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Pavarino M, Marengo A, Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Essential Oil: An Interesting Source of Bioactive Specialized Metabolites as Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3463. [PMID: 37836202 PMCID: PMC10575282 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae family) is a plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. In this work, the essential oil of E. cardamomum was found to inhibit the enzymes AChE (62.6% of inhibition, IC50 24.9 μg/mL) and BChE (55.8% of inhibition, IC50 25.9 μg/mL) by performing an in vitro colorimetric assay using the Ellman method. A bio-guided fractionation approach was used to isolate fractions/pure compounds that were tested individually to evaluate their activity. The resulting oxygenated fraction was found to be active against both AChE (percentage inhibition 42.8%) and BChE (percentage inhibition 63.7%), while the hydrocarbon fraction was inactive. The activity was attributed to a pool of oxygenated terpenes (α-terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, and α-terpineol) that synergistically contributed to the overall activity of the essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.)
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Ettakifi H, Abbassi K, Maouni S, Erbiai EH, Rahmouni A, Legssyer M, Saidi R, Lamrani Z, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto E, Maouni A. Chemical Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Blue Tansy ( Tanacetum annuum) Essential Oil and Crude Extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, an Agent Causing Bayoud Disease of Date Palm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1451. [PMID: 37760747 PMCID: PMC10526058 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tanacetum annuum L. is a Mediterranean plant, commonly known as Blue Tansy due to its blue colour as an essential oil, which is widely used for medicinal purposes. However, there are no studies on the bioactive compounds (especially, phenolic compounds) and the biological properties of their organic extracts. Herein, the purpose of the present work was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil and crude extracts of the T. annuum aerial parts collected from northern Morocco and to evaluate their antioxidant and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, an agent causing Bayoud disease of the date palm, an important food source and commercial perennial crop in the Sahara and North Africa. Chemically, Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colourimetric methods were used to determine the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, respectively; polyphenols were characterized using HPLC-MS, while GC-MS was used to analyse the essential oil composition. Moreover, the evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities was carried out using the DPPH test and microdilution method, respectively. The results showed that the three T. annuum parts (stems, leaves and flowers) extracts contained important TPC and TFC with values varied between 51.32 and 116.32 mg/g of dry crude extract (DCE). HPLC-MS analysis revealed the identification and quantification of 19 phenolic acids and flavonoids with an emphasis on apigenin 7-glucoside (4540 µg/g of dry weight (DW)), luteolin 7-glucoside (2804 µg/g DW) and salicylic acid (1878 µg/g DW). Additionally, 39 biomolecules were identified in the essential oil using GC-MS, which were predominated by camphor (16.69%), α-pinene (12.37%), bornyl acetate (11.97%) and limonene (11.10%). The methanolic and hydro-methanolic extracts of T. annuum parts demonstrated a strong antioxidant property with IC50 values ranging between 0.22 and 0.65 mg/mL. Concerning antifungal activity, the essential oil and crude extracts of the Moroccan Blue Tansy exhibited a potent capacity against F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis at low concentrations, with MIC and MFC values of 3.33 and 4.58 µL/mL for the essential oil and values of 3.33 and 9.17 mg/mL for crude extracts, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrated T. annuum as an important source of bioactive compounds and contribute significantly to the potential of using essential oils and extracts for controlling the Bayoud disease of date palms. Moreover, the finding suggests that T. annuum can be highly useful for phytosanitary and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Ettakifi
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Kaoutar Abbassi
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Safae Maouni
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
| | - El Hadi Erbiai
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Abderrahmane Rahmouni
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Mounir Legssyer
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Rabah Saidi
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Zouhaire Lamrani
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Abdelfettah Maouni
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (H.E.); (K.A.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.L.); (R.S.); (Z.L.); (A.M.)
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Grazul M, Kwiatkowski P, Hartman K, Kilanowicz A, Sienkiewicz M. How to Naturally Support the Immune System in Inflammation-Essential Oils as Immune Boosters. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2381. [PMID: 37760822 PMCID: PMC10525302 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient functionality of the immune system is needed to fight against the development of infectious diseases, including, among others, serious recurrent chronic infections. Research has shown that many modern common diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cardiovascular diseases, e.g., thromboembolism, cancer, obesity, or depression, are connected with inflammatory processes. Therefore, new, good stimulators of the immune system's response are sought. They include synthetic compounds as well as biological preparations such as lipopolysaccharides, enzymes, bacterial metabolites, and secondary metabolites of plants, demonstrating a multidirectional effect. Essential oils are characterized by many invaluable activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulating. Essential oils may stimulate the immune system via the utilization of their constituents, such as antibodies, cytokines, and dendritic cells. Some essential oils may stimulate the proliferation of immune-competent cells, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes. This review is focused on the ability of essential oils to affect the immune system. It is also possible that essential oil components positively interact with recommended anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs. Thus, there is a need to explore possible synergies between essential oils and their active ingredients for medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grazul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kacper Hartman
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Castillo NET, Teresa-Martínez GD, Alonzo-Macías M, Téllez-Pérez C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R, Melchor-Martínez EM, Cardador-Martínez A. Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Profile of Cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum) Essential Oil Obtained by a Combined Extraction Method-Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Technology Coupled with Sonication. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031093. [PMID: 36770758 PMCID: PMC9920946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardamom Essential oils are highly demanded because of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Nonetheless, retrieving quality extracts quickly with efficient energy savings has been challenging. Therefore, green technologies are emerging as possible alternatives. Thus, this study evaluates the yield and quality of the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) process coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of cardamom essential oil (CEO). Likewise, the antioxidant activity, chemical profile of CEO, and microstructure of seeds were analyzed. This study analyzed 13 different treatments with varying saturated steam processing temperatures (SSPT), thermal processing times (TPT), and 1 control. The results showed that CEO yield increased significantly by DIC (140 °C and 30 s) and UAE compared to the control (22.53% vs. 15.6%). DIC 2 (165 °C, 30 s) showed the highest DPPH inhibition (79.48%) and the best Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) by the control with 0.60 uMTE/g. The GC/MS analysis showed 28 volatile constituents, withα-Terpinyl acetate, geranyl oleate, and oleic acid being the most abundant. DIC (140 °C and 30 s) and UAE showed the best yield and chemical profile. The SEM microscopy of untreated seeds revealed collapsed structures before the oil cell layer, which reduced the extraction yield, contrary to DIC-treated seeds, with more porous structures. Therefore, combining innovative extraction methods could solve the drawbacks of traditional extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maritza Alonzo-Macías
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico
| | - Carmen Téllez-Pérez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.M.M.-M.); (A.C.-M.)
| | - Anaberta Cardador-Martínez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.M.M.-M.); (A.C.-M.)
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Vukovic NL, Vukic MD, Obradovic AD, Matic MM, Galovičová L, Kačániová M. GC, GC/MS Analysis, and Biological Effects of Essential Oils from Thymus mastchina and Elettaria cardamomum. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3213. [PMID: 36501253 PMCID: PMC9793757 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spanish marjoram (Thymus mastichina) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) are traditional aromatic plants with which several pharmacological properties have been associated. In this study, the volatile composition, antioxidative and antimigratory effects on human breast cancer (MDA-MB-468 cell line), antimicrobial activity, and antibiofilm effect were evaluated. Results obtained via treatment of human breast cancer cells generally indicated an inhibitory effect of both essential oils (EOs) on cell viability (after long-term treatment) and antioxidative potential, as well as the reduction of nitric oxide levels. Antimigratory effects were revealed, suggesting that these EOs could possess significant antimetastatic properties and stop tumor progression and growth. The antimicrobial activities of both EOs were determined using the disc diffusion method and minimal inhibition concentration, while antibiofilm activity was evaluated by means of mass spectrometry. The best antimicrobial effects of T. mastichina EO were found against the yeast Candida glabrata and the G+ bacterium Listeria monocytogenes using the disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration methods. E. cardamomum EO was found to be most effective against Pseudomas fluorescens biofilm using both methods. Similarly, better effects of this oil were observed on G- compared to G+ bacterial strains. Our study confirms that T. mastichina and E. cardamomum EOs act to change the protein structure of older P. fluorescens biofilms. The results underline the potential use of these EOs in manufactured products, such as foodstuffs, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad L. Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milena D. Vukic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ana D. Obradovic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milos M. Matic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Lucia Galovičová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Bioenergy, Food Technology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Str., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Xavier JKAM, Baia TGC, Alegria OVC, Figueiredo PLB, Carneiro AR, Moreira ECDO, Maia JGS, Setzer WN, da Silva JKR. Essential Oil Chemotypes and Genetic Variability of Cinnamomum verum Leaf Samples Commercialized and Cultivated in the Amazon. Molecules 2022; 27:7337. [PMID: 36364159 PMCID: PMC9655072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae), also known as "true cinnamon" or "Ceylon cinnamon" has been widely used in traditional folk medicine and cuisine for a long time. The systematics of C. verum presents some difficulties due to genetic variation and morphological similarity between other Cinnamomum species. The present work aimed to find chemical and molecular markers of C. verum samples from the Amazon region of Brazil. The leaf EOs and the genetic material (DNA) were extracted from samples cultivated and commercial samples. The chemical composition of the essential oils from samples of C. verum cultivated (Cve1-Cve5) and commercial (Cve6-c-Cv9-c) was grouped by multivariate statistical analysis of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The major compounds were rich in benzenoids and phenylpropanoids, such as eugenol (0.7-91.0%), benzyl benzoate (0.28-76.51%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (0.36-32.1%), and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (1.0-19.73%). DNA barcodes were developed for phylogenetic analysis using the chloroplastic regions of the matK and rbcL genes, and psbA-trnH intergenic spacer. The psbA-trnH sequences provided greater diversity of nucleotides, and matK confirmed the identity of C. verum. The combination of DNA barcode and volatile profile was found to be an important tool for the discrimination of C. verum varieties and to examine the authenticity of industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talissa Gabriele C. Baia
- Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Oscar Victor C. Alegria
- Centro de Genômica e Biologia de Sistemas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Pablo Luis B. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Centro de Ciências Sociais e Educação, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil
| | - Adriana R. Carneiro
- Centro de Genômica e Biologia de Sistemas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Edith Cibelle de O. Moreira
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá 68501-970, Brazil
| | - José Guilherme S. Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Joyce Kelly R. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
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