Infected hydatid cysts bacteria in slaughtered livestock and their effects on protoscoleces degeneration

Molecular characterization and serodiagnostic evaluation of the Echinococcus ortleppi recombinant glutaredoxin 1 protein for cystic echinococcosis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), adversely affects the physiology of the vital organs in which they grow. Condemnation of meat causes substantial economic loss to the livestock industry. Conventionally the infection is detected by necropsy as serological diagnosis of the infection in livestock is ambiguous. Identification of specific diagnostic antigens would be a substitute for the cyst fluid antigens which lack adequate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. BLAST analysis supported by the negligible pairwise nucleotide distance of the 389 nt COX1, 489 nt NAD1, and 425 nt ITS1 with the related sequences of E. ortleppi ascertained the association of E. ortleppi with CE in buffaloes. Given the extensive distribution of glutaredoxin 1 in every developmental stage of Echinococcus granulosus s.l that makes it an ideal serodiagnostic antigen for CE, we expressed the 14 kDa E. ortleppi glutaredoxin 1 (rEoGrx1) protein in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and tested a total of 225 sera samples, including 126 sera samples from the necropsy-positive buffalo, by the rEoGrx1 IgG-ELISA. The ELISA could detect a total of 82/126 sera samples as positive. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the rEoGrx1 IgG-ELISA were 65.1 % and 51.5 %, respectively. The protein showed serological cross-reaction against Fasciola gigantica, Toxoplasma gondii, and Sarcocystis sp. The in silico bioinformatics analysis of the E. ortleppi, F. gigantica, and T. gondii glutaredoxin sequences revealed fully conserved amino acids at positions 11 and 21, the substitution of conserved amino acids at positions 14 and 6, and semi-conserved substitutions at positions 3 and 4, respectively. The findings partly explain the molecular basis of the serological cross-reactivity of the protein.

Bacterial and Fungal Occurrence in Hydatid Cysts from Livestock in Central Iran

Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato causes Cystic echinococcosis. This study investigated the bacterial and fungal species in the liver and lung hydatid cysts obtained from sheep, goats, cattle, and camels slaughtered in Yazd abattoir, Central Iran. In this study, 84 hydatid cysts were obtained from 20 sheep, 13 goats, 25 cattle, and 26 camels. The fertility and viability rates were assessed using light microscopy and eosin staining, respectively. The aspirated hydatid cysts were cultured to detect the presence of any bacteria and fungi. Bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical tests. DNA was also extracted from germinal layers, and then genotyping was carried out targeting the cox 1 gene. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 16.0. This study showed that 22.62% (19/84) of hydatid cysts had bacterial occurrence, and none of the samples had fungal species. Among the fertile cysts, 52.6% had bacterial occurrence, of which 40% were viable. Most bacteria detected in hydatid cysts included Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, and S. epidermidis. Hydatid cysts with bacterial occurrence were identified as G1-G3, G5, and G6/G7. The bacterial species occurrence in hydatid cysts had no significant relationship with fertility and viability (P > 0.05), without any significant relation with viability (P > 0.05), animal species (P > 0.05), involved organ in animals (P > 0.05), and hydatid cyst genotypes (P > 0.05). It should also be mentioned that this is the first study to assess the relationship between hydatid cyst genotyping and the occurrence of fungal and bacterial species.

Ruta graveolens, Peganum harmala, and Citrullus colocynthis methanolic extracts have in vitro protoscolocidal effects and act against bacteria isolated from echinococcal hydatid cyst fluid

Echinococcosis is a common and endemic disease that affects both humans and animals. In this study, the in vitro activities of methanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens, Peganum harmala aerial parts, and Citrullus colocynthis seeds against protoscolosis and isolated bacterial strains from hydatid cysts were assessed using disc diffusion methods and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The chemical composition of three methanolic extracts was studied using LC-MS. After 3 h of exposure to 40 mg/mL R. graveolens extract, a tenfold protoscolocidal effect was seen when compared to the convintional medication (ABZ) for the same duration (P < 0.05). The bacteria listed below were isolated from hydatid cyst fluid collected from a variety of sick locations, including the lung and liver. Micrococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter amnigenus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans are among the bacteria that have been identified. The most effective extract was R. graveolens, followed by P. harmala and C. colocynthis, according to the results of antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method. R. graveolens extract had the lowest MIC values (less than 2 mg/mL) against all microorganisms tested. This shows that the R. graveolens extract has additional properties, such as the ability to be both scolocidal and bactericidal. Because these bacteria are among the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria that increase the risk of secondary infection during hydatid cysts, the results of inhibitory zones and MICs of the R. graveolens methanol extract are considered highly promising.

Occurrence and genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from domestic animals in Central Iran

Background

The species complex of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) causes cystic echinococcosis distributed worldwide. There is no genotype information from hydatid cysts in the intermediate hosts in Central Iran. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the hydatid cysts in livestock slaughtered in an abattoir in this region. Six hundred fifty-seven hydatid cysts were isolated from 97 animals, including sheep, cattle, camels, and goats slaughtered in Yazd abattoir from September 2018 to January 2020. The demographic data was collected as well as cyst location, fertility, and viability. Out of 657 samples, 164 samples were genotyped. Then, phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGAX. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 16.0 by chi-square with a significant difference of less than 0.05.

Results

Out of 164 samples, the G1-G3 complex genotype had the most frequency in samples, with 135 cases recognized. The G6/G7 was observed in 19 isolates and G5 was reported in nine samples. One sample was detected as Taenia hydatigena.

Conclusions

This study showed that G1-G3 and G6/G7 genotypes were presented in all animals, but G5 was reported only in cattle, goats, and camels. It is the first molecular identification of cystic echinococcosis in Central Iran. Hence, reporting G5 in livestock in this area should be considered due to transmission to humans.

Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Hydatidosis is a zoonotic disease and has a great general and economic health importance in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, this systematic and meta-analytic study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran.

METHODS

The present study was conducted as a systematic review and meta-analysis. The SID & Magiran, MEDLINE (PubMed), ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched with a view to selecting relevant research works. As a result, 31 articles published from April 1970 to April 2020 were selected. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the I² index. Data analysis was conducted within the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (CMA) v.3.0 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA) and Arc map (ArcGIS 10.3) software.

RESULTS

The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using the I² test which value was 99% showing a high heterogeneity in the studies. The results of publication bias in studies were evaluated by the Egger test, which were not statistically significant (P = 0.144). The overall prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran is 13.9% (95%CI: 10.7-17.7%). The results of the meta-regression analysis indicate the increasing trend of the hydatid cyst prevalence with the increase of sample size and publication year (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

According to the results of this study and the relatively high prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran, health policy makers should make effective decisions in this regard, and implement careful inspections and interventions by experts and health authorities.

Prevalence and bacterial isolation from hydatid cysts in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered at Sharkia abattoirs, Egypt

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe neglected zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of hydatid cysts in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) at Sharkia province, Egypt and investigate the occurrence of bacteria in hydatid fluid. A total of 6416 dromedary camels slaughtered in five abattoirs in Sharkia province, Egypt during the period from January and December 2018 were investigated for the presence of hydatid cysts. Furthermore, the bacterial species in 10 hydatid fluid isolated from lungs and livers was identified. The current findings revealed that the prevalence of hydatid cysts was 3.7%. Among those, the infection rate in lungs was 78.2%, which was significantly higher than hepatic infections (21.8%). The prevalence of hydatid cysts was the highest in winter (7.4%) and the lowest in spring (1.5%). The most common bacterial species found inside hydatid fluid collected from lungs were Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococci and Pseudomonas spp. Meanwhile, Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from hepatic hydatid fluid. In conclusion, hydatid cysts infection is prevalent in dromedary camels in Sharkia province, Egypt as well as various aerobic and anaerobic bacterial species were isolated from hydatid fluid from camel lungs and livers.

Prevalence of Human Hydatidosis Based on Hospital Records in Hamadan West of Iran from 2006 to 2013

BACKGROUND

The reservoir and intermediate hosts of Echinococcus granulsus and human hydatidosis are more prevalent in the Alborz and Zagros Mountains slop due to rich pastures for sheep raising. Many cases of hydatid cysts operate in local hospitals annually. The present study aimed to review the epidemiologic characteristics of the hydatidosis patients.

METHODS

In this descriptive study, the medical files of 182 hydatidosis patients from main public and private hospitals in Hamadan Province, western Iran from 2006 to 2013 were reviewed. The data collected from eight general hospitals including demographic data, clinical and diagnostic measures, surgical approaches, and outcome were entered into the prepared checklist and analyzed by descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

All patients were diagnosed and operated giving an average of 26 cases per year, or 1.5 cases per 100000 inhabitants. The site of cysts was as follows: liver 70.9%, lung 24.7%, and in both these organs 2.2%. The ratio of male and female patients was approximately 1:1. Mean age of patients was 44.5±21.5 yr at range of 3 to 91 yr. The majority the patients were illiterate (32.2%) and resided in the rural areas (61.7%), and their occupations were housewives (36.8%). Almost 90% of patients diagnosed by imaging methods and 8% had history of surgery for cyst.

CONCLUSION

Hydatidosis is a major health problem still in this region and more extensive epidemiological investigations of CE is necessary to better determine the prevalence, economic impact and risk factors for the disease control.