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Wang Z, Wang X, Shi Y, Wu S, Ding Y, Yao G, Chen J. Advancements in elucidating the pathogenesis of actinic keratosis: present state and future prospects. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1330491. [PMID: 38566927 PMCID: PMC10985158 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1330491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Solar keratosis, also known as actinic keratosis (AK), is becoming increasingly prevalent. It is a benign tumor that develops in the epidermis. Individuals with AK typically exhibit irregular, red, scaly bumps or patches as a result of prolonged exposure to UV rays. These growths primarily appear on sun-exposed areas of the skin such as the face, scalp, and hands. Presently, dermatologists are actively studying AK due to its rising incidence rate in the United States. However, the underlying causes of AK remain poorly understood. Previous research has indicated that the onset of AK involves various mechanisms including UV ray-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, complex mutagenesis, resulting immunosuppression, inhibited apoptosis, dysregulated cell cycle, altered cell proliferation, tissue remodeling, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. AK can develop in three ways: spontaneous regression, persistence, or progression into invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Multiple risk factors and diverse signaling pathways collectively contribute to its complex pathogenesis. To mitigate the risk of cancerous changes associated with long-term UV radiation exposure, prompt identification, management, and prevention of AK are crucial. The objective of this review is to elucidate the primary mechanisms underlying AK malignancy and identify potential treatment targets for dermatologists in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyang Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guotai Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Singh H, Chopra H, Singh I, Mohanto S, Ahmed MG, Ghumra S, Seelan A, Survase M, Kumar A, Mishra A, Mishra AK, Kamal MA. Molecular targeted therapies for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: recent developments and clinical implications. EXCLI J 2024; 23:300-334. [PMID: 38655092 PMCID: PMC11036065 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) is a common and potentially fatal type of skin cancer that poses a significant threat to public health and has a high prevalence rate. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the skin surface increases the risk of cSCC, especially in those with genetic syndromes like xerodermapigmentosum and epidermolysis bullosa. Therefore, understanding the molecular pathogenesis of cSCC is critical for developing personalized treatment approaches that are effective in cSCC. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge of cSCC pathogenesis, emphasizing dysregulated signaling pathways and the significance of molecular profiling. Several limitations and challenges associated with conventional therapies, however, are identified, stressing the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The article further discusses molecular targets and therapeutic approaches, i.e., epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, hedgehog pathway inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors, as well as emerging molecular targets and therapeutic agents. The manuscript explores resistance mechanisms to molecularly targeted therapies and proposes methods to overcome them, including combination strategies, rational design, and optimization. The clinical implications and patient outcomes of molecular-targeted treatments are assessed, including response rates and survival outcomes. The management of adverse events and toxicities in molecular-targeted therapies is crucial and requires careful monitoring and control. The paper further discusses future directions for therapeutic advancement and research in this area, as well as the difficulties and constraints associated with conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P., India, 244102
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai - 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Shruti Ghumra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NarseeMonjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Pherozeshah Mehta Rd, Mumbai, India, 400056
| | - Anmol Seelan
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Aurangabad, India
| | - Manisha Survase
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Aurangabad, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P., India, 244102
| | - Amrita Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India, 110017
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- SOS School of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P., India, 244102
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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Cheraghlou S, Doudican NA, Criscito MC, Stevenson ML, Carucci JA. Defining and quantifying histopathologic risk factors for regional and distant metastases in a large cohort of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:1022-1030. [PMID: 37054818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (vSCC) is a rare tumor with a good prognosis when treated at a localized stage. However, once regional/distant metastasis occurs, vSCC can be rapidly fatal. Thus, it is important to identify tumor prognostic features so that high-risk cases can be prioritized for further diagnostic workup and treatment. OBJECTIVE To estimate the risk of regional/distant metastasis at presentation and sentinel lymph node status for vSCC based on histopathologic characteristics. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 15,188 adult vSCC cases from the National Cancer Database diagnosed from 2012 to 2019. RESULTS We provide specific estimates of the risk of clinically positive nodes and metastatic disease at presentation and sentinel lymph node positivity according to tumor size, moderate/poor tumor differentiation, and lymph-vascular invasion. These histopathologic factors were all significantly associated with the tested clinical outcomes in a multivariable analysis. Moderate (hazard ratio, 1.190; P < .001) and poor differentiation (hazard ratio, 1.204; P < .001) and lymph-vascular invasion (hazard ratio, 1.465; P < .001) were also associated with significantly poorer overall survival. LIMITATIONS Data on disease-specific survival not available in the data set. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the association of the histopathologic characteristics of vSCC with clinically important outcomes. These data may provide individualized information when discussing diagnostic/treatment recommendations, particularly regarding sentinel lymph node biopsy. These data may also guide future staging and risk stratification efforts for vSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Cheraghlou
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nicole A Doudican
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Maressa C Criscito
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mary L Stevenson
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - John A Carucci
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Wong EWY, Pandeya S, Crandall H, Smart T, Dixon M, Boucher KM, Florell SR, Grossman D, Sanchez B. Electrical impedance dermography differentiates squamous cell carcinoma in situ from inflamed seborrheic keratoses. JID Innovations 2023; 3:100194. [PMID: 37066115 PMCID: PMC10090659 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2023.100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no currently available low-cost, noninvasive methods for discerning the depth of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) invasion or distinguishing SCC from its benign mimics, such as inflamed seborrheic keratosis (SK). We studied 35 subjects with subsequently confirmed SCC or SK. Subjects underwent electrical impedance dermography measurements at six frequencies to assess the electrical properties of the lesion. Averaged greatest intrasession reproducibility values were 0.630 for invasive SCC at 128 kHz, 0.444 for SCC in situ at 16 kHz, and 0.460 for SK at 128 kHz. Electrical impedance dermography modeling revealed significant differences between SCC and inflamed SK in normal skin (P < 0.001) and also between invasive SCC and SCC in situ (P < 0.001), invasive SCC and inflamed SK (P < 0.001), and SCC in situ and inflamed SK (P < 0.001). A diagnostic algorithm classified SCC in situ from inflamed SK with an accuracy of 0.958, a sensitivity of 94.6%, and a specificity of 96.9%; it also classified SCC in situ from normal skin with an accuracy of 0.796, a sensitivity of 90.2%, and a specificity of 51.2%. This study provides preliminary data and a methodology that can be used in future studies to further advance the value of electrical impedance dermography and inform biopsy decision making in patients with lesions suspicious of SCC.
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Su W, Huang B, Zhang Q, Han W, An L, Guan Y, Ji J, Yu D. Exploring Potential Biomarkers, Ferroptosis Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets Associated with Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Integrated Transcriptomic Analysis. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022; 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36247089 PMCID: PMC9553755 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3524022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the leading cause of death in patients with nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC). However, the unclear pathogenesis of cSCC limits the application of molecular targeted therapy. Methods Three microarray datasets (GSE2503, GSE45164, and GSE66359) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). After identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor and nontumor tissues, five kinds of analyses, namely, functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, hub gene selection, TF-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network analysis, and ferroptosis mechanism, were performed. Results A total of 146 DEGs were identified with significant differences, including 113 upregulated genes and 33 downregulated genes. The enriched functions and pathways of the DEGs included microtubule-based movement, ATP binding, cell cycle, P53 signaling pathway, oocyte meiosis, and PLK1 signaling events. Nine hub genes were identified (CDK1, AURKA, RRM2, CENPE, CCNB1, KIAA0101, ZWINT, TOP2A, and ASPM). Finally, RRM2, AURKA, and SAT1 were identified as significant ferroptosis-related genes in cSCC. The differential expression of these genes has been verified in two other independent datasets. Conclusions By integrated bioinformatic analysis, the hub genes identified in this study elucidated the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis and progression of cSCC and are expected to become future biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Piipponen M, Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Kähäri VM. The Role of p53 in Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184507. [PMID: 34572732 PMCID: PMC8466956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common types of cancer worldwide, and their incidence is increasing. Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the three major types of skin cancer. Melanoma originates from melanocytes, whereas BCC and cSCC originate from epidermal keratinocytes and are therefore called keratinocyte carcinomas. Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a common risk factor for skin cancers, but they differ with respect to oncogenic mutational profiles and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. cSCC is the most common metastatic skin cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis in the advanced stage. An important early event in cSCC development is mutation of the TP53 gene and inactivation of the tumor suppressor function of the tumor protein 53 gene (TP53) in epidermal keratinocytes, which then leads to accumulation of additional oncogenic mutations. Additional genomic and proteomic alterations are required for the progression of premalignant lesion, actinic keratosis, to invasive and metastatic cSCC. Recently, the role of p53 in the invasion of cSCC has also been elucidated. In this review, the role of p53 in the progression of cSCC and as potential new therapeutic target for cSCC will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Piipponen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Dermatology and Venereology Division, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2-3131600
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Wang H, Li H, Yan Q, Gao S, Gao J, Wang Z, Sun Y. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-13 as a diagnostic biomarker for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:816. [PMID: 34266392 PMCID: PMC8284021 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A significant proportion of newly diagnosed patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) have metastasis and eventually die of the disease, necessitating the exploration of novel biomarkers for early detection of cSCC aggressiveness, risk assessment and monitoring. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) has been implicated in cSCC pathogenesis. Serum MMP-13 levels have been shown to predict survival in patients with esophageal SCC, but their diagnostic value for cSCC has not been explored. Methods We conducted a case-control study to examine serum MMP-13 as a biomarker for cSCC. Patients with cSCC undergoing surgical resection and health controls undergoing plastic surgery were recruited. ELISA for measurement of serum MMP-13 and immunohistochemistry for detection of tissue MMP-13 were performed, and the results were compared between the case and the control group, and among different patient groups. ROC curve analysis was performed to determine the diagnostic value of serum MMP-13 levels. Results The ratio of male to female, and the age between the case (n = 77) and the control group (n = 50) were not significantly different. Patients had significantly higher serum MMP-13 levels than healthy controls. Subjects with stage 3 cSCC had markedly higher serum MMP-13 levels than those with stage 1 and stage 2 cSCC. Patients with invasive cSCC had remarkably higher serum MMP-13 than those with cSCC in situ. Post-surgery serum MMP-13 measurement was done in 12 patients, and a significant MMP-13 decrease was observed after removal of cSCC. Tumor tissues had a remarkably higher level of MMP-13 than control tissues. Serum MMP-13 predicted the presence of invasive cSCC with an AUC of 0.87 (95% CI [0.78 to 0.95]) for sensitivity and specificity of 81.7 and 82.4%, respectively for a cut-off value of 290 pg/mL. Serum MMP-13 predicted lymph node involvement with an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI [0.88 to 0.99]) for sensitivity and specificity of 93.8 and 88.5%, respectively for a cut-off value of 430 pg/mL. Conclusion Serum MMP-13 might serve as a valuable biomarker for early detection of cSCC invasiveness and monitoring of cSCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Qingtao Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Sumei Gao
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Jianfang Gao
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Weifang People's Hospital, 151 Guangwen St, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China.
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Yu L, Liu J, Zhang TD, Zheng XF, Luo DL, Zhu WL, Qiu XW, Guo LL. Decreased TMEM40 expression is associated with malignant behavior of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and inhibits tumor progression. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:606. [PMID: 34188708 PMCID: PMC8227547 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is one of the most common types of skin cancer in humans worldwide. The identification and characterization of cancer-associated transmembrane proteins are important for understanding the molecular biology of CSCC. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression pattern of transmembrane protein 40 (TMEM40) in CSCC and its clinical significance. The underlying mechanisms were also examined. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to determine the relative expression of TMEM40 in CSCC cell lines and clinical tissue samples. The effect of TMEM40 gene silencing on cell proliferation was also evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays. Wound healing assays, flow cytometry and Transwell assays were used to explore the migration, cell cycle distribution/apoptosis and invasion of CSCC cells following TMEM40 silencing, respectively. In the present study, increased TMEM40 expression was observed in CSCC tissue samples, compared with normal skin, and TMEM40 expression was associated with large tumor size in patients with CSCC. In vitro functional assays indicated that TMEM40 was involved in the regulation of A431 and SCL1 cell growth through its effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis. Silencing TMEM40 in A431 and SCL1 cells resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and promoted apoptosis. In addition, migration and invasion were significantly inhibited following silencing of TMEM40 expression in CSCC cells. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that reduced TMEM40 expression could inhibit CSCC development and that TMEM40 may represent a therapeutic target in CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Tang-De Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Fen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong 528308, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Lan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Liang Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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Condurache Hritcu OM, Botez AE, Olinici DT, Onofrei P, Stoica L, Grecu VB, Toader PM, Gheucă-Solovăstru L, Cotrutz EC. Molecular markers associated with potentially malignant oral lesions (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:834. [PMID: 34149880 PMCID: PMC8200803 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
According to literature data, potentially premalignant oral lesions are the basis of over 85% of cell carcinomas. Despite multiple advances achieved during the last few decades in the diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinomas, there has not been a significant change in the prognosis and 5-year survival rate. The prevention of malignant transformation of these tumors by diagnosis and targeted treatment would be the ideal scenario. These potentially premalignant oral lesions represent an important subject for either the clinical or the research field, due to the higher malignant transformation observed in the last few years at different ages. To date, histopathological examination based on TNM criteria is considered the 'golden standard'. However, this type of examination has its limitation due to staining procedures and photonic microscope examination. Identification of cellular and molecular markers specific to these oral lesions with potentially malignant transformation could lead to early detection, accurate diagnosis, prevention of the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and facilitate a targeted therapeutic approach. In this review, we focused on a series of molecules that are implicated in the malignant transformation of these lesions and considered potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Mihaela Condurache Hritcu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana Emanuela Botez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Doinita Temelie Olinici
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - P Onofrei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Stoica
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - V B Grecu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Paula Mihaela Toader
- Department of Dermatology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Gheucă-Solovăstru
- Department of Dermatology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Carmen Cotrutz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 'Gr. T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Lincoln V, Chao L, Woodley DT, Murrell D, Kim M, O'Toole EA, Ly A, Cogan J, Mosallaei D, Wysong A, Chen M. Over-expression of stromal periostin correlates with poor prognosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:698-704. [PMID: 33450077 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periostin, an extracellular matrix macromolecule implicated in tumorigenesis, serves as a prognostic marker for many cancer types. However, there are no data on periostin expression in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). This study examined periostin expression in patients with cSCC and explored its clincopathological relationship and prognosis. Using immunohistochemistry and ImageJ analysis, we compared periostin expression in 95 cSCCs across a spectrum of cSCC aggressiveness: cSCC in situ (SCCIS) (n = 25), low-risk cSCC (LR-cSCC) (n = 26), high-risk cSCC (HR-cSCC) (n = 38), and cSCC in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa patients (RDEB cSCC) (n = 6). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated periostin expression within the intra-tumoral stroma but not within tumor cells. Periostin levels significantly (P < 0.001) increased from SCCIS, LR-cSCC, HR-cSCC to RDEB SCC. The stroma of most of the cSCCs we evaluated contained cancer-associated fibroblasts with a myofibroblastic (α -SMA-positive) phenotype. Co-localization of periostin with α-SMA, evidence of fibroblast periostin expression, and absence of keratinocyte or tumor cell periostin expression suggest that, in cSCC, periostin is a product of the peritumoral microenvironment and not the tumor cells themselves. Our data indicate that fibroblast periostin expression is highly correlated with the aggressiveness of cSCC, and may thereby provide a molecular marker that will be useful for subtyping and diagnosing cSCCs according to their biological nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Lincoln
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lyu Chao
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David T Woodley
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Minhee Kim
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Edel A O'Toole
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | - Alexandre Ly
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jon Cogan
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Mosallaei
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Wysong
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous keratinocyte-derived cancers is increasing globally. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy worldwide, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common metastatic skin cancer. BCC can be classified into subtypes based on the histology, and these subtypes are classified further into low- and high-risk tumors. There is an increasing need to identify new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of unresectable and metastatic cSCC, and for aggressive BCC variants such as infiltrating, basosquamous or morpheaform BCCs. The most important risk factor for BCC and cSCC is solar UV radiation, which causes genetic and epigenetic alterations in keratinocytes. Similar gene mutations are noted already in sun-exposed normal skin emphasizing the role of the alterations in the tumor microenvironment in the progression of cSCC. Early events in cSCC progression are alterations in the composition of basement membrane and dermal extracellular matrix induced by influx of microbes, inflammatory cells and activated stromal fibroblasts. Activated fibroblasts promote inflammation and produce growth factors and proteolytic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Transforming growth factor-β produced by tumor cells and fibroblasts induces the expression of MMPs by cSCC cells and promotes their invasion. Fibroblast-derived keratinocyte growth factor suppresses the malignant phenotype of cSCC cells by inhibiting the expression of several MMPs. These findings emphasize the importance of interplay of tumor and stromal cells in the progression of cSCC and BCC and suggest tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cSCC and aggressive subtypes of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research LaboratoryUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research LaboratoryUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Veli‐Matti Kähäri
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research LaboratoryUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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12
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Tan X, Su AT, Hajiabadi H, Tran M, Nguyen Q. Applying Machine Learning for Integration of Multi-Modal Genomics Data and Imaging Data to Quantify Heterogeneity in Tumour Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2190:209-28. [PMID: 32804368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0826-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With rapid advances in experimental instruments and protocols, imaging and sequencing data are being generated at an unprecedented rate contributing significantly to the current and coming big biomedical data. Meanwhile, unprecedented advances in computational infrastructure and analysis algorithms are realizing image-based digital diagnosis not only in radiology and cardiology but also oncology and other diseases. Machine learning methods, especially deep learning techniques, are already and broadly implemented in diverse technological and industrial sectors, but their applications in healthcare are just starting. Uniquely in biomedical research, a vast potential exists to integrate genomics data with histopathological imaging data. The integration has the potential to extend the pathologist's limits and boundaries, which may create breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring at molecular and tissue levels. Moreover, the applications of genomics data are realizing the potential for personalized medicine, making diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and prognosis more accurate. In this chapter, we discuss machine learning methods readily available for digital pathology applications, new prospects of integrating spatial genomics data on tissues with tissue morphology, and frontier approaches to combining genomics data with pathological imaging data. We present perspectives on how artificial intelligence can be synergized with molecular genomics and imaging to make breakthroughs in biomedical and translational research for computer-aided applications.
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13
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Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common skin cancer with an increasing incidence. As a pre-cancerous condition, actinic keratosis (AK) has an up to 20% risk of progression to cSCC. This study aims to define the potential genes that associated with genesis and progression of cSCC, thereby further identify critical biomarkers for the prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment of cSCC.Two datasets GSE42677 and GSE45216 were downloaded from the GEO. Microarray data analysis was applied to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between cSCC samples and AK samples. Then functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and drug-gene interaction analysis were performed to screen key genes.A total of 711 DEGs, including 238 upregulated genes and 473 downregulated genes, were screened out. DEGs mainly involved in pathways as extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Candidate genes, including upregulated genes as JUN, filamin A (FLNA), casein kinase 1 delta (CSNK1D), and histone cluster 1 H3 family member f (HIST1H3F), and downregulated genes as androgen receptor (AR), heat shock protein family H member 1 (HSPH1), tropomyosin 1 (TPM1), pyruvate kinase, muscle (PKM), LIM domain and actin binding 1 (LIMA1), and synaptopodin (SYNPO) were screened out. In drug-gene interaction analysis, 13 genes and 44 drugs were identified.This study demonstrates that genes JUN, FLNA, AR, HSPH1, and CSNK1D have the potential to function as targets for diagnosis and treatment of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Sumin Chi
- Department of Physiology, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi’an, China
| | - Chengxin Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
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14
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Mendez T, Saffari S, Cowan JM, Laver NMV, Baleja JD, Alt-Holland A. Delineating cell behavior and metabolism of non-melanoma skin cancer in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:165-80. [PMID: 31970645 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers - basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) - are the most frequent forms of malignant neoplasm in humans worldwide. The etiology of these carcinomas is multifactorial. In addition to the harmful effect of UV light, altered cross-talk between neoplastic epithelial cells and the supporting dermal fibroblasts contributes to the regulation of tumor cell behavior, growth and survival. Metabolic cooperation between these cell types allows them to adapt and react to changes in their surrounding microenvironment by modifying their cellular bioenergetics and biosynthesis. We characterized the growth, behavior, and metabolic activity of human BCC cells, E-cadherin-competent SCC cells and E-cadherin-suppressed SCC cells in the presence or absence of dermal fibroblasts. In mono-cultures and co-cultures, BCC and SCC cells demonstrated distinct morphology, growth and organizational patterns. These tumor cells also exhibited unique patterns of consumption and secretion profiles of glucose, lactate, acetate, glutamine, glutamate, and pyruvate. In comparison to mono-cultures, growth of fibroblasts with either BCC cells or SCC cells enriched the cell growth environment, allowed for metabolic cooperation between these two cell types, and resulted in alterations in the metabolic profiles of the co-cultures. These alterations were affected by the cancer cell type, culture confluence and the composition of the growth medium. Characterizing the bioenergetics of BCC and SCC cells in the context of tumor-stromal interactions is not only important for further understanding of tumor pathogenesis, but also can illuminate potential new targets for novel, metabolic-based therapies for non-melanoma skin cancers.
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15
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Li Y, Huang C, Yang X. Characterization of TCF4-mediated oncogenic role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2019; 12:3583-3594. [PMID: 31934208 PMCID: PMC6949837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant highly expressed T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) has been determined to be closely connected with carcinogenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in previous studies. However, the underlying regulatory network and the potential therapeutic targets of TCF4 in SCC are still not fully understood. In this study, the highly expressed TCF4 was observed in human cSCC cancer compared to the paired adjacent tissues. A431 cell lines with TCF4 RNA silencing were found to be the repressive cell proliferation and invasion as well as the enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, RNA-Seq was conducted and observed that 147 genes were up-regulated (including 113 coding genes and 34 lncRNA) while 172 genes were down-regulated (including 64 coding genes and 108 lncRNA) in TCF4 silencing compared to blank RNAi and untreated control A431 cells. 18 pathways including steroid, porphyrin, arachidonic acid, and retinol metabolism, as well as the functions associated with angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and cell adhesion were involved in the differentially expressed genes of A431 cells with TCF4 silencing. Finally, ChIP-qPCR of TCF4 and β-catenin were performed and we found that the enrichments of β-catenin were lost on the promoters on top ten down-regulated genes in A431 cells with TCF4 silencing compared to the untreated A431. Additionally, in untreated A431 cells, some genes such as ALDH8A1, DRICH1, and UGT1A5 were observed with high enrichment of TCF4, but without β-catenin, which indicated a Wnt/β-catenin independent way of TCF4 for gene transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, we declared that TCF4 played an important role in tumorigenesis of skin cancer via the aberrant activation of variety of signaling pathways, and could be considered as a potential therapeutic target for cSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The Army Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Huang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xichuan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The Army Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P.R. China
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16
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Riihilä P, Viiklepp K, Nissinen L, Farshchian M, Kallajoki M, Kivisaari A, Meri S, Peltonen J, Peltonen S, Kähäri VM. Tumour-cell-derived complement components C1r and C1s promote growth of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:658-670. [PMID: 31049937 PMCID: PMC7065064 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The incidence of epidermal keratinocyte‐derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is increasing worldwide. Objectives To study the role of the complement classical pathway components C1q, C1r and C1s in the progression of cSCC. Methods The mRNA levels of C1Q subunits and C1R and C1S in cSCC cell lines, normal human epidermal keratinocytes, cSCC tumours in vivo and normal skin were analysed with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The production of C1r and C1s was determined with Western blotting. The expression of C1r and C1s in tissue samples in vivo was analysed with immunohistochemistry and further investigated in human cSCC xenografts by knocking down C1r and C1s. Results Significantly elevated C1R and C1S mRNA levels and production of C1r and C1s were detected in cSCC cells, compared with normal human epidermal keratinocytes. The mRNA levels of C1R and C1S were markedly elevated in cSCC tumours in vivo compared with normal skin. Abundant expression of C1r and C1s by tumour cells was detected in invasive sporadic cSCCs and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa‐associated cSCCs, whereas the expression of C1r and C1s was lower in cSCC in situ, actinic keratosis and normal skin. Knockdown of C1r and C1s expression in cSCC cells inhibited activation of extracellular signal‐related kinase 1/2 and Akt, promoted apoptosis of cSCC cells and significantly suppressed growth and vascularization of human cSCC xenograft tumours in vivo. Conclusions These results provide evidence for the role of tumour‐cell‐derived C1r and C1s in the progression of cSCC and identify them as biomarkers and putative therapeutic targets in cSCC. What's already known about this topic? The incidences of actinic keratosis, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in situ and invasive cSCC are increasing globally. Few specific biomarkers for progression of cSCC have been identified, and no biological markers are in clinical use to predict the aggressiveness of actinic keratosis, cSCC in situ and invasive cSCC.
What does this study add? Our results provide novel evidence for the role of complement classical pathway components C1r and C1s in the progression of cSCC.
What is the translational message? Our results identify complement classical pathway components C1r and C1s as biomarkers and putative therapeutic targets in cSCC.
Linked Comment: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18419. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18821 available online
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - K Viiklepp
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - L Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - M Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - A Kivisaari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Meri
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Peltonen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - V-M Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
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17
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Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Knuutila J, Rahmati Nezhad P, Viiklepp K, Kähäri VM. Complement System in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143550. [PMID: 31331124 PMCID: PMC6678994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte-derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common metastatic skin cancer with high mortality rates in the advanced stage. Chronic inflammation is a recognized risk factor for cSCC progression and the complement system, as a part of innate immunity, belongs to the microenvironment of tumors. The complement system is a double-edged sword in cancer, since complement activation is involved in anti-tumor cytotoxicity and immune responses, but it also promotes cancer progression directly and indirectly. Recently, the role of several complement components and inhibitors in the regulation of progression of cSCC has been shown. In this review, we will discuss the role of complement system components and inhibitors as biomarkers and potential new targets for therapeutic intervention in cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Knuutila
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pegah Rahmati Nezhad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kristina Viiklepp
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- The Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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18
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Liu J, Guo Y, Huang Y, Xue H, Bai S, Zhu J, Xia X, Shen B, Fang W. Effects of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 on apoptosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6569-6577. [PMID: 30323629 PMCID: PMC6178943 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s167187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common carcinoma worldwide. Clinical treatment for patients with CSCC remains non-ideal. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), a member of the insulin-like growth (IGF) system, participates in several biological processes, including cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Here, we explored the functional role of IGFBP3 in apoptosis and proliferation of A431 cells, a human CSCC cell line. Materials and methods Differential expression analysis, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, TUNEL assay, and CCK8 assay techniques were used to investigate the IGFBP3 expression levels in both A431 cells and CSCC tissue surgically obtained from humans as well as to explore the functional role of IGFBP3 in the apoptosis and proliferation of A431 cells. Results By using normal epidermal keratinocytes for comparison, we identified the top 10 ranked differentially upregulated genes expressed in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Among these 10 genes, IGFBP3 was ranked number 1. By using immunohistochemistry, we found that the expression level of IGFBP3 was significantly elevated in CSCC tissue compared with that in normal human skin tissue. Knockdown of IGFBP3 in A431 cells by transfection with IGFBP3-specific siRNA markedly altered the expression of proteins that contribute to apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways, significantly suppressing the expression of Bax and active caspase-3, while significantly increasing B-cell lymphoma-2 expression. TUNEL assay confirmed the effect of knockdown of IGFBP3 on the apoptosis as well. In addition, knockdown of IGFBP3 inhibited the proliferation of A431 cells. Conclusion IGFBP3 is overexpressed in both CSCC cell lines and tissue. Knockdown of IGFBP3 enhanced the apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway and inhibited the proliferation of A431 cells. These findings indicate that IGFBP3 may be a biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuanyuna Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Haowei Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Suwen Bai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jinhang Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xianming Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of ICU, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China,
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19
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Chen HQ, Gao D. Inhibitory effect of microRNA-154 targeting WHSC1 on cell proliferation of human skin squamous cell carcinoma through mediating the P53 signaling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 100:22-29. [PMID: 29727714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common, morbid, and frequently lethal malignancy and ranks as the sixth most deadly cancer worldwide. Hence, this study aims to explore the effect of microRNA-154 (miR-154) targeting WHSC1 on proliferation and apoptosis of SCC cells via the P53 signaling pathway. METHODS The targeting relationship between WHSC1 and miR-154 was validated using dual-luciferase reporter assay. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) were included, and SCC A431 and SCC-15 cell lines were cultured and transfected with miR-154 mimic, miR-154 inhibitor or siRNA-WHSC1. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis were used for the miR-154 expression and levels of WHSC1, P53 signaling pathway- and apoptosis-related genes. MTT assay and flow cytometry were applied to determine the cell viability and apoptosis. RESULTS WHSC1 is a target gene of miR-154. MiR-154 negatively regulated WHSC1 expression and inhibited the activation of P53 signaling pathway. In response to miR-154 mimic or siRNA-WHSC1, SCC A431 and SCC-15 cell lines exhibited increased expression of P73, P16 and Bax, decreased expression of WHSC1, P53, c-myc and Bcl-2, as well as attenuated cell viability and enhanced cell apoptosis. The treatment of miR-154 inhibitor reversed the tendency. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that up-regulation of miR-154 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human skin SCC cells by down-regulating WHSC1 and blocking the P53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Quan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Dong Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, No. 20 Yu Huang Ding East Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong Province, PR China.
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20
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Farshchian M, Nissinen L, Siljamäki E, Riihilä P, Piipponen M, Kivisaari A, Kallajoki M, Grénman R, Peltonen J, Peltonen S, Quint KD, Bavinck JNB, Kähäri VM. Tumor cell-specific AIM2 regulates growth and invasion of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45825-45836. [PMID: 28526809 PMCID: PMC5542230 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common metastatic skin cancer. Inflammation is a typical feature in cSCC progression. Analysis of the expression of inflammasome components in cSCC cell lines and normal human epidermal keratinocytes revealed upregulation of the expression of AIM2 mRNA and protein in cSCC cells. Elevated levels of AIM2 mRNA were noted in cSCCs in vivo compared with normal skin. Strong and moderate tumor cell specific expression of AIM2 was detected with immunohistochemistry (IHC) in sporadic human cSCCs in vivo, whereas expression of AIM2 was moderate in cSCC in situ (cSCCIS) and low or absent in actinic keratosis (AK) and normal skin. IHC of cSCCs, cSCCIS and AKs from organ transplant recipients also revealed strong and moderate tumor cell specific expression of AIM2 in cSCCs. Knockdown of AIM2 resulted in reduction in viability of cSCC cells and onset of apoptosis. RNA-seq and pathway analysis after knockdown of AIM2 in cSCC cells revealed downregulation of the biofunction category Cell cycle and upregulation of the biofunction category Cell Death and Survival. Knockdown of AIM2 also resulted in reduction in invasion of cSCC cells and downregulation in production of invasion proteinases MMP1 and MMP13. Knockdown of AIM2 resulted in suppression of growth and vascularization of cSCC xenografts in vivo. These results provide evidence for the role of AIM2 in the progression of cSCC and identify AIM2 inflammasome function as a potential therapeutic target in these invasive and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Siljamäki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Piipponen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Atte Kivisaari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Koen D Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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21
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Kabir S, Schmults CD, Ruiz ES. A Review of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Int J Cancer Manag 2018; 11. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.60846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Föll MC, Fahrner M, Gretzmeier C, Thoma K, Biniossek ML, Kiritsi D, Meiss F, Schilling O, Nyström A, Kern JS. Identification of tissue damage, extracellular matrix remodeling and bacterial challenge as common mechanisms associated with high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Matrix Biol 2017; 66:1-21. [PMID: 29158163 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we used a genetic extracellular matrix (ECM) disease to identify mechanisms associated with aggressive behavior of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). cSCC is one of the most common malignancies and usually has a good prognosis. However, some cSCCs recur or metastasize and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Known factors that are associated with aggressiveness of cSCCs include tumor grading, size, localization and microinvasive behavior. To investigate molecular mechanisms that influence biologic behavior we used global proteomic and histologic analyses of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of primary human cSCCs. We compared three groups: non-recurring, non-metastasizing low-risk sporadic cSCCs; metastasizing sporadic cSCCs; and cSCCs from patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). RDEB is a genetic skin blistering and ECM disease caused by collagen VII deficiency. Patients commonly suffer from high-risk early onset cSCCs that frequently metastasize. The results indicate that different processes are associated with formation of RDEB cSCCs compared to sporadic cSCCs. Sporadic cSCCs show signs of UV damage, whereas RDEB cSCCs have higher mutational rates and display tissue damage, inflammation and subsequent remodeling of the dermal ECM as tumor initiating factors. Interestingly the two high-risk groups - high-risk metastasizing sporadic cSCCs and RDEB cSCCs - are both associated with tissue damage and ECM remodeling in gene-ontology enrichment and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins analyses. In situ histologic analyses validate these results. The high-risk cSCCs also show signatures of enhanced bacterial challenge. Histologic analyses confirm correlation of bacterial colonization with worse prognosis. Collectively, this unbiased study - performed directly on human patient material - reveals that common microenvironmental alterations linked to ECM remodeling and increased bacterial challenges are denominators of high-risk cSCCs. The proteins identified here could serve as potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in high-risk cSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Föll
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Fahrner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Gretzmeier
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Käthe Thoma
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Meiss
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes S Kern
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville and Box Hill Hospital - Monash University, Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
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Moioli EK, Hsieh C, Tisch A, Bolotin D. Histologic Status of Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ After Diagnostic Biopsy in Immunocompetent and Immunosuppressed Patients. Dermatol Surg 2018; 44:341-9. [PMID: 29053535 DOI: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histologic status of squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCC-IS) after diagnostic biopsy has not been well described or compared between immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Expression of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of aggressive SCC has not been compared between SCC-IS that clears or becomes invasive after biopsy. OBJECTIVE To determine the histologic status of SCC-IS after diagnostic biopsy in these populations. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 129 patients with SCC-IS treated with excision and 55 patients treated with Mohs surgery. Histologic features of SCC in excised tissue after biopsy were recorded. Known SCC markers were evaluated using IHC. RESULTS Invasive SCC was found in 3% to 16% of residual SCC-IS depending on surgical treatment modality. The history of skin cancer increased the odds of having invasive SCC in SCC-IS excisions (odds ratio 7.1, p < .05). Forty-seven percent of SCC-IS in immunosuppressed patients cleared after diagnostic biopsy compared with 70% in immunocompetent patients (p < .05). Inflammatory infiltrate and molecular markers of aggressive SCCs (Ki-67, matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-9, MMP-7, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)-RI, TGFβ-RII, and Sox-2) were not predictive of residual or invasive SCC at the time of treatment. CONCLUSION Up to 16% of SCC-IS showed invasive SCC at the time of surgical treatment. Immunosuppressed patients are more likely to have residual disease after biopsy. IHC markers of invasive SCC may not predict invasion.
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Honkanen HK, Izzi V, Petäistö T, Holopainen T, Harjunen V, Pihlajaniemi T, Alitalo K, Heljasvaara R. Elevated VEGF-D Modulates Tumor Inflammation and Reduces the Growth of Carcinogen-Induced Skin Tumors. Neoplasia 2017; 18:436-46. [PMID: 27435926 PMCID: PMC4954931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) promotes the lymph node metastasis of cancer by inducing the growth of lymphatic vasculature, but its specific roles in tumorigenesis have not been elucidated. We monitored the effects of VEGF-D in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) by subjecting transgenic mice overexpressing VEGF-D in the skin (K14-mVEGF-D) and VEGF-D knockout mice to a chemical skin carcinogenesis protocol involving 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatments. In K14-mVEGF-D mice, tumor lymphangiogenesis was significantly increased and the frequency of lymph node metastasis was elevated in comparison with controls. Most notably, the papillomas regressed more often in K14-mVEGF-D mice than in littermate controls, resulting in a delay in tumor incidence and a remarkable reduction in the total tumor number. Skin tumor growth and metastasis were not obviously affected in the absence of VEGF-D; however, the knockout mice showed a trend for reduced lymphangiogenesis in skin tumors and in the untreated skin. Interestingly, K14-mVEGF-D mice showed an altered immune response in skin tumors. This consisted of the reduced accumulation of macrophages, mast cells, and CD4+ T-cells and an increase of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells. Cytokine profiling by flow cytometry and quantitative real time PCR revealed that elevated VEGF-D expression results in an attenuated Th2 response and promotes M1/Th1 and Th17 polarization in the early stage of skin carcinogenesis, leading to an anti-tumoral immune environment and the regression of primary tumors. Our data suggest that VEGF-D may be beneficial in early-stage tumors since it suppresses the pro-tumorigenic inflammation, while at later stages VEGF-D-induced tumor lymphatics provide a route for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne-Kaisa Honkanen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Petäistö
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanja Holopainen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vanessa Harjunen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Farshchian M, Kallajoki M, Kivisaari A, Meri S, Grénman R, Peltonen S, Peltonen J, Pihlajaniemi T, Heljasvaara R, Kähäri VM. Complement Component C3 and Complement Factor B Promote Growth of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2017; 187:1186-1197. [PMID: 28322200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common metastatic skin cancers with increasing incidence. We examined the roles of complement component C3 and complement factor B (CFB) in the growth of cSCC. Analysis of cSCC cell lines (n = 8) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (n = 11) with real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting revealed up-regulation of C3 and CFB expression in cSCC cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed stronger tumor cell-specific labeling for C3 and CFB in invasive cSCCs (n = 71) and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa-associated cSCCs (n = 11) than in cSCC in situ (n = 69), actinic keratoses (n = 63), and normal skin (n = 5). Significant up-regulation of C3 and CFB mRNA expression was noted in chemically induced mouse cSCCs, compared to benign papillomas. Knockdown of C3 and CFB expression inhibited migration and proliferation of cSCC cells and resulted in potent inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. Knockdown of C3 and CFB markedly inhibited growth of human cSCC xenograft tumors in vivo. These results provide evidence for the roles of C3 and CFB in the development of cSCC and identify them as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in this metastatic skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Atte Kivisaari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and the Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and the Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Hosseini M, Kasraian Z, Rezvani HR. Energy metabolism in skin cancers: A therapeutic perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2017; 1858:712-722. [PMID: 28161328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common cancers worldwide. The incidence of common skin cancers, including basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and melanomas, continues to rise by 5 to 7% per year, mainly due to ultraviolet (UV) exposure and partly because of aging. This suggests an urgent necessity to improve the level of prevention and protection for skin cancers as well as developing new prognostic and diagnostic markers of skin cancers. Moreover, despite innovative therapies especially in the fields of melanoma and carcinomas, new therapeutic options are needed to bypass resistance to targeted therapies or treatment's side effects. Since reprogramming of cellular metabolism is now considered as a hallmark of cancer, some of the recent findings on the role of energy metabolism in skin cancer initiation and progression as well as its effect on the response to targeted therapies are discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria in cancer, edited by Giuseppe Gasparre, Rodrigue Rossignol and Pierre Sonveaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hosseini
- Inserm U 1035, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Zeinab Kasraian
- Inserm U 1035, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hamid Reza Rezvani
- Inserm U 1035, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Rares de la Peau, CHU de Bordeaux, France.
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28
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Voiculescu V, Calenic B, Ghita M, Lupu M, Caruntu A, Moraru L, Voiculescu S, Ion A, Greabu M, Ishkitiev N, Caruntu C. From Normal Skin to Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Quest for Novel Biomarkers. Dis Markers 2016; 2016:4517492. [PMID: 27642215 PMCID: PMC5011506 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4517492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cells carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent of the keratinocyte-derived malignancies after basal cell carcinoma and is associated with a significant psychosocial and economic burden for both the patient himself and society. Reported risk factors for the malignant transformation of keratinocytes and development of SCC include ultraviolet light exposure, followed by chronic scarring and inflammation, exposure to chemical compounds (arsenic, insecticides, and pesticides), and immune-suppression. Despite various available treatment methods and recent advances in noninvasive or minimal invasive diagnostic techniques, the risk recurrence and metastasis are far from being negligible, even in patients with negative histological margins and lymph nodes. Analyzing normal, dysplastic, and malignant keratinocyte proteome holds special promise for novel biomarker discovery in SCC that could be used in the future for early detection, risk assessment, tumor monitoring, and development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Voiculescu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Calenic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ghita
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Moraru
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Suzana Voiculescu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Ion
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Greabu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nikolay Ishkitiev
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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29
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Cheng J, Yan S. Prognostic variables in high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a review. J Cutan Pathol 2016; 43:994-1004. [PMID: 27404896 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a growing public health problem in the United States. A subset of high-risk SCC exhibits a more aggressive clinical trajectory including increased local recurrence and lymph node metastasis. However, there are no universally accepted criteria to help define and manage these patients. This review provides an overview of the high-risk features of cutaneous SCC, prognostic stratification of various staging systems and treatment options. It further examines the prognostic factors influencing the staging of cutaneous head and neck SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Cheng
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Shaofeng Yan
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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30
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Piipponen M, Nissinen L, Farshchian M, Riihilä P, Kivisaari A, Kallajoki M, Peltonen J, Peltonen S, Kähäri VM. Long Noncoding RNA PICSAR Promotes Growth of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating ERK1/2 Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1701-1710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Nissinen L, Farshchian M, Riihilä P, Kähäri VM. New perspectives on role of tumor microenvironment in progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:691-702. [PMID: 27411692 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte-derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common metastatic skin cancer, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Solar UV radiation is an important risk factor for cSCC and leads to genetic and epigenetic changes both in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal cells. Tumor cells in cutaneous cSCCs typically harbor several driver gene mutations, but epidermal keratinocytes in sun-exposed normal skin also contain mutations in these same genes. Therefore, alterations in the microenvironment of premalignant lesions are evidently required for their progression to invasive and metastatic cSCC. For example, alterations in the composition of basement membrane and dermal extracellular matrix are early events in cSCC progression. The presence of microbial structures and the influx of inflammatory cells promote the secretion of proteases, which in turn regulate the availability of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines and thus influence the growth and invasion of cSCC. Together, these observations emphasize the role of the tumor microenvironment in the progression of cSCC and identify it as a novel therapeutic target in cSCC and other malignant tumors. Graphical abstract Tumor-stroma interactions in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Epidermal layer is separated by a well-organized basement membrane (BM) from the dermal layer. UV radiation, other environmental insults, and aging target both epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and lead to genetic and epigenetic changes in these cells. In addition, epidermal keratinocytes in normal sun-exposed skin harbor several mutations in the cSCC driver genes. During transition to premalignant actinic keratosis (AK), the differentiation of keratinocytes is disturbed resulting in a neoplastic epithelium with hyperplastic cells. Expression of proteinases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) by neoplastic cells and activated stromal fibroblasts and macrophages is induced in AK, and collagen XV and XVIII are lost from the dermal BM. Furthermore, inflammatory cells accumulate at the site of the hyperplastic epithelium. During a later stage of cSCC progression, the number of inflammatory cells increases, and the expression of complement components and inhibitors by tumor cells is induced (CFI complement factor I, CFH complement factor H, FHL-1 Factor H-like protein 1). In addition to MMPs, activated fibroblasts also produce growth factors and promote inflammation, growth, and invasion of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Nissinen
- The Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O.B 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- The Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O.B 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- The Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O.B 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- The Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O.B 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland. .,MediCity Research Laboratory University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Mittapalli VR, Madl J, Löffek S, Kiritsi D, Kern JS, Römer W, Nyström A, Bruckner-Tuderman L. Injury-Driven Stiffening of the Dermis Expedites Skin Carcinoma Progression. Cancer Res 2015; 76:940-51. [PMID: 26676755 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a genetic skin fragility disorder characterized by injury-driven blister formation, progressive soft-tissue fibrosis, and a highly elevated risk of early-onset aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). However, the mechanisms underlying the unusually rapid progression of RDEB to cSCC are unknown. In this study, we investigated the contribution of injury-induced skin alterations to cSCC development by using a genetic model of RDEB and organotypic skin cultures. Analysis of RDEB patient samples suggested that premalignant changes to the dermal microenvironment drive tumor progression, which led us to subject a collagen VII hypomorphic mouse model of RDEB to chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogen-treated RDEB mice developed invasive tumors phenocopying human RDEB-cSCC, whereas wild-type mice formed papillomas, indicating that the aggressiveness of RDEB-cSCC is mutation-independent. The inherent structural instability of the RDEB dermis, combined with repeated injury, increased the bioavailability of TGFβ, which promoted extracellular matrix production, cross-linking, thickening of dermal fibrils, and tissue stiffening. The biophysically altered dermis increased myofibroblast activity and integrin β1/pFAK/pAKT mechanosignaling in tumor cells, further demonstrating that cSCC progression is governed by pre-existing injury-driven changes in the RDEB tissue microenvironment. Treatment of three-dimensional organotypic RDEB skin cultures with inhibitors of TGFβ signaling, lysyl oxidase, or integrin β1-mediated mechanosignaling reduced or bypassed tissue stiffness and limited tumor cell invasion. Collectively, these findings provide a new mechanism by which RDEB tissue becomes malignant and offer new druggable therapeutic targets to prevent cSCC onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Madl
- Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Löffek
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes S Kern
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Marjolin's ulcer (MU) is an umbrella term covering squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma that develop in chronic wounds, sinuses or scars. Cutaneous (non-MU) SCC is related to excessive sun-exposure, with Fitzpatrick skin types I and II being more susceptible. Radiation, genetic disorders (eg, Xeroderma pigmentosum) and immunosuppression, are other important risk factors often involved in the development of cutaneous malignancies and may also be involved in the development of MU. MU, first described by Jean-Nicholas Marjolin in 1828, is more aggressive than non-MU SCC, with a higher potential for early metastasis. A high index of suspicion and early histological diagnosis in chronic wounds and unstable scars with recent changes in characteristics offer the best prognosis with treatment. We present a case alongside a literature review contrasting the characteristics of MU and non-MU SCC, and suggest a management plan for early MU identification and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne Jaffe
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Farshchian M, Nissinen L, Siljamäki E, Riihilä P, Toriseva M, Kivisaari A, Ala-Aho R, Kallajoki M, Veräjänkorva E, Honkanen HK, Heljasvaara R, Pihlajaniemi T, Grénman R, Peltonen J, Peltonen S, Kähäri VM. EphB2 Promotes Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1882-92. [PMID: 25789706 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte-derived skin cancer, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), is the most common metastatic skin cancer. We have examined the role of Eph/ephrin signaling in the progression of cSCC. Analysis of the expression of EPH and EFN families in cSCC cells and normal epidermal keratinocytes revealed overexpression of EPHB2 mRNA in cSCC cells and cSCC tumors in vivo. Tumor cell-specific overexpression of EphB2 was detected in human cSCCs and in chemically induced mouse cSCCs with immunohistochemistry, whereas the expression of EphB2 was low in premalignant lesions and normal skin. Knockdown of EphB2 expression in cSCC cells suppressed growth and vascularization of cSCC xenografts in vivo and inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of cSCC cells in culture. EphB2 knockdown downregulated expression of genes associated with biofunctions cell viability, migration of tumor cells, and invasion of tumor cells. Among the genes most downregulated by EphB2 knockdown were MMP1 and MMP13. Moreover, activation of EphB2 signaling by ephrin-B2-Fc enhanced production of invasion proteinases matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) and MMP1, and invasion of cSCC cells. These findings provide mechanistic evidence for the role of EphB2 in the early progression of cSCC to the invasive stage and identify EphB2 as a putative therapeutic target in this invasive skin cancer.
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Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Farshchian M, Kivisaari A, Ala-Aho R, Kallajoki M, Grénman R, Meri S, Peltonen S, Peltonen J, Kähäri VM. Complement factor I promotes progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:579-88. [PMID: 25184960 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is rising worldwide. We have examined the role of complement components in the progression of cSCC. Analysis of cSCC cell lines (n=8) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (n=11) with whole transcriptome profiling (SOLiD), quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR, and western blotting revealed marked overexpression of complement factor I (CFI) in cSCC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis for CFI in vivo showed stronger tumor cell-specific labeling intensity in invasive sporadic cSCCs (n=83) and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa-associated cSCCs (n=7) than in cSCC in situ (n=65), premalignant epidermal lesions (actinic keratoses, n=64), benign epidermal papillomas (seborrheic keratoses, n=39), and normal skin (n=9). The expression of CFI was higher in the aggressive Ha-ras-transformed cell line (RT3) than in less tumorigenic HaCaT cell lines (HaCaT, A5, and II-4). The expression of CFI by cSCC cells was upregulated by IFN-γ and IL-1β. Knockdown of CFI expression inhibited proliferation and migration of cSCC cells and resulted in inhibition of basal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation. Knockdown of CFI expression potently inhibited growth of human cSCC xenograft tumors in vivo. These results provide evidence for the role of CFI in the progression of cSCC and identify it as a potential therapeutic target in this nonmelanoma skin cancer.
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