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Yang S, Liu T, Mo J, Yang H, Wang H, Huang G, Cai G, Wu Z, Zhang X. Digestion and utilization of plant-based diets by transgenic pigs secreting β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase in their salivary glands. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:109-119. [PMID: 36809403 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Novel transgenic (TG) pigs co-expressing three microbial enzymes, β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase, in their salivary glands were previously generated, which exhibited reduced phosphorus and nitrogen emissions and improved growth performances. In the present study, we attempted to explore the age-related change of the TG enzymic activity, the residual activity of the enzymes in the simulated gastrointestinal tract, and the effect of the transgenes on the digestion of nitrogen and phosphorus content in the fiber-rich, plant-based diets. Results showed that all the three enzymes were stably expressed over the growing and finishing periods in the F2 generation TG pigs. In simulated gastric juice, all the three enzymes exhibited excellent gastrointestinal environment adaptability. The apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus was increased by 69.05% and 499.64%, while fecal phosphate outputs were decreased by 56.66% and 37.32%, in the TG pigs compared with the wild-type littermates fed with low non-starch polysaccharides diets and high fiber diets, respectively. Over half of available phosphorus and water-soluble phosphorus in fecal phosphorus were reduced. We also found the performance of phosphorus, calcium, and nitrogen retention rates were significantly improved, resulting in faster growth performance in TG pigs. The results indicate that TG pigs can effectively digest the high-fiber diets and exhibit good growth performance compared with wild type pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxin Yang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianxin Mo
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527400, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, 527400, China
| | - Huaqiang Yang
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527400, China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, 527400, China
| | - Haoqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guangyan Huang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527400, China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, 527400, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527400, China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, 527400, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, 527400, China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, 527400, China.
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Wang L, Bergstrom J, Hahn J, Young M, Zijlstra R. Acid-binding capacity of feed in swine nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Becker SL, Gould SA, Petry AL, Kellesvig LM, Patience JF. Adverse effects on growth performance and bone development in nursery pigs fed diets marginally deficient in phosphorus with increasing calcium to available phosphorus ratios. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5917806. [PMID: 33011771 PMCID: PMC7751169 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the growth performance and bone mineral content (BMC) of nursery pigs in response to increasing total calcium (Ca) to available phosphorus (aP) ratios in diets containing phytase (250 FTU/kg; Natuphos E, BASF, Florham Park, NJ). A total of 480 nursery pigs (body weight (BW) = 5.7 ± 0.6 kg) with 10 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment (6 pens fed 2.75:1 diet) were allotted to seven treatments consisting of increasing ratios of calcium to available phosphorus (Ca:aP): 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, and 2.75. From day −7 to 0, pigs were fed a common diet. They were then fed the treatment diets during two experimental phases from day 1 to 14 and 15 to 28, respectively. Available P was formulated to 0.33% and 0.27% (approximately 90% of requirement) in dietary phases 1 and 2, respectively. BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were determined. BMC of the femur was measured on day 28 on one pig per pen using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using PROC MIXED (SAS, 9.3). Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing the Ca:aP. Over the 28-d experimental period, increasing Ca:aP resulted in a linear decrease in ADG (353, 338, 328, 304, 317, 291, and 280 g/d; P < 0.01), ADFI (539, 528, 528, 500, 533, 512, and 489 g/d; P < 0.05), and G:F (0.68, 0.66, 0.64, 0.62, 0.61, 0.59, and 0.58; P < 0.01). Increasing Ca:aP also resulted in decreased BW on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.01). The BMC of the femur decreased with increasing Ca:aP (6.2, 6.3, 5.7, 5.9, 5.5, 5.6, and 5.3 g; P < 0.05). Regression analysis explained the impact of Ca:aP as follows on ADG (ADG [g/d] = 339 − 36x; r2 = 0.81), G:F (G:F = 0.61 – 0.03x; r2 = 0.72), and BMC (BMC [g] = 6.4 – 0.27x; r2 = 0.43), where x is the Ca:aP. In conclusion, all outcomes indicated that any level of calcium above the minimum used in this experiment impaired growth performance and skeletal development. Further research using even lower levels of dietary Ca is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Amy L Petry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Karami M, Karimi A, Sadeghi A, Zentek J, Goodarzi Boroojeni F. Evaluation of interactive effects of phytase and benzoic acid supplementation on performance, nutrients digestibility, tibia mineralisation, gut morphology and serum traits in male broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1846468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Karami
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Karimi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amirali Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Fachbereich Veterinärme, Institut für Tierernährung, Free University of Berlin, Berline, Germany
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Blavi L, Perez J, Villodre C, López P, Martín-orúe S, Motta V, Luise D, Trevisi P, Sola-oriol D. Effects of limestone inclusion on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and the jejunal transcriptomic profile when fed to weaning pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018; 242:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Merriman LA, Walk CL, Murphy MR, Parsons CM, Stein HH. Inclusion of excess dietary calcium in diets for 100- to 130-kg growing pigs reduces feed intake and daily gain if dietary phosphorus is at or below the requirement. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:5439-5446. [PMID: 29293757 PMCID: PMC6292265 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the requirement for standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca by pigs from 100 to 130 kg depends on the concentration of STTD P in the diet. Ninety pigs (average initial BW: 99.89 ± 3.34 kg) were randomly allotted to 15 experimental diets. Each diet was fed to 6 replicate pigs using a randomized complete block design. Fifteen corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated and phytate and Na were constant among treatments. Diets were formulated using a 3 × 5 factorial design with diets containing 0.11%, 0.21%, or 0.31% STTD P and 0.12%, 0.29%, 0.46%, 0.61%, or 0.78% total Ca (0.08%, 0.18%, 0.29%, 0.38%, or 0.49% STTD Ca). The P concentrations ranged from 48 to 152% of the STTD P requirement for 100- to 125-kg pigs and the Ca concentrations ranged from 27 to 173% of the total Ca requirement. Experimental diets were fed for 28 d and pigs were individually housed. Pig and feeder weights were recorded at the beginning and at the conclusion of the experiment to calculate ADFI, ADG, and G:F. On d 28, all pigs were euthanized and the right femur was extracted. Ash, Ca, and P concentrations were determined from the de-fatted, dried femurs. Results indicated that as dietary concentrations of STTD Ca increased, ADFI decreased (main effect of Ca, < 0.05), regardless of the dietary concentration of P. The model to predict ADFI (ADFI = 3.6782 - 1.2722 × STTD Ca [%]; = 0.001) was dependent only on the concentration of dietary STTD Ca, but not on the concentration of dietary STTD P. In contrast, the model to predict ADG depended on both STTD Ca and STTD P (1.4556 - 1.4192 × STTD Ca [%] - 1.0653 × STTD P [%] + 4.2940 STTD Ca [%] × STTD P [%]; = 0.002). There were no effects of STTD Ca or STTD P on G:F. Linear increases were observed for bone ash, bone Ca, and bone P as dietary concentrations of STTD Ca increased for all concentrations of STTD P, but the increase was greater at the greatest concentration of STTD P than at lower concentrations (interaction, < 0.001). In conclusion, results indicate that the estimated requirement for dietary STTD Ca by 100- to 130-kg pigs needed to maximize ADG, bone ash, and bone Ca depends on the concentration of STTD P in the diet. Results also indicate that feeding Ca in excess of the current requirement for total Ca is detrimental to growth performance of pigs from 100 to 130 kg unless P is also included above the requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Merriman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | - M. R. Murphy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C. M. Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - H. H. Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Schlegel P, Gutzwiller A. Effect of dietary calcium level and source on mineral utilisation by piglets fed diets containing exogenous phytase. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:e165-e174. [PMID: 27868294 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcium and phosphorus are essential minerals, closely linked in digestive processes and metabolism. With widespread use of low P diets containing exogenous phytase, the optimal dietary Ca level was verified. The 40-day study evaluated the effects of Ca level (4, 7 and 10 g/kg diet) and Ca source (Ca from CaCO3 and from Lithothamnium calcareum) on mineral utilisation in 72 piglets (7.9 ± 1.0 kg BW) fed an exogenous phytase containing diet with 2.9 g digestible P/kg. Measured parameters were growth performance, stomach mineral solubility, bone breaking strength and urinary, serum and bone mineral concentration. The apparent total tract digestibility of minerals was also assessed in the two diets with 7 g Ca/kg, using 12 additional pigs. Regardless of Ca source, increasing dietary Ca impaired feed conversion ratio, increased urinary pH, increased serum and urinary Ca, decreased serum and urinary P, decreased serum Mg and increased urinary Mg, increased serum AP activity, decreased bone Mg increased bone Zn. Bone breaking strength was improved with 7 compared to 4 g Ca/kg. Compared to CaCO3 , Ca from Lithothamnium calcareum increased serum Mg and with, 10 g Ca/kg, it limited body weight gain. The dose response of Ca in a diet with 2.9 g digestible P/kg and including exogenous phytase indicated that: (i) a low dietary Ca was beneficial for piglet growth, but was limiting the metabolic use of P; (ii) a high dietary Ca level impaired P utilisation; (iii) the optimal P utilisation and bone breaking strength was obtained with a dietary Ca-to-digestible P ratio of 2.1 to 2.4:1; (iv). Increasing dietary Ca reduced Mg utilisation, but not Zn status, when fed at adequate level. Finally, Ca from Lithothamnium calcareum had similar effects on Ca and P metabolism as CaCO3 , but impaired growth when fed at the highest inclusion level.
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