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Austen JM, Barbosa AD. Diversity and Epidemiology of Bat Trypanosomes: A One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091148. [PMID: 34578180 PMCID: PMC8465530 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats (order Chiroptera) have been increasingly recognised as important reservoir hosts for human and animal pathogens worldwide. In this context, molecular and microscopy-based investigations to date have revealed remarkably high diversity of Trypanosoma spp. harboured by bats, including species of recognised medical and veterinary importance such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi (aetiological agents of Chagas disease and Surra, respectively). This review synthesises current knowledge on the diversity, taxonomy, evolution and epidemiology of bat trypanosomes based on both molecular studies and morphological records. In addition, we use a One Health approach to discuss the significance of bats as reservoirs (and putative vectors) of T. cruzi, with a focus on the complex associations between intra-specific genetic diversity and eco-epidemiology of T. cruzi in sylvatic and domestic ecosystems. This article also highlights current knowledge gaps on the biological implications of trypanosome co-infections in a single host, as well as the prevalence, vectors, life-cycle, host-range and clinical impact of most bat trypanosomes recorded to date. Continuous research efforts involving molecular surveillance of bat trypanosomes are required for improved disease prevention and control, mitigation of biosecurity risks and potential spill-over events, ultimately ensuring the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M. Austen
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Amanda D. Barbosa
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, DF, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (A.D.B.)
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Peterson JK, Graham AL, Dobson AP, Chávez OT. Rhodnius prolixus Life History Outcomes Differ when Infected with Different Trypanosoma cruzi I Strains. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:564-72. [PMID: 26078316 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a parasite on the life history of its vector is important for understanding and predicting disease transmission. Chagas disease agent Trypanosoma cruzi is a generalist parasite that is diverse across scales from its genetic diversity to the 100s of mammal and vector species it infects. Its vertebrate hosts show quite variable responses to infection, however, to date there are no studies looking at how T. cruzi variability might result in variable outcomes in its invertebrate host. Therefore, we investigated the effect of different T. cruzi I strains on Rhodnius prolixus survival and development. We found significant variation between insects infected with different strains, with some strains having no effect, as compared with uninfected insects, and others with significantly lower survival and development. We also found that different variables had varying importance between strains, with the effect of time postinfection and the blood:weight ratio of the infective meal significantly affecting the survival of insects infected with some strains, but not others. Our results suggest that T. cruzi can be pathogenic not only to its vertebrate hosts but also to its invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Peterson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Triana Chávez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Zingales B, Miles MA, Campbell DA, Tibayrenc M, Macedo AM, Teixeira MMG, Schijman AG, Llewellyn MS, Lages-Silva E, Machado CR, Andrade SG, Sturm NR. The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific nomenclature: rationale, epidemiological relevance and research applications. Infect Genet Evol 2011; 12:240-53. [PMID: 22226704 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, its mammalian reservoirs, and vectors have existed in nature for millions of years. The human infection, named Chagas disease, is a major public health problem for Latin America. T. cruzi is genetically highly diverse and the understanding of the population structure of this parasite is critical because of the links to transmission cycles and disease. At present, T. cruzi is partitioned into six discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI. Here we focus on the current status of taxonomy-related areas such as population structure, phylogeographical and eco-epidemiological features, and the correlation of DTU with natural and experimental infection. We also summarize methods for DTU genotyping, available for widespread use in endemic areas. For the immediate future multilocus sequence typing is likely to be the gold standard for population studies. We conclude that greater advances in our knowledge on pathogenic and epidemiological features of these parasites are expected in the coming decade through the comparative analysis of the genomes from isolates of various DTUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Zingales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Risso MG, Sartor PA, Burgos JM, Briceño L, Rodríguez EM, Guhl F, Chavez OT, Espinoza B, Monteón VM, Russomando G, Schijman AG, Bottasso OA, Leguizamón MS. Immunological identification of Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in human infection along the endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 84:78-84. [PMID: 21212206 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping studies show a polarized geographic distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in humans. Here, we assessed their distribution along Latin America through an immunological approach we designated Western blot (WB) assay with Trypomastigote small-surface antigen (TSSA) I and TSSA II (TSSA-WB). These antigens are expressed by T. cruzi I (TCI; now TcI) and T. cruzi II (TCII; reclassified as TcII to TcVI) parasites. TSSA-WB showed good concordance with genotyping tests. An unexpected frequency of TSSA II recognition was observed in Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico (northern region of Latin America). In Argentina and Paraguay (southern region), immunophenotyping confirmed the already reported TCII (TcII to TcVI) dominance. The lineage distribution between these regions showed significant difference but not among countries within them (except for Colombia and Venezuela). TSSA-WB shows TCII emergence in the northern region where TCI was reported as dominant or even as the unique T. cruzi lineage infecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marikena G Risso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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González C, Ortiz S, Solari A. Colombian Trypanosoma cruzi major genotypes circulating in patients: Minicircle homologies by cross-hybridization analysis. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1685-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Botero A, Ortiz S, Muñoz S, Triana O, Solari A. Differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli of Colombia using minicircle hybridization tests. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 68:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Luna-Marín KP, Jaramillo-Londoño CL, Hernández-Torres J, Gutiérrez-Marín R, Vallejo GA, Angulo-Silva VM. ITS–RFLP- and RAPD-based genetic variability of Trypanosoma cruzi I, human and vector strains in Santander (Colombia). Parasitol Res 2009; 105:519-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Falla A, Herrera C, Fajardo A, Montilla M, Vallejo GA, Guhl F. Haplotype identification within Trypanosoma cruzi I in Colombian isolates from several reservoirs, vectors and humans. Acta Trop 2009; 110:15-21. [PMID: 19135020 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability in the Trypanosoma cruzi I group has recently been revealed in Colombian isolates from humans, reservoirs and vectors. Genomic rearrangements and the polymorphic regions in taxonomic markers, such as the miniexon gene, have led to the development of molecular tools to identify phylogenetic haplotypes in T. cruzi isolates. From genetic polymorphisms found in T. cruzi I isolates, they have been classified into four haplotypes according to their epidemiologic transmission cycles. Haplotype Ia is associated with domestic isolates, from Rhodnius prolixus; haplotype Ib, with the domestic and peridomestic cycle, mainly associated with Triatoma dimidiata; haplotype Ic is a poorly characterized group, which has been associated with the peridomestic cycle; and haplotype Id has been related to the sylvatic cycle. In order to demonstrate that the circulating T. cruzi I isolates in Colombia can be classified in the four proposed haplotypes, specific primers were designed on polymorphic regions of the miniexon gene's intergenic sequences. This set of primers allowed the molecular characterization of 33 Colombian isolates, classifying them into three of the four proposed haplotypes (Ia, Ib and Id). Results obtained from maximum parsimony and maximum-likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses correlated with the molecular classification of the isolates and their transmission cycles. This study brings insights into the Chagas disease epidemiology and the parasite's transmission dynamics.
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Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Arboleda-Sánchez S, Rodríguez IB, Cura C, Salazar A, Del Mazo J, Triana-Chávez O, Schijman AG. Geographical clustering of Trypanosoma cruzi I groups from Colombia revealed by low-stringency single specific primer-PCR of the intergenic regions of spliced-leader genes. Parasitol Res 2009; 104:399-410. [PMID: 18850114 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A low-stringency single-primer polymerase chain reaction (LSSP-PCR) typing procedure targeted to the intergenic regions of spliced-leader genes (SL) was designed to profile Trypanosoma cruzi I stocks from endemic regions of Colombia. Comparison between SL-LSSP-PCR profiles of parasite DNA from vector faeces and cultures isolated from those faeces showed more conservative signatures than profiles using LSSP-PCR targeted to the minicircle variable regions (kDNA). This was also observed by analysing 15 parasite clones from one stock as well as serial samples of a same stock after in vitro culturing or inoculation into mice. Thus, SL-LSSP-PCR appears more appropriate than kDNA-LSSP-PCR for reliable typing of major T. cruzi I groups from in vitro cultured stocks and triatomine faeces. SL-LSSP-PCR grouped 46 of 47 T. cruzi I Colombian stocks according to their geographical procedences in four clusters: Cluster Cas from Casanare Department, Cluster Mg from Northern Magdalena department, Cluster Mom from Momposina Depression in Southern Magdalena and finally Cluster NW from northwestern Colombia, including Sucre, Chocó, Córdoba and Antioquia departments. Sequence analysis identified punctual mutations among amplicons from each cluster. Within Cluster Mg, sequence polymorphism allowed association with different sylvatic vector species. Novel SL sequences and LSSP-PCR profiles are reported from T. cruzi I infecting Eratyrus cuspidatus, Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius pallescens vectors.
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Velazquez M, Diez CN, Mora C, Diosque P, Marcipar IS. Trypanosoma cruzi: an analysis of the minicircle hypervariable regions diversity and its influence on strain typing. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:235-41. [PMID: 18725218 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current intraspecific nomenclature in Trypanosoma cruzi describes two major lineages, named T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II, and five sublineages within T. cruzi II, named IIa, IIb, IIc, IId and IIe. The polymorphism of minicircle hypervariable regions (mHVRs) of T. cruzi has been used in many studies for the molecular characterization of parasite populations directly from biological samples. However, the molecular bases that allow strain typing by these markers are still unclear. In this work we examined forty cloned mHVRs sequences of CL-Brener reference strain (IIe sublineage), and we found a predominant group of sequences, with 40% of frequency in this strain, with a 97% of identity among them. Out of the forty clones analyzed, we identified other less representative types, and a few unique ones. This predominant sequence is also present in different reference strains belonging to the other main T. cruzi lineages and sublineages (TcI, IIa, IIb, IIc and IId) although in a many thousand times lower frequency than in the CL-Brener strain, as shown by semiquantitative PCR. Similarly, predominant mHVR sequences previously described for TcIId strains, were clearly more frequent (many thousand times higher) in the IId reference strain analyzed by us (Mncl2) than within the reference strains belonging to the other lineages and sublineages. The analysis of the cloned sequences shows that more sequences than just the major one contribute to define the global pattern of mHVRs RFLP in the CL-Brener strain. The possible usefulness of these predominant sequences for typing TcIId and TcIIe sublineages by semiquantitative PCR, as well as the possible role of these sequences in genotype identification by mHVR probes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Velazquez
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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11
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Marquez DS, Ramírez LE, Moreno J, Pedrosa AL, Lages-Silva E. Trypanosoma rangeli: RAPD-PCR and LSSP-PCR analyses of isolates from southeast Brazil and Colombia and their relation with KPI minicircles. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:35-42. [PMID: 17517390 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the first genetic characterization of five Trypanosoma rangeli isolates from Minas Gerais, in the southeast of Brazil and their comparison with Colombian populations by minicircle classification, RAPD-PCR and LSSP-PCR analyses. Our results demonstrated a homogenous T. rangeli population circulating among Didelphis albiventris as reservoir host in Brazil while heterogeneous populations were found in different regions of Colombia. KP1(+) minicircles were found in 100% isolates from Brazil and in 36.4% of the Colombian samples, whereas the KP2 and KP3 minicircles were detected in both groups. RAPD-PCR and LSSP-PCR profiles revealed a polymorphism within KP1(+) and KP1(-) T. rangeli populations and allowed the division of T. rangeli in two branches. The Brazilian KP1(+) isolates were more homogenous than the KP1(+) isolates from Colombia. The RAPD-PCR were entirely consistent with the distribution of KP1 minicircles while those obtained by LSSP-PCR were associated in 88.9% and 71.4% with KP1(+) and KP1(-) populations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Marquez
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Avenida Frei Paulino, 30, Uberaba, Minas Gerais CEP 38025-180, Brazil
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Rojas W, Caro MA, Lopera JG, Triana O, Dib JC, Bedoya G. Análisis de polimorfismos en los genes tripanotión reductasa y cruzipaína en cepas colombianas de Trypanosoma cruzi. biomedica 2007; 27:50. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v27i1.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Herrera C, Bargues MD, Fajardo A, Montilla M, Triana O, Vallejo GA, Guhl F. Identifying four Trypanosoma cruzi I isolate haplotypes from different geographic regions in Colombia. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2007; 7:535-9. [PMID: 17287152 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi has been classified into the groups T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II. The latter is subdivided into five smaller lineages based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA, designated as IIa-IIe, which shows correspondence with rRNA/mini-exon lineages. Twelve previously characterised T. cruzi isolates from different hosts, including humans, Didelphis marsupialis, and triatomines were analysed to establish genetic variability in T. cruzi group T. cruzi I isolates from different geographical regions of Colombia. DNA samples were sequenced based on the mini-exon gene intergenic region. Sequences were analysed using Clustal W, Staden 1.5 and MEGA3 software, and using reported sequences from the GenBank as reference. The genetic distances were analysed using Kimura's two-parameter model. The isolates' joint alignment was of 350bp, and the calculated nucleotide divergence was of 17.5%. The differences consisted of 23 transitions (7.2%), 14 transversions (4.4%) and 19 insertion-deletions (5.9%). The Colombian T cruzi I isolates revealed sufficient genetic variability for us to propose the existence of four haplotypes identified through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion/deletion found in the mini-exon gene's non-transcribed spacer intergenic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Herrera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Salazar A, Schijman AG, Triana-Chávez O. High variability of Colombian Trypanosoma cruzi lineage I stocks as revealed by low-stringency single primer-PCR minicircle signatures. Acta Trop 2006; 100:110-8. [PMID: 17101108 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In Colombia, high genetic variability has been found among Trypanosoma cruzi stocks isolated from different vector and host species, using isoenzyme analysis and RFLP of total kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA), suggesting that several genetically related T. cruzi populations might be present within a single geographical area or adjacent ones. The objective of this study was to use the low-stringency single primer (LSSP)-PCR technique on variable regions of kDNA minicircles of T. cruzi to determine possible genetic relationships among stocks from distinct geographical regions of Colombia and different vector species and hosts. Although LSSP-PCR analysis showed a high genetic variability among 30 Colombian T. cruzi stocks, 29 of them belonged to T. cruzi lineage I, confirming that this lineage is predominant in different vector and host species from Colombia. Interestingly, one stock isolated from a Pastrongylus geniculatus bug was identified as T. cruzi lineage IIb, using PCR strategies targeted to the intergenic region of miniexon genes, a sequence encoding the D7 domain of the 24salpha ribosomal genes and the A10 fragment, being this finding, the first description of this lineage in Colombia. The LSSP-PCR signatures allowed correlation of most isolates with their respective geographical origins, and in one case from host and vector specimens at a same region, suggesting a transmission event. Moreover, variations in LSSP-PCR profiles among T. cruzi I stocks from a same region suggest that they may have a multiclonal character. Our results show that LSSP-PCR is a fast, valuable technique for characterization of intra-lineage polymorphism among T. cruzi stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Salazar
- Grupo de Chagas, Corporación de Patologías Tropicales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Triana O, Ortiz S, Dujardin JC, Solari A. Trypanosoma cruzi: variability of stocks from Colombia determined by molecular karyotype and minicircle Southern blot analysis. Exp Parasitol 2006; 113:62-6. [PMID: 16388803 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, most of them of wild origin, and four Trypanosoma rangeli stocks from Colombia were analysed by molecular karyotype analysis with cloned DNA cruzipain as the probe. Another 27 cloned stocks of T. cruzi from different geographic areas of South America were used as reference for T. cruzi lineages. Phenetic analysis of chromosome size polymorphism demonstrated a great variability of Colombian T. cruzi stocks, suggesting that most belong to lineage I, although two of them belong to lineage II. The 2 lineage II T. cruzi, 17 T. cruzi lineage I, and 3 T. rangeli stocks from Colombia were studied further by Southern blot analysis with a panel of kinetoplast DNA minicircle probes. Hybridisation results indicate that the two T. cruzi II stocks are genetically distant from each other and from T. cruzi lineages IIb, IId, and IIe from Chile. Finally, T. cruzi minicircle probes do not cross-hybridise in any stringency condition tested with T. rangeli minicircles, a clear indication that these parasites can be easily distinguished by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Triana
- Laboratorio de Chagas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Añez N, Crisante G, da Silva FM, Rojas A, Carrasco H, Umezawa ES, Stolf AMS, Ramírez JL, Teixeira MMG. Predominance of lineage I among Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Venezuelan patients with different clinical profiles of acute Chagas' disease. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9:1319-26. [PMID: 15598264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from 23 acute chagasic patients from localities of Western Venezuela (state of Barinas) where Chagas' disease is endemic were typed using ribosomal and mini-exon gene markers. Results showed that isolates of the two major phylogenetic lineages, T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II, were isolated from these patients. Six isolates (26%) were typed as T. cruzi II and 17 (74%) as belonging to T. cruzi lineage I. Analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns confirmed these two groups of isolates, but did not disclose significant genetic intra-lineage polymorphism. Patients infected by both T. cruzi I or T. cruzi II showed different clinical profiles presenting highly variable signs and symptoms of acute phase of Chagas' disease ranging from totally asymptomatic to severe heart failure. The predominance of T. cruzi I human isolates in Venezuela allied to the higher prevalence of severe symptoms of Chagas' disease (heart failure) in patients infected by this lineage do not corroborate an innocuousness of T. cruzi I infection to humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing predominance of T. cruzi lineage I in a large number of acute chagasic patients with distinct and well-characterized clinical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Añez
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Mérida, Venezuela.
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Devera R, Fernandes O, Coura JR. Should Trypanosoma cruzi be called "cruzi" complex? a review of the parasite diversity and the potential of selecting population after in vitro culturing and mice infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:1-12. [PMID: 12700855 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morpho-biological diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi has been known since Chagas' first works in 1909. Several further studies confirmed the morphological differences among the parasite strains, which were isolated from different reservoirs and vectors, as well as from human beings. In the early sixties, antigenic differences were found in the parasite strains from various sources. These differences, coupled to the observation of regional variations of the disease, led to the proposal of the term cruzi complex to designate the taxon T. cruzi. Since then this protozoan has been typed in distinct biodemes, zymodemes and lineages which were consensually grouped into T. cruzi I, T. cruzi II and into non-grouped strains. T. cruzi genotypic characterization, initially carried out by schizodeme analysis and more recently by various other techniques, has shown a great diversity of the parasite strains. In fact, T. cruzi is formed by groups of heterogeneous sub-population, which present specific characteristics, including distinct histotropism. The interaction of the different infecting clones of the cruzi complex and the human host will determine the morbidity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Devera
- Departmento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brasil
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Cuervo P, Cupolillo E, Segura I, Saravia N, Fernandes O. Genetic diversity of Colombian sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi isolates revealed by the ribosomal DNA. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:877-80. [PMID: 12386714 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000600023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is a common zoonosis in Colombia and Trypanosoma cruzi presents a wide distribution throughout the country. Although some studies based on enzyme electrophoresis profiles have described the population structure of the parasite, very few molecular analyses of genotipic markers have been conducted using Colombian strains. In this study, we amplified the non-transcribed spacer of the mini-gene by PCR, typing the isolates as T. cruzi I, T. cruzi zymodeme 3 or T. rangeli. In addition, the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal gene concomitant with the 5.8S rDNA were amplified and submitted to restriction fragment polymorphism analysis. The profiles were analyzed by a numerical methodology generating a phenetic dendrogram that shows heterogeneity among the T. cruzi isolates. This finding suggests a relationship between the complexity of the sylvatic transmission cycle in Colombia and the diversity of the sylvan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cuervo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia
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