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Lin K, Ma Z, Li J, Tang M, Lindstrom A, Ramachandran M, Zhu S, Lin TY, Zhang L, Li Y. Single Small Molecule-Assembled Mitochondria Targeting Nanofibers for Enhanced Photodynamic Cancer Therapy in Vivo. Adv Funct Mater 2021; 31:2008460. [PMID: 37441230 PMCID: PMC10338027 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202008460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an attractive alternative in cancer therapy, but its therapeutic effects are limited by the nonselective subcellular localization and poor intratumoral retention of small-molecule photosensitizes. Here a fiber-forming nanophotosensitizer (PQC NF) that is composed of mitochondria targeting small molecules of amphiphilicity is reported. Harnessing the specific mitochondria targeting, the light-activated PQC NFs produce approximately 110-fold higher amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells than free photosensitizers and can dramatically induce mitochondrial disruption to trigger intense apoptosis, showing 20-50 times better in vitro anticancer potency than traditional photosensitizers. As fiber-shaped nanomaterials, PQC NFs also demonstrated a long-term retention in tumor sites, solving the challenge of rapid clearance of small-molecule photosensitizers from tumors. With these advantages, PQC NFs achieve a 100% complete cure rate in both subcutaneous and orthotopic oral cancer models with the administration of only a single dose. This type of single small molecule-assembled mitochondria targeting nanofibers offer an advantageous strategy to improve the in vivo therapeutic effects of conventional PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zhao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Menghuan Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Aaron Lindstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Mythili Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Shaoming Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tzu-Yin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Fujishiro T, Nonoguchi N, Pavliukov M, Ohmura N, Kawabata S, Park Y, Kajimoto Y, Ishikawa T, Nakano I, Kuroiwa T. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy can target human glioma stem-like cells refractory to antineoplastic agents. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:58-68. [PMID: 29990642 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant lethal brain cancer. Accumulated evidence suggests that elevated resistance of GBM to both chemo- and radio-therapy is, at least in part, due to the presence of a small population of glioma stem cells (GSC). In the present study, we aimed to determine the sensitivity of GSCs to 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT). METHODS For this purpose, we established GSC-enriched cell cultures (termed glioma stem-like cells or GSLCs) from A172 human GBM cell line. Under our cultivation conditions, GSLCs formed floating spheroid clusters that contained increased population of CD133/Sox2 expressing cells. Firstly, to compare the activity of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) biosynthesis in the GSLCs and the parental A172 glioma cells, we examined the expression levels of biosynthesis enzymes and transporters for PpIX using qRT-PCR, and investigated the intracellular levels of PpIX with use of flow cytometry analysis. Then, we evaluated the sensitivity of these cells to ALA-PDT in vitro. Finally, to confirm the therapeutic impact of ALA-PDT on GSLCs with more clinically relevant model, we performed the same experiment using three different patient-derived glioma sphere lines, which cultivated them either in stem cell media or under differentiation conditions in the presence of serum. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION GSLCs expressed higher mRNA levels of PpIX biosynthesis enzymes and its transporters PEPT1/2 and ABCB6, when compared to the parental A172 glioma cells. Consistently, flow cytometry analysis revealed that upon incubation with ALA, GSLCs accumulate a higher level of PpIX. Finally, we showed that GSLCs were more sensitive to ALA-PDT than the original A172 cells, and confirmed that all patient-derived glioma sphere lines also showed significantly increased sensitivity to ALA-PDT if cultivated under the pro-stem cell condition. Our data indicate that ALA-PDT has potential as a novel clinically useful treatment that might eliminate GBM stem cells that are highly resistant to current chemo- and radio-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fujishiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naosuke Nonoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Marat Pavliukov
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Naoki Ohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yangtae Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Kajimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan; NGO Personalized Medicine & Healthcare, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Toshihiko Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Wang W, Tabu K, Hagiya Y, Sugiyama Y, Kokubu Y, Murota Y, Ogura SI, Taga T. Enhancement of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fluorescence detection of side population-defined glioma stem cells by iron chelation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42070. [PMID: 28169355 PMCID: PMC5294410 DOI: 10.1038/srep42070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are dominantly responsible for tumor progression and chemo/radio-resistance, resulting in tumor recurrence. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is metabolized to fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) specifically in tumor cells, and therefore clinically used as a reagent for photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) of cancers including gliomas. However, it remains to be clarified whether this method could be effective for CSC detection. Here, using flow cytometry-based analysis, we show that side population (SP)-defined C6 glioma CSCs (GSCs) displayed much less 5-ALA-derived PpIX fluorescence than non-GSCs. Among the C6 GSCs, cells with ultralow PpIX fluorescence exhibited dramatically higher tumorigenicity when transplanted into the immune-deficient mouse brain. We further demonstrated that the low PpIX accumulation in the C6 GSCs was enhanced by deferoxamine (DFO)-mediated iron chelation, not by reserpine-mediated inhibition of PpIX-effluxing ABCG2. Finally, we found that the expression level of the gene for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heme degradation enzyme, was high in C6 GSCs, which was further up-regulated when treated with 5-ALA. Our results provide important new insights into 5-ALA-based PDD of gliomas, particularly photodetection of SP-defined GSCs by iron chelation based on their ALA-PpIX-Heme metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wang
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tabu
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hagiya
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B102, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 2268501, Japan
| | - Yuta Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B102, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 2268501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kokubu
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Murota
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Ogura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B102, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 2268501, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-47, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 2268501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taga
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
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Rapozzi V, Della Pietra E, Bonavida B. Dual roles of nitric oxide in the regulation of tumor cell response and resistance to photodynamic therapy. Redox Biol 2015; 6:311-317. [PMID: 26319434 PMCID: PMC4556768 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer has gained attention due to the successful outcome in some cancers, particularly those on the skin. However, there have been limitations to PDT applications in deep cancers and, occasionally, PDT treatment resulted in tumor recurrence. A better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of PDT-induced cytotoxicity and cytoprotection should facilitate the development of better approaches to inhibit the cytoprotective effects and also augment PDT-mediated cytotoxicity. PDT treatment results in the induction of iNOS/NO in both the tumor and the microenvironment. The role of NO in cytotoxicity and cytoprotection was examined. The findings revealed that NO mediates its effects by interfering with a dysregulated pro-survival/anti-apoptotic NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP loop which is often expressed in cancer cells. The cytoprotective effect of PDT-induced NO was the result of low levels of NO that activates the pro-survival/anti-apoptotic NF-κB, Snail, and YY1 and inhibits the anti-survival/pro-apoptotic and metastasis suppressor RKIP. In contrast, PDT-induced high levels of NO result in the inhibition of NF-kB, Snail, and YY1 and the induction of RKIP, all of which result in significant anti-tumor cytotoxicity. The direct role of PDT-induced NO effects was corroborated by the use of the NO inhibitor, l-NAME, which reversed the PDT-mediated cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects. In addition, the combination of the NO donor, DETANONOate, and PDT potentiated the PDT-mediated cytotoxic effects. These findings revealed a new mechanism of PDT-induced NO effects and suggested the potential therapeutic application of the combination of NO donors/iNOS inducers and PDT in the treatment of various cancers. In addition, the study suggested that the combination of PDT with subtoxic cytotoxic drugs will result in significant synergy since NO has been shown to be a significant chemo-immunosensitizing agent to apoptosis. PDT-mediated cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects depend also by the induction of NO from tumor. The PDT-induced NO modulates the dysregulated NF-kB/Snail/RKIP loop. The direct role of NO induction by PDT was corroborated by the use of the NO inhibitor, l-NAME. The combination of an NO donor and PDT resulted in a increased cytotoxic effect, in vitro and in vivo. Novel potential therapeutic applications are proposed for the use of PDT combined with NO donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rapozzi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Emilia Della Pietra
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ishikawa T, Kajimoto Y, Inoue Y, Ikegami Y, Kuroiwa T. Critical role of ABCG2 in ALA-photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of human brain tumor. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 125:197-216. [PMID: 25640271 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people per year globally. Survival rates in primary brain tumors depend on the type of tumor, patient's age, the extent of surgical tumor removal, and other factors. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) is a practical tool currently used in surgical operation of aggressive brain tumors, such as glioblastoma and meningiomas, whereas clinical application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to brain tumor therapy has just recently started. Both PDD and PDT are achieved by a photon-induced physicochemical reaction, which is induced by the excitation of porphyrins exposed to light. In fluorescence-guided gross-total resection, PDD can be achieved by the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) as the precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Exogenously administered ALA induces biosynthesis and accumulation of PpIX, a natural photosensitizer, in cancer cells. However, ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 plays a critical role in regulating the cellular accumulation of porphyrins in cancer cells and thereby its expression and function can affect the efficacy of PDD and PDT. In response to the photoreaction of porphyrins leading to oxidative stress, the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related transcription factor can transcriptionally upregulate ABCG2, which may reduce the efficacy of PDD and PDT. On the other hand, certain protein kinase inhibitors potentially enhance the efficacy of PDD and PDT by blocking ABCG2-mediated porphyrin efflux from cancer cells. In this context, it is of great interest to develop ABCG2 inhibitors that can be applied to PDD or PDT for the therapy of brain tumor and other tumors.
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Ishikawa T, Kajimoto Y, Sun W, Nakagawa H, Inoue Y, Ikegami Y, Miyatake SI, Kuroiwa T. Role of Nrf2 in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy: Regulation of Human ABC Transporter ABCG2. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3058-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ishikawa T, Takahashi K, Ikeda N, Kajimoto Y, Hagiya Y, Ogura SI, Miyatake SI, Kuroiwa T. Transporter-Mediated Drug Interaction Strategy for 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA)-Based Photodynamic Diagnosis of Malignant Brain Tumor: Molecular Design of ABCG2 Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:615-35. [PMID: 24310600 PMCID: PMC3857086 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) is a practical tool currently used in surgical operation of aggressive brain tumors, such as glioblastoma. PDD is achieved by a photon-induced physicochemical reaction which is induced by excitation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) exposed to light. Fluorescence-guided gross-total resection has recently been developed in PDD, where 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or its ester is administered as the precursor of PpIX. ALA induces the accumulation of PpIX, a natural photo-sensitizer, in cancer cells. Recent studies provide evidence that adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCG2 plays a pivotal role in regulating the cellular accumulation of porphyrins in cancer cells and thereby affects the efficacy of PDD. Protein kinase inhibitors are suggested to potentially enhance the PDD efficacy by blocking ABCG2-mediated porphyrin efflux from cancer cells. It is of great interest to develop potent ABCG2-inhibitors that can be applied to PDD for brain tumor therapy. This review article addresses a pivotal role of human ABC transporter ABCG2 in PDD as well as a new approach of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis to design potent ABCG2-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Ishikawa
- Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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Horibe S, Nagai J, Yumoto R, Tawa R, Takano M. Accumulation and Photodynamic Activity of Chlorin e6 in Cisplatin-Resistant Human Lung Cancer Cells. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3010-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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