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Johnson N, Filler AC, Sethi A, Smith LR, Leach JK. Skeletal Muscle Spheroids as Building Blocks for Engineered Muscle Tissue. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:497-506. [PMID: 38113146 PMCID: PMC10777344 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Spheroids exhibit enhanced cell-cell interactions that facilitate improved survival and mimic the physiological cellular environment in vivo. Cell spheroids have been successfully used as building blocks for engineered tissues, yet the viability of this approach with skeletal muscle spheroids is poorly understood, particularly when incorporated into three-dimensional (3D) constructs. Bioprinting is a promising strategy to recapitulate the hierarchical organization of native tissue that is fundamental to its function. However, the influence of bioprinting on skeletal muscle cell spheroids and their function are yet to be interrogated. Using C2C12 mouse myoblasts and primary bovine muscle stem cells (MuSCs), we characterized spheroid formation as a function of duration and cell seeding density. We then investigated the potential of skeletal muscle spheroids entrapped in alginate bioink as tissue building blocks for bioprinting myogenic tissue. Both C2C12 and primary bovine MuSCs formed spheroids of similar sizes and remained viable after bioprinting. Spheroids of both cell types fused into larger tissue clusters over time within alginate and exhibited tissue formation comparable to monodisperse cells. Compared to monodisperse cells in alginate gels, C2C12 spheroids exhibited greater MyHC expression after 2 weeks, while cells within bovine MuSC spheroids displayed increased cell spreading. Both monodisperse and MuSC spheroids exhibited increased expression of genes denoting mid- and late-stage myogenic differentiation. Together, these data suggest that skeletal muscle spheroids have the potential for generating myogenic tissue via 3D bioprinting and reveal areas of research that could enhance myogenesis and myogenic differentiation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Johnson
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrea C. Filler
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Akash Sethi
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lucas R. Smith
- Department
of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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2
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Hwangbo H, Chae S, Kim W, Jo S, Kim GH. Tumor-on-a-chip models combined with mini-tissues or organoids for engineering tumor tissues. Theranostics 2024; 14:33-55. [PMID: 38164155 PMCID: PMC10750204 DOI: 10.7150/thno.90093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of tumor-on-a-chip technology with mini-tissues or organoids has emerged as a powerful approach in cancer research and drug development. This review provides an extensive examination of the diverse biofabrication methods employed to create mini-tissues, including 3D bioprinting, spheroids, microfluidic systems, and self-assembly techniques using cell-laden hydrogels. Furthermore, it explores various approaches for fabricating organ-on-a-chip platforms. This paper highlights the synergistic potential of combining these technologies to create tumor-on-a-chip models that mimic the complex tumor microenvironment and offer unique insights into cancer biology and therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Geun Hyung Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM) Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Muthuramalingam K, Lee HJ. Effect of GelMA Hydrogel Properties on Long-Term Encapsulation and Myogenic Differentiation of C 2C 12 Spheroids. Gels 2023; 9:925. [PMID: 38131911 PMCID: PMC10743132 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration and engineering hold great promise for the treatment of various muscle-related pathologies and injuries. This research explores the use of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels as a critical component for encapsulating cellular spheroids in the context of muscle tissue engineering and regenerative applications. The preparation of GelMA hydrogels at various concentrations, ranging from 5% to 15%, was characterized and correlated with their mechanical stiffness. The storage modulus was quantified and correlated with GelMA concentration: 6.01 ± 1.02 Pa (5% GelMA), 75.78 ± 6.67 Pa (10% GelMA), and 134.69 ± 7.93 Pa (15% GelMA). In particular, the mechanical properties and swelling capacity of GelMA hydrogels were identified as key determinants affecting cell sprouting and migration from C2C12 spheroids. The controlled balance between these factors was found to significantly enhance the differentiation and functionality of the encapsulated spheroids. Our results highlight the critical role of GelMA hydrogels in orchestrating cellular dynamics and processes within a 3D microenvironment. The study demonstrates that these hydrogels provide a promising scaffold for the long-term encapsulation of spheroids while maintaining high biocompatibility. This research provides valuable insights into the design and use of GelMA hydrogels for improved muscle tissue engineering and regenerative applications, paving the way for innovative approaches to muscle tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
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4
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Kim W, Kim G. Hybrid cell constructs consisting of bioprinted cell-spheroids. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10397. [PMID: 36925682 PMCID: PMC10013803 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprinted cell constructs have been investigated for regeneration of various tissues. However, poor cell-cell interactions have limited their utility. Although cell-spheroids offer an alternative for efficient cell-cell interactions, they complicate bioprinting. Here, we introduce a new cell-printing process, fabricating cell-spheroids and cell-loaded constructs together without preparation of cell-spheroids in advance. Cells in mineral oil droplets self-assembled to form cell-spheroids due to the oil-aqueous interaction, exhibiting similar biological functions to the conventionally prepared cell-spheroids. By controlling printing parameters, spheroid diameter and location could be manipulated. To demonstrate the feasibility of this process, we fabricated hybrid cell constructs, consisting of endothelial cell-spheroids and stem cells loaded decellularized extracellular matrix/β-tricalcium phosphate struts for regenerating vascularized bone. The hybrid cell constructs exhibited strong angiogenic/osteogenic activities as a result of increased secretion of signaling molecules and synergistic crosstalk between the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- WonJin Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon South Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon South Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
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5
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Khafaga AF, Mousa SA, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture: a valuable step in advancing treatments for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:243. [PMID: 35908054 PMCID: PMC9339175 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignant cancer and the third most frequent cause of tumour-related mortality worldwide. Currently, several surgical and medical therapeutic strategies are available for HCCs; however, the interaction between neoplastic cells and non-neoplastic stromal cells within the tumour microenvironment (TME) results in strong therapeutic resistance of HCCs to conventional treatment. Therefore, the development of novel treatments is urgently needed to improve the survival of patients with HCC. The first step in developing efficient chemotherapeutic drugs is the establishment of an appropriate system for studying complex tumour culture and microenvironment interactions. Three-dimensional (3D) culture model might be a crucial bridge between in vivo and in vitro due to its ability to mimic the naturally complicated in vivo TME compared to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. In this review, we shed light on various established 3D culture models of HCC and their role in the investigation of tumour-TME interactions and HCC-related therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt.
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
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Samandari M, Quint J, Rodríguez-delaRosa A, Sinha I, Pourquié O, Tamayol A. Bioinks and Bioprinting Strategies for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2105883. [PMID: 34773667 PMCID: PMC8957559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles play important roles in critical body functions and their injury or disease can lead to limitation of mobility and loss of independence. Current treatments result in variable functional recovery, while reconstructive surgery, as the gold-standard approach, is limited due to donor shortage, donor-site morbidity, and limited functional recovery. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) has generated enthusiasm as an alternative solution for treatment of injured tissue and serves as a functional disease model. Recently, bioprinting has emerged as a promising tool for recapitulating the complex and highly organized architecture of skeletal muscles at clinically relevant sizes. Here, skeletal muscle physiology, muscle regeneration following injury, and current treatments following muscle loss are discussed, and then bioprinting strategies implemented for SMTE are critically reviewed. Subsequently, recent advancements that have led to improvement of bioprinting strategies to construct large muscle structures, boost myogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and enhance tissue integration are discussed. Bioinks for muscle bioprinting, as an essential part of any bioprinting strategy, are discussed, and their benefits, limitations, and areas to be improved are highlighted. Finally, the directions the field should expand to make bioprinting strategies more translational and overcome the clinical unmet needs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jacob Quint
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | - Indranil Sinha
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Corresponding author: A. Tamayol, (A. Tamayol)
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Kim J, Lee H, Jin EJ, Jo Y, Kang BE, Ryu D, Kim G. A Microfluidic Device to Fabricate One-Step Cell Bead-Laden Hydrogel Struts for Tissue Engineering. Small 2022; 18:e2106487. [PMID: 34854561 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-laden structures are widely applied for a variety of tissue engineering applications, including tissue restoration. Cell-to-cell interactions in bioprinted structures are important for successful tissue restoration, because cell-cell signaling pathways can regulate tissue development and stem cell fate. However, the low degree of cell-cell interaction in conventional cell-laden bioprinted structures is challenging for the therapeutic application of this modality. Herein, a microfluidic device with cell-laden methacrylated gelatin (GelMa) bioink and alginate as a matrix hydrogel is used to fabricate a functional hybrid structure laden with cell-aggregated microbeads. This approach effectively increases the degree of cell-to-cell interaction to a level comparable to cell spheroids. The hybrid structure is obtained using a one-step process without the exhausting procedure. It consists of cell bead fabrication and an extrusion process for the cell-bead laden structure. Different flow rates are appropriately selected to develop cell-laden struts with homogeneously distributed cell beads for each hydrogel in the process. The hybrid struts exhibit significantly higher cellular activities than those of conventional alginate/GelMa struts, which are bioprinted using similar cell densities and bioink formulations. Furthermore, hybrid struts with adipose stem cells are implanted into mice, resulting in significantly higher myogenesis in comparison to normally bioprinted struts.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuYeon Kim
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Lee
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Jin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Baeki E Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Kim D, Hwangbo H, Kim G. Engineered Myoblast-Laden Collagen Filaments Fabricated Using a Submerged Bioprinting Process to Obtain Efficient Myogenic Activities. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5042-5051. [PMID: 34783537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle tissue comprises a hierarchical fibrous structure with fully aligned myofibers. To obtain a unique aligned engineering construct for regenerating muscle tissue, we adopted a submerged bioprinting process. Here, 3 wt % collagen and 6 wt % alginate solutions were used as a matrix cell-encapsulating bioink and supporting solution in the printing bath, respectively. By manipulating the processing parameters (various alginate weight fractions in the bath, nozzle moving speed, and hydrostatic pressure), cell-laden filaments (∼50 μm in diameter) were successfully fabricated. They presented a high degree of alignment of the fibrillated collagen and meaningful initial viability (∼90%) of the C2C12 myoblasts. In vitro cellular responses indicated that fully aligned F-actin filaments of myoblasts were developed, resulting in a high degree of alignment/formation of myotubes, compared to that in the controls (>100 μm diameter of cell-laden filaments). Furthermore, the expression levels of various myogenic genes (Myod1, Myh2, and Myog) were measured using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on day 21 of the cell culture, and the results showed that the cell-laden filaments with a small diameter had considerably greater gene expression levels (2.2-8-fold) than those with a relatively large diameter. Thus, the printing process described herein can provide a new potential biofabricating platform to obtain cell-laden engineering constructs for various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjun Hwangbo
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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