in liver. Moreover, its basal mRNA expression was up-regulated in liver and spleen tissues by experimental rock bream iridovirus infection, whereas down regulated in the same tissues, post live Edwardsiella tarda injection. Collectively, outcomes of our study validate the structural homology of RbCytC with known cystatin C similitudes, especially those of teleosts and suggest its potential roles in proteolytic processes of rock bream physiology as well as in host immune defense mechanisms.
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Lee EY, Srinivasan Y, de Anda J, Nicastro LK, Tükel Ç, Wong GCL. Functional Reciprocity of Amyloids and Antimicrobial Peptides: Rethinking the Role of Supramolecular Assembly in Host Defense, Immune Activation, and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1629. [PMID: 32849553 PMCID: PMC7412598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological self-assembly is a concept that is classically associated with amyloids, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. In prokaryotic organisms, amyloids are assembled extracellularly in a similar fashion to human amyloids. Pathogenicity of amyloids is attributed to their ability to transform into several distinct structural states that reflect their downstream biological consequences. While the oligomeric forms of amyloids are thought to be responsible for their cytotoxicity via membrane permeation, their fibrillar conformations are known to interact with the innate immune system to induce inflammation. Furthermore, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic amyloids can self-assemble into molecular chaperones to bind nucleic acids, enabling amplification of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Recent work has shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) follow a strikingly similar paradigm. Previously, AMPs were thought of as peptides with the primary function of permeating microbial membranes. Consistent with this, many AMPs are facially amphiphilic and can facilitate membrane remodeling processes such as pore formation and fusion. We show that various AMPs and chemokines can also chaperone and organize immune ligands into amyloid-like ordered supramolecular structures that are geometrically optimized for binding to TLRs, thereby amplifying immune signaling. The ability of amphiphilic AMPs to self-assemble cooperatively into superhelical protofibrils that form structural scaffolds for the ordered presentation of immune ligands like DNA and dsRNA is central to inflammation. It is interesting to explore the notion that the assembly of AMP protofibrils may be analogous to that of amyloid aggregates. Coming full circle, recent work has suggested that Aβ and other amyloids also have AMP-like antimicrobial functions. The emerging perspective is one in which assembly affords a more finely calibrated system of recognition and response: the detection of single immune ligands, immune ligands bound to AMPs, and immune ligands spatially organized to varying degrees by AMPs, result in different immunologic outcomes. In this framework, not all ordered structures generated during multi-stepped AMP (or amyloid) assembly are pathological in origin. Supramolecular structures formed during this process serve as signatures to the innate immune system to orchestrate immune amplification in a proportional, situation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yashes Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauren K Nicastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Clemente V, D'Arcy P, Bazzaro M. Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Coronaviruses and Possible Therapeutic Opportunities for COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3492. [PMID: 32429099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the outbreak of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)2, the majority of nations are struggling with countermeasures to fight infection, prevent spread and improve patient survival. Considering that the pandemic is a recent event, no large clinical trials have been possible and since coronavirus specific drug are not yet available, there is no strong consensus on how to treat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated viral pneumonia. Coronaviruses code for an important multifunctional enzyme named papain-like protease (PLP), that has many roles in pathogenesis. First, PLP is one of the two viral cysteine proteases, along with 3-chymotripsin-like protease, that is responsible for the production of the replicase proteins required for viral replication. Second, its intrinsic deubiquitinating and deISGylating activities serve to antagonize the host’s immune response that would otherwise hinder infection. Both deubiquitinating and deISGylating functions involve the removal of the small regulatory polypeptides, ubiquitin and ISG15, respectively, from target proteins. Ubiquitin modifications can regulate the innate immune response by affecting regulatory proteins, either by altering their stability via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway or by directly regulating their activity. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like modifier with pleiotropic effects, typically expressed during the host cell immune response. PLP inhibitors have been evaluated during past coronavirus epidemics, and have showed promising results as an antiviral therapy in vitro. In this review, we recapitulate the roles of PLPs in coronavirus infections, report a list of PLP inhibitors and suggest possible therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 treatment, using both clinical and preclinical drugs.
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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Wei S, Cai J, Wang S, Yu Y, Wei J, Huang Y, Huang X, Qin Q. Functional characterization of Cystatin C in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 96:37-46. [PMID: 30822452 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin C is an endogenous inhibitor of cysteine proteases and widely exist in organisms. Several studies in mammals have showed that Cystatin C plays critical role in the immune defense against microorganisms. It is also well known that some fish Cystatin C have important immune regulation functions in inflammatory responses. However, the function of fish Cystatin C in virus infection as well as its underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, a Cystatin C gene termed Ec-CysC was identified from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. The full-length of Ec-CysC cDNA was 817 bp with a 387 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a 129-amino acid (aa) protein, including 18-aa signal peptide and 111-aa mature polypeptide. The deduced amino acid of Ec-CysC shared three conserved domains containing Glycine at the N-terminus region, QVVAG motif in the middle and PW motif near the C-terminus region. Transcription analysis of the Ec-CysC gene showed its expression in all twelve examined tissues including liver, spleen, kidney, brain, intestine, heart, skin, muscle, fin, stomach, gill and head kidney. Its expression following stimulation with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) was further tested in spleen, the relative expression of Ec-CysC was significantly up-regulated at 12 h post-infection. The subcellular localization experiment revealed that Ec-CysC was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm in Grouper Spleen (GS) cells. In vitro, Overexpression of Ec-CysC in GS cells significantly reduced the expression of viral genes, namely, ORF162, ORF049 and ORF072. Meanwhile, we found that overexpression of Ec-CysC resulted in upward trend of expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1β and IL8 during SGIV infection. Further, SGIV-inducible apoptosis and Caspase-3 activity were also weakened by overexpression Ec-CysC in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. These results indicated that Ec-CysC might have a deeper involvement in fish immune defense, and played important roles in inflammation and apoptosis induced by SGIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yepin Yu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Bossowska-Nowicka M, Mielcarska MB, Romaniewicz M, Kaczmarek MM, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Struzik J, Grodzik M, Gieryńska MM, Toka FN, Szulc-Dąbrowska L. Ectromelia virus suppresses expression of cathepsins and cystatins in conventional dendritic cells to efficiently execute the replication process. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:92. [PMID: 31077130 PMCID: PMC6509786 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsins are a group of endosomal proteases present in many cells including dendritic cells (DCs). The activity of cathepsins is regulated by their endogenous inhibitors – cystatins. Cathepsins are crucial to antigen processing during viral and bacterial infections, and as such are a prerequisite to antigen presentation in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules. Due to the involvement of DCs in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and the quest to understand the impact of poxvirus infection on host cells, we investigated the influence of ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection on cathepsin and cystatin levels in murine conventional DCs (cDCs). ECTV is a poxvirus that has evolved many mechanisms to avoid host immune response and is able to replicate productively in DCs. Results Our results showed that ECTV-infection of JAWS II DCs and primary murine GM-CSF-derived bone marrow cells down-regulated both mRNA and protein of cathepsin B, L and S, and cystatin B and C, particularly during the later stages of infection. Moreover, the activity of cathepsin B, L and S was confirmed to be diminished especially at later stages of infection in JAWS II cells. Consequently, ECTV-infected DCs had diminished ability to endocytose and process a soluble antigen. Close examination of cellular protein distribution showed that beginning from early stages of infection, the remnants of cathepsin L and cystatin B co-localized and partially co-localized with viral replication centers (viral factories), respectively. Moreover, viral yield increased in cDCs treated with siRNA against cathepsin B, L or S and subsequently infected with ECTV. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicate that infection of cDCs with ECTV suppresses cathepsins and cystatins, and alters their cellular distribution which impairs the cDC function. We propose this as an additional viral strategy to escape immune responses, enabling the virus to replicate effectively in infected cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1471-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Romaniewicz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika M Kaczmarek
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata M Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
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Leto G, Crescimanno M, Flandina C. On the role of cystatin C in cancer progression. Life Sci 2018; 202:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kumar DKV, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J, Lefkowitz A, McColl G, Goldstein LE, Tanzi RE, Moir RD. Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:340ra72. [PMID: 27225182 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is a key protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We previously reported in vitro evidence suggesting that Aβ is an antimicrobial peptide. We present in vivo data showing that Aβ expression protects against fungal and bacterial infections in mouse, nematode, and cell culture models of AD. We show that Aβ oligomerization, a behavior traditionally viewed as intrinsically pathological, may be necessary for the antimicrobial activities of the peptide. Collectively, our data are consistent with a model in which soluble Aβ oligomers first bind to microbial cell wall carbohydrates via a heparin-binding domain. Developing protofibrils inhibited pathogen adhesion to host cells. Propagating β-amyloid fibrils mediate agglutination and eventual entrapment of unatttached microbes. Consistent with our model, Salmonella Typhimurium bacterial infection of the brains of transgenic 5XFAD mice resulted in rapid seeding and accelerated β-amyloid deposition, which closely colocalized with the invading bacteria. Our findings raise the intriguing possibility that β-amyloid may play a protective role in innate immunity and infectious or sterile inflammatory stimuli may drive amyloidosis. These data suggest a dual protective/damaging role for Aβ, as has been described for other antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Vijaya Kumar
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kevin J Washicosky
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - William A Eimer
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Stephanie Tucker
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jessica Ghofrani
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aaron Lefkowitz
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lee E Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Robert D Moir
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Ahmed A, Shamsi A, Bano B. Oxadiargyl induced conformational transition of cystatin isolated from yellow mustard seeds: Biophysical and biochemical approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:802-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ahmed A, Shamsi A, Bano B. Characterizing harmful advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and ribosylated aggregates of yellow mustard seed phytocystatin: Effects of different monosaccharides. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 171:183-192. [PMID: 27526342 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are at the core of variety of diseases ranging from diabetes to renal failure and hence gaining wide consideration. This study was aimed at characterizing the AGEs of phytocystatin isolated from mustard seeds (YMP) when incubated with different monosaccharides (glucose, ribose and mannose) using fluorescence, ultraviolet, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and microscopy. Ribose was found to be the most potent glycating agent as evident by AGEs specific fluorescence and absorbance. YMP exists as a molten globule like structure on day 24 as depicted by high ANS fluorescence and altered intrinsic fluorescence. Glycated YMP as AGEs and ribose induced aggregates were observed at day 28 and 32 respectively. In our study we have also examined the anti-aggregative potential of polyphenol, resveratrol. Our results suggested the anti-aggregative behavior of resveratrol as it prevented the in vitro aggregation of YMP, although further studies are required to decode the mechanism by which resveratrol prevents the aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azaj Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Brown CS, Kashani KB, Clain JM, Frazee EN. Cystatin C Falsely Underestimated GFR in a Critically Ill Patient with a New Diagnosis of AIDS. Case Rep Nephrol. 2016;2016:9349280. [PMID: 27293926 PMCID: PMC4886077 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9349280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C has been suggested to be a more accurate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) surrogate than creatinine in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) because it is unaffected by skeletal muscle mass and dietary influences. However, little is known about the utility of this marker for monitoring medications in the critically ill. We describe the case of a 64-year-old female with opportunistic infections associated with a new diagnosis of AIDS. During her course, she experienced neurologic, cardiac, and respiratory failure; yet her renal function remained preserved as indicated by an eGFR ≥ 120 mL/min and a urine output > 1 mL/kg/hr without diuresis. The patient was treated with nephrotoxic agents; therefore cystatin C was assessed to determine if cachexia was resulting in a falsely low serum creatinine. Cystatin C measured 1.50 mg/L which corresponded to an eGFR of 36 mL/min. Given the >60 mL/min discrepancy, serial 8-hour urine samples were collected and a GFR > 120 mL/min was confirmed. It is unclear why cystatin C was falsely elevated, but we hypothesize that it relates to the proinflammatory state with AIDS, opportunistic infections, and corticosteroids. More research is needed before routine use of cystatin C in this setting can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India
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