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Hidaka K, Inai T, Kosho T, Yamaguchi T, Kawabata Y, Inai Y, Imamura S, Sanada S. A patient with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis carrying a novel fibrillin-2 gene variant. Respir Med Case Rep 2023; 44:101870. [PMID: 37251355 PMCID: PMC10209443 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2023.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis is a recently recognized clinical entity characterized by interstitial pneumonia with proliferating elastin in the upper lung regions. Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis is categorized as idiopathic or reported depending on the coexistent initiating factors; however, congenital contractural arachnodactyly, which is caused by abnormal production of elastin based on a mutation in the fibrillin-2 gene, is rarely reported with lung lesion resembling pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. We present a case of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis in a patient with a novel mutation in the fibrillin-2 gene, which encodes the prenatal fibrillin-2 protein as a scaffold for elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouko Hidaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Organization Hospital, Kokura Medical Center, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
- Division of Clinical Sequencing, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
- Division of Clinical Sequencing, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kawabata
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Kumagaya City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yuko Inai
- Division of General Dentistry, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Shogo Imamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Organization Hospital, Kokura Medical Center, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Sakiko Sanada
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
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Abdelaal HFM, Chan ED, Young L, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. Mycobacterium abscessus: It’s Complex. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071454. [PMID: 35889173 PMCID: PMC9316637 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is an opportunistic pathogen usually colonizing abnormal lung airways and is often seen in patients with cystic fibrosis. Currently, there is no vaccine available for M. abscessus in clinical development. The treatment of M. abscessus-related pulmonary diseases is peculiar due to intrinsic resistance to several commonly used antibiotics. The development of either prophylactic or therapeutic interventions for M. abscessus pulmonary infections is hindered by the absence of an adequate experimental animal model. In this review, we outline the critical elements related to M. abscessus virulence mechanisms, host–pathogen interactions, and treatment challenges associated with M. abscessus pulmonary infections. The challenges of effectively combating this pathogen include developing appropriate preclinical animal models of infection, developing proper diagnostics, and designing novel strategies for treating drug-resistant M. abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem F. M. Abdelaal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; (H.F.M.A.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of Academic Affairs and Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA;
- Pulmonary Section, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa Young
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; (H.F.M.A.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; (H.F.M.A.); (S.L.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence:
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Chan ED, Cota-Gomez A, Podell B. Adding Another Piece to the Puzzle of Why NTM Infections Are Relatively Uncommon despite Their Ubiquitous Nature. mBio 2021; 12:e03577-20. [PMID: 33879587 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.03577-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are pervasive in the environment and NTM infections are relatively uncommon, underlying hereditary or acquired host susceptibility factors should be sought for in most NTM-infected patients. To facilitate identification of underlying risk factors, it is useful to classify NTM disease into skin-soft tissue infections, isolated NTM lung disease, and extrapulmonary viscera-disseminated disease because the latter two categories have unique sets of underlying host risk factors. Since nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are pervasive in the environment and NTM infections are relatively uncommon, underlying hereditary or acquired host susceptibility factors should be sought for in most NTM-infected patients. To facilitate identification of underlying risk factors, it is useful to classify NTM disease into skin-soft tissue infections, isolated NTM lung disease, and extrapulmonary visceral/disseminated disease because the latter two categories have unique sets of underlying host risk factors. Nakajima and coworkers (M. Nakajima, M. Matsuyama, M. Kawaguchi, T. Kiwamoto, et al., mBio 12:e01947-20, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01947-20) in a recent issue of mBio found that Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), a transcription factor that is induced by oxidative stress but induces antioxidant molecules, provides protection against an NTM infection in a murine model. While they showed that Nrf2 induction of Nramp-1 enhanced phagosome-lysosome fusion, we discuss other potential mechanisms by which oxidative stress predisposes to and Nrf2 protects against NTM infections.
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Daniels ML, Birchard KR, Lowe JR, Patrone MV, Noone PG, Knowles MR. Enlarged Dural Sac in Idiopathic Bronchiectasis Implicates Heritable Connective Tissue Gene Variants. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 13:1712-20. [PMID: 27409985 DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201603-161OC] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with idiopathic bronchiectasis are predominantly female and have an asthenic body morphotype and frequent nontuberculous mycobacterial respiratory infections. They also demonstrate phenotypic features (scoliosis, pectus deformity, mitral valve prolapse) that are commonly seen in individuals with heritable connective tissue disorders. OBJECTIVES To determine whether lumbar dural sac size is increased in patients with idiopathic bronchiectasis as compared with control subjects, and to assess whether dural sac size is correlated with phenotypic characteristics seen in individuals with heritable connective tissue disorders. METHODS Two readers blinded to diagnosis measured anterior-posterior and transverse dural sac diameter using L1-L5 magnetic resonance images of 71 patients with idiopathic bronchiectasis, 72 control subjects without lung disease, 29 patients with cystic fibrosis, and 24 patients with Marfan syndrome. We compared groups by pairwise analysis of means, using Tukey's method to adjust for multiple comparisons. Dural sac diameter association with phenotypic and clinical features was also tested. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The L1-L5 (average) anterior-posterior dural sac diameter of the idiopathic bronchiectasis group was larger than those of the control group (P < 0.001) and the cystic fibrosis group (P = 0.002). There was a strong correlation between increased dural sac size and the presence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection (P = 0.007) and long fingers (P = 0.003). A trend toward larger dural sac diameter was seen in those with scoliosis (P = 0.130) and those with a family history of idiopathic bronchiectasis (P = 0.149). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with idiopathic bronchiectasis have an enlarged dural sac diameter, which is associated with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, long fingers, and family history of idiopathic bronchiectasis. These findings support our hypothesis that "idiopathic" bronchiectasis development reflects complex genetic variation in heritable connective tissue and associated transforming growth factor-β-related pathway genes.
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Guo X, Song C, Shi Y, Li H, Meng W, Yuan Q, Xue J, Xie J, Liang Y, Yuan Y, Yu B, Wang H, Chen Y, Qi L, Li X. Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel missense FBN2 mutation co-segregating in a four-generation Chinese family with congenital contractural arachnodactyly. BMC Med Genet 2016; 17:91. [PMID: 27912749 PMCID: PMC5135809 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA) is an autosomal dominant rare genetic disease, estimated to be less than 1 in 10,000 worldwide. People with this condition often have permanently bent joints (contractures), like bent fingers and toes (camptodactyly). CASE PRESENTATION In this study, we investigated the genetic aetiology of CCA in a four-generation Chinese family. The blood samples were collected from 22 living members of the family in the Yangquan County, Shanxi Province, China. Of those, eight individuals across 3 generations have CCA. Whole exome sequencing (WES) identified a missense mutation involving a T-to-G transition at position 3229 (c.3229 T > G) in exon 25 of the FBN2 gene, resulting in a Cys 1077 to Gly change (p.C1077G). This previously unreported mutation was found in all 8 affected individuals, but absent in 14 unaffected family members. SIFT/PolyPhen prediction and protein conservation analysis suggest that this novel mutation is pathogenic. Our study extended causative mutation spectrum of FBN2 gene in CCA patients. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified a novel missense mutation in FBN2 gene (p.C1077G) resulting in CCA in a family of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingping Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Song
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaping Shi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijing Meng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinzhao Yuan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjie Xue
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Liang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Yuan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Yu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaixiu Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Qi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Population and Family Planning Research Institute, 11 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Liu W, Zhao N, Li XF, Wang H, Sui Y, Lu YP, Feng WH, Ma C, Han WT, Jiang M. A novel FBN2 mutation in a Chinese family with congenital contractural arachnodactyly. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:163-6. [PMID: 25834781 PMCID: PMC4359973 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel FBN2 mutation (C1406R) in a Chinese family with CCA. The mutation presented in the patients of this family but not in unaffected members. SIFT and PolyPhen analyses suggested that the mutation was pathogenic. The mutation was located in the calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like domain.
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA, OMIM: 121050) is an autosomal dominant condition that shares skeletal features with Marfan syndrome (MFS, OMIM: 154700), including contractures, arachnodactyly, dolichostenomelia, scoliosis, crumpled ears and pectus deformities but excluding the ocular and cardiovascular complications that characterize MFS. These two similar syndromes result from mutations in two genes belonging to the fibrillin family, FBN1 and FBN2, respectively. We successfully identified a novel FBN2 mutation (C1406R) in a Chinese family with CCA for over five generations. This mutation was detected in the patients of this family but not in the seven unaffected family members or 100 normal individuals. SIFT and PolyPhen analyses suggested that the mutation was pathogenic. We identified a missense mutation in the calcium binding-epidermal growth factor (cbEGF)-like domain. Our study extends the mutation spectrum of CCA and confirms a relationship between mutations in the FBN2 gene and the clinical findings of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Xue-Fu Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Yu Sui
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Yong-Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Wen-Hua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Wei-Tian Han
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
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Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are broadly classified as skin and soft tissue infections, isolated lung disease, and visceral or disseminated disease. The degree of underlying immune abnormalities varies between each classification. Skin and soft tissue infections are usually the result of iatrogenic or accidental inoculation of NTM in otherwise normal hosts. Visceral and disseminated NTM disease invariably occurs in individuals with more severe immunosuppression. Although the focus of this article is to discuss the pathogenesis of NTM lung disease, the risk factors of visceral/disseminated NTM disease are also summarized, as they provide insights into host-defense mechanisms against these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Honda
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220, USA
| | - Vijaya Knight
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Edward D Chan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
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Leung JM, Fowler C, Smith C, Adjemian J, Frein C, Claypool RJ, Holland SM, Prevots RD, Olivier K. A familial syndrome of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:1373-6. [PMID: 24289782 PMCID: PMC3919074 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1059le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ovrutsky AR, Merkel PA, Schonteich E, Bai X, Kinney W, Iseman MD, Kartalija M, Knight V, Chan ED. Patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease have elevated transforming growth factor-beta following ex vivo stimulation of blood with live Mycobacterium intracellulare. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 45:711-4. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.800947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kartalija M, Ovrutsky AR, Bryan CL, Pott GB, Fantuzzi G, Thomas J, Strand MJ, Bai X, Ramamoorthy P, Rothman MS, Nagabhushanam V, McDermott M, Levin AR, Frazer-Abel A, Giclas PC, Korner J, Iseman MD, Shapiro L, Chan ED. Patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease exhibit unique body and immune phenotypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:197-205. [PMID: 23144328 PMCID: PMC5446199 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201206-1035oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Among patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease is a subset of previously healthy women with a slender body morphotype, often with scoliosis and/or pectus excavatum. We hypothesize that unidentified factors predispose these individuals to pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. OBJECTIVES To compare body morphotype, serum adipokine levels, and whole-blood cytokine responses of patients with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (pNTM) with contemporary control subjects who are well matched demographically. METHODS We enrolled 103 patients with pNTM and 101 uninfected control subjects of similar demographics. Body mass index and body fat were quantified. All patients with pNTM and a subset of control subjects were evaluated for scoliosis and pectus excavatum. Serum leptin and adiponectin were measured. Specific cytokines important to host-defense against mycobacteria were measured in whole blood before and after stimulation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients with pNTM and control subjects were well matched for age, gender, and race. Patients with pNTM had significantly lower body mass index and body fat and were significantly taller than control subjects. Scoliosis and pectus excavatum were significantly more prevalent in patients with pNTM. The normal relationships between the adipokines and body fat were lost in the patients with pNTM, a novel finding. IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were significantly suppressed in stimulated whole blood of patients with pNTM. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to comprehensively compare body morphotype, adipokines, and cytokine responses between patients with NTM lung disease and demographically matched controls. Our findings suggest a novel, predisposing immunophenotype that should be mechanistically defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Courtney L. Bryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Gregory B. Pott
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Giamila Fantuzzi
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | | | - Xiyuan Bai
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Departments of Medicine and Academic Affairs
| | | | - Micol S. Rothman
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Michael McDermott
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | | | - Judith Korner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Michael D. Iseman
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Departments of Medicine and Academic Affairs
| | - Leland Shapiro
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Departments of Medicine and Academic Affairs
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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