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Blanke A, Pinheiro M, Watson PJ, Fagan MJ. A biomechanical analysis of prognathous and orthognathous insect head capsules: evidence for a many-to-one mapping of form to function. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:665-674. [PMID: 29444377 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insect head shapes are remarkably variable, but the influences of these changes on biomechanical performance are unclear. Among 'basal' winged insects, such as dragonflies, mayflies, earwigs and stoneflies, some of the most prominent anatomical changes are the general mouthpart orientation, eye size and the connection of the endoskeleton to the head. Here, we assess these variations as well as differing ridge and sclerite configurations using modern engineering methods including multibody dynamics modelling and finite element analysis in order to quantify and compare the influence of anatomical changes on strain in particular head regions and the whole head. We show that a range of peculiar structures such as the genal/subgenal, epistomal and circumocular areas are consistently highly loaded in all species, despite drastically differing morphologies in species with forward-projecting (prognathous) and downward-projecting (orthognathous) mouthparts. Sensitivity analyses show that the presence of eyes has a negligible influence on head capsule strain if a circumocular ridge is present. In contrast, the connection of the dorsal endoskeletal arms to the head capsule especially affects overall head loading in species with downward-projecting mouthparts. Analysis of the relative strains between species for each head region reveals that concerted changes in head substructures such as the subgenal area, the endoskeleton and the epistomal area lead to a consistent relative loading for the whole head capsule and vulnerable structures such as the eyes. It appears that biting-chewing loads are managed by a system of strengthening ridges on the head capsule irrespective of the general mouthpart and head orientation. Concerted changes in ridge and endoskeleton configuration might allow for more radical anatomical changes such as the general mouthpart orientation, which could be an explanation for the variability of this trait among insects. In an evolutionary context, many-to-one mapping of strain patterns onto a relatively similar overall head loading indeed could have fostered the dynamic diversification processes seen in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blanke
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - M Pinheiro
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - P J Watson
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - M J Fagan
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Kjer KM, Ware JL, Rust J, Wappler T, Lanfear R, Jermiin LS, Zhou X, Aspöck H, Aspöck U, Beutel RG, Blanke A, Donath A, Flouri T, Frandsen PB, Kapli P, Kawahara AY, Letsch H, Mayer C, McKenna DD, Meusemann K, Niehuis O, Peters RS, Wiegmann BM, Yeates DK, von Reumont BM, Stamatakis A, Misof B. Response to Comment on “Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution”. Science 2015; 349:487. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Kjer
- University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. L. Ware
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - L. S. Jermiin
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - X. Zhou
- China National GeneBank, BGI–Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, China
| | | | - U. Aspöck
- Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - R. G. Beutel
- Phyletischem Museum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
| | | | - A. Donath
- Universität Bonn, Germany
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
| | - T. Flouri
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P. B. Frandsen
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P. Kapli
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - C. Mayer
- Universität Bonn, Germany
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - K. Meusemann
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
| | - O. Niehuis
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - R. S. Peters
- Universität Bonn, Germany
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - D. K. Yeates
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - B. M. von Reumont
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
- Natural History Museum London, London, UK
| | - A. Stamatakis
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Misof
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
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Misof B, Liu S, Meusemann K, Peters RS, Donath A, Mayer C, Frandsen PB, Ware J, Flouri T, Beutel RG, Niehuis O, Petersen M, Izquierdo-Carrasco F, Wappler T, Rust J, Aberer AJ, Aspock U, Aspock H, Bartel D, Blanke A, Berger S, Bohm A, Buckley TR, Calcott B, Chen J, Friedrich F, Fukui M, Fujita M, Greve C, Grobe P, Gu S, Huang Y, Jermiin LS, Kawahara AY, Krogmann L, Kubiak M, Lanfear R, Letsch H, Li Y, Li Z, Li J, Lu H, Machida R, Mashimo Y, Kapli P, McKenna DD, Meng G, Nakagaki Y, Navarrete-Heredia JL, Ott M, Ou Y, Pass G, Podsiadlowski L, Pohl H, von Reumont BM, Schutte K, Sekiya K, Shimizu S, Slipinski A, Stamatakis A, Song W, Su X, Szucsich NU, Tan M, Tan X, Tang M, Tang J, Timelthaler G, Tomizuka S, Trautwein M, Tong X, Uchifune T, Walzl MG, Wiegmann BM, Wilbrandt J, Wipfler B, Wong TKF, Wu Q, Wu G, Xie Y, Yang S, Yang Q, Yeates DK, Yoshizawa K, Zhang Q, Zhang R, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhou C, Zhou L, Ziesmann T, Zou S, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang J, Wang J, Kjer KM, Zhou X. Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution. Science 2014; 346:763-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1257570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1672] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Blanke A, Aupperle H, Seeger J, Kubick C, Schusser GF. Histological Study of the External, Middle and Inner Ear of Horses. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:401-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Blanke
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; An den Tierkliniken 11 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - H. Aupperle
- Laboklin GmbH & Co KG; Steubenstr. 4 97688 Bad Kissingen Germany
| | - J. Seeger
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; An den Tierkliniken 43 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - C. Kubick
- Institute of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Leipzig; Liebigstr. 24 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - G. F. Schusser
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; An den Tierkliniken 11 04103 Leipzig Germany
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Mokso R, Quaroni L, Marone F, Irvine S, Vila-Comamala J, Blanke A, Stampanoni M. X-ray mosaic nanotomography of large microorganisms. J Struct Biol 2011; 177:233-8. [PMID: 22227096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Full-field X-ray microscopy is a valuable tool for 3D observation of biological systems. In the soft X-ray domain organelles can be visualized in individual cells while hard X-ray microscopes excel in imaging of larger complex biological tissue. The field of view of these instruments is typically 10(3) times the spatial resolution. We exploit the assets of the hard X-ray sub-micrometer imaging and extend the standard approach by widening the effective field of view to match the size of the sample. We show that global tomography of biological systems exceeding several times the field of view is feasible also at the nanoscale with moderate radiation dose. We address the performance issues and limitations of the TOMCAT full-field microscope and more generally for Zernike phase contrast imaging. Two biologically relevant systems were investigated. The first being the largest known bacteria (Thiomargarita namibiensis), the second is a small myriapod species (Pauropoda sp.). Both examples illustrate the capacity of the unique, structured condenser based broad-band full-field microscope to access the 3D structural details of biological systems at the nanoscale while avoiding complicated sample preparation, or even keeping the sample environment close to the natural state.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mokso
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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