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Fathima S, Shanmugasundaram R, Adams D, Selvaraj RK. Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Their Manipulation for Improved Growth and Performance in Chickens. Foods 2022; 11:1401. [PMID: 35626971 PMCID: PMC9140538 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut of warm-blooded animals is colonized by microbes possibly constituting at least 100 times more genetic material of microbial cells than that of the somatic cells of the host. These microbes have a profound effect on several physiological functions ranging from energy metabolism to the immune response of the host, particularly those associated with the gut immune system. The gut of a newly hatched chick is typically sterile but is rapidly colonized by microbes in the environment, undergoing cycles of development. Several factors such as diet, region of the gastrointestinal tract, housing, environment, and genetics can influence the microbial composition of an individual bird and can confer a distinctive microbiome signature to the individual bird. The microbial composition can be modified by the supplementation of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics. Supplementing these additives can prevent dysbiosis caused by stress factors such as infection, heat stress, and toxins that cause dysbiosis. The mechanism of action and beneficial effects of probiotics vary depending on the strains used. However, it is difficult to establish a relationship between the gut microbiome and host health and productivity due to high variability between flocks due to environmental, nutritional, and host factors. This review compiles information on the gut microbiota, dysbiosis, and additives such as probiotics, postbiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, which are capable of modifying gut microbiota and elaborates on the interaction of these additives with chicken gut commensals, immune system, and their consequent effects on health and productivity. Factors to be considered and the unexplored potential of genetic engineering of poultry probiotics in addressing public health concerns and zoonosis associated with the poultry industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.F.); (D.A.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Daniel Adams
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.F.); (D.A.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.F.); (D.A.); (R.K.S.)
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Sharma S, Singh A, Sharma S, Kant A, Sevda S, Taherzadeh MJ, Garlapati VK. Functional Foods as a formulation ingredients in beverages: Technological Advancements and Constraints. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11055-11075. [PMID: 34783642 PMCID: PMC8810194 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2005992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of expanded science and technical research, the market perception of consumers has shifted from standard traditional to valuable foods, which are furthermore nutritional as well as healthier in today’s world. This food concept, precisely referred to as functional, focuses on including probiotics, which enhance immune system activity, cognitive response, and overall health. This review primarily focuses on functional foods as functional additives in beverages and other food items that can regulate the human immune system and avert any possibility of contracting the infection. Many safety concerns must be resolved during their administration. Functional foods must have an adequate amount of specific probiotic strain(s) during their use and storage, as good viability is needed for optimum functionality of the probiotic. Thus, when developing novel functional food-based formulations, choosing a strain with strong technological properties is crucial. The present review focused on probiotics as an active ingredient in different beverage formulations and the exerting mechanism of action and fate of probiotics in the human body. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the regulative and safety issues of probiotics-based foods and beverages formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Astha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Anil Kant
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Surajbhan Sevda
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal506004, India
| | | | - Vijay Kumar Garlapati
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
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Kim HW, Ju DB, Kye YC, Ju YJ, Kim CG, Lee IK, Park SM, Choi IS, Cho KK, Lee SH, Kim SC, Jung ID, Han SH, Yun CH. Galectin-9 Induced by Dietary Probiotic Mixture Regulates Immune Balance to Reduce Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3063. [PMID: 32038618 PMCID: PMC6987441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics can be an effective treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD), while their mechanism of action is still unclear. Here, we induced AD in mice with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and administrated YK4, a probiotic mixture consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus CBT LA1, L. plantarum CBT LP3, Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3, and B. lactis CBT BL3. Then, we have validated the underlying mechanism for the alleviation of AD by YK4 from the intestinal and systematic immunological perspectives. Administration of YK4 in AD mice alleviated the symptoms of AD by suppressing the expression of skin thymic stromal lymphopoietin and serum immunoglobulin E eliciting excessive T-helper (Th) 2 cell-mediated responses. YK4 inhibited Th2 cell population through induce the proportion of Th1 cells in spleen and Treg cells in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph node (mLN). CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) in mLN and the spleen were significantly increased in AD mice administered with YK4 when compared to AD mice. Furthermore, galectin-9 was significantly increased in the gut of AD mice administered with YK4. In vitro experiments were performed using bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC) and CD4+ T cells to confirm the immune mechanisms of YK4 and galectin-9. The expression of CD44, a receptor of galectin-9, together with programmed death-ligand 1 was significantly upregulated in BMDCs following treatment with YK4. IL-10 and IL-12 were upregulated when BMDCs were treated with YK4. Cytokines together with co-receptors from DCs play a major role in the differentiation and activation of CD4+ T cells. Proliferation of Tregs and Th1 cell activation were enhanced when CD4+T cells were co-cultured with YK4-treated BMDCs. Galectin-9 appeared to contribute at least partially to the proliferation of Tregs. The results further suggested that DCs treated with YK4 induced the differentiation of naïve T cells toward Th1 and Tregs. At the same time, YK4 alleviated AD symptoms by inhibiting Th2 response. Thus, the present study suggested a potential role of YK4 as an effective immunomodulatory agent in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wool Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Bin Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Chul Kye
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Gyun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Moo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Soon Choi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kwang Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Probiotics have been used to ameliorate gastrointestinal symptoms since ancient times. Over the past 40 years, probiotics have been shown to impact the immune system, both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction is linked to gut microbes, their polysaccharide antigens, and key metabolites produced by these bacteria. At least four metabolic pathways have been implicated in mechanistic studies of probiotics, based on mechanistic studies in animal models. Microbial⁻immune system crosstalk has been linked to: short-chain fatty acid production and signaling, tryptophan metabolism and the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors, nucleoside signaling in the gut, and activation of the intestinal histamine-2 receptor. Several randomized controlled trials have now shown that microbial modification by probiotics may improve gastrointestinal symptoms and multiorgan inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis. Future work will need to carefully assess safety issues, selection of optimal strains and combinations, and attempts to prolong the duration of colonization of beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jane J Alookaran
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - J Marc Rhoads
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Bioengineered probiotics represent the next generation of whole cell-mediated biotherapeutics. Advances in synthetic biology, genome engineering, and DNA sequencing and synthesis have enabled scientists to design and develop probiotics with increased stress tolerance and the ability to target specific pathogens and their associated toxins, as well as to mediate targeted delivery of vaccines, drugs, and immunomodulators directly to host cells. Herein, we review the most significant advances in the development of this field. We discuss the critical issue of biological containment and consider the role of synthetic biology in the design and construction of the probiotics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babasola Sola-Oladokun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland; , ,
| | - Eamonn P Culligan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland; , ,
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland; , , .,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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de Llano D, Gil‐sánchez I, Esteban‐fernández A, Ramos A, Cueva C, Moreno‐arribas M, Bartolomé B. Some Contributions to the Study of Oenological Lactic Acid Bacteria through Their Interaction with Polyphenols. Beverages 2016; 2:27. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages2040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Culligan EP, Sleator RD. Advances in the Microbiome: Applications to Clostridium difficile Infection. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E83. [PMID: 27657145 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5090083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, causing over 400,000 infections and approximately 29,000 deaths in the United States alone each year. C. difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in the developed world, and, in recent years, the emergence of hyper-virulent (mainly ribotypes 027 and 078, sometimes characterised by increased toxin production), epidemic strains and an increase in the number of community-acquired infections has caused further concern. Antibiotic therapy with metronidazole, vancomycin or fidaxomicin is the primary treatment for C. difficile infection (CDI). However, CDI is unique, in that, antibiotic use is also a major risk factor for acquiring CDI or recurrent CDI due to disruption of the normal gut microbiota. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative, non-antibiotic therapeutics to treat or prevent CDI. Here, we review a number of such potential treatments which have emerged from advances in the field of microbiome research.
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de Llano DG, Gil-sánchez I, Esteban-fernández A, Ramos AM, Fernández-díaz M, Cueva C, Moreno-arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Reciprocal beneficial effects between wine polyphenols and probiotics: an exploratory study. Eur Food Res Technol 2017; 243:531-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Miller LE, Zimmermann AK, Ouwehand AC. Contemporary meta-analysis of short-term probiotic consumption on gastrointestinal transit. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5122-5131. [PMID: 27275105 PMCID: PMC4886388 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i21.5122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the efficacy of probiotic supplementation on intestinal transit time (ITT) in adults and to identify factors that influence these outcomes.
METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotic supplementation that measured ITT in adults. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. A random effects meta-analysis was performed with standardized mean difference (SMD) of ITT between probiotic and control groups as the primary outcome. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses examined the impact of moderator variables on SMD of ITT.
RESULTS: A total of 15 clinical trials with 17 treatment effects representing 675 subjects were included in this analysis. Probiotic supplementation was moderately efficacious in decreasing ITT compared to control, with an SMD of 0.38 (95%CI: 0.23-0.53, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated statistically greater reductions in ITT with probiotics in subjects with vs without constipation (SMD: 0.57 vs 0.22, P < 0.01) and in studies with high vs low study quality (SMD: 0.45 vs 0.00, P = 0.01). Constipation (R2 = 38%, P < 0.01), higher study quality (R2 = 31%, P = 0.01), older age (R2 = 27%, P = 0.02), higher percentage of female subjects (R2 = 26%, P = 0.02), and fewer probiotic strains (R2 = 20%, P < 0.05) were predictive of decreased ITT with probiotics in meta-regression. Medium to large treatment effects were identified with B. lactis HN019 (SMD: 0.67, P < 0.001) and B. lactis DN-173 010 (SMD: 0.54, P < 0.01) while other probiotic strains yielded negligible reductions in ITT relative to control.
CONCLUSION: Probiotic supplementation is moderately efficacious for reducing ITT in adults. Probiotics were most efficacious in constipated subjects, when evaluated in high-quality studies, and with certain probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Sleator
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown, Cork , Ireland
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Abstract
The review centers on the human gastrointestinal tract; focusing first on the bacterial stress responses needed to overcome the physiochemical defenses of the host, specifically how these stress survival strategies can be used as targets for alternative infection control strategies. The concluding section focuses on recent developments in molecular diagnostics; centring on the shifting paradigm from culture to molecular based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Sleator
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; Cork Institute of Technology ; Bishopstown , Cork , Ireland
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