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Trombetta M, Boselli L, Cretti A, Calì A, Vettore M, Caruso B, Dorizzi R, Avogaro A, Muggeo M, Bonora E, Bonadonna RC. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a disease of the governance of the glucose-insulin system: an experimental metabolic control analysis study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:23-30. [PMID: 21937205 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relatives role of each component of the glucose-insulin system in determining hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes is still under debate. Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA) quantifies the control exerted by each component of a system on a variable of interest, by computing the relevant coefficients of control (CCs), which are systemic properties. We applied MCA to the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) to quantify the CCs of the main components of the glucose-insulin system on intravenous glucose tolerance. METHODS AND RESULTS We combined in vivo phenotyping (IVGTT/euglycaemic insulin clamp) and in silico modeling (GLUKINSLOOP.1) to compute the CCs of intravenous glucose tolerance in healthy insulin-sensitive (n = 9, NGR-IS), healthy insulin-resistant (n = 7, NGR-IR) and subdiabetic hyperglycemic (n = 8, PreT2DM) individuals and in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (n = 7, T2DM). Altered insulin secretion and action were documented in NGR-IR and PreT2DM groups, but only 1st phase insulin secretion was significantly lower in T2DM than in PreT2DM (p < 0.05). The CCs changed little in the nondiabetic groups. However, several CCs were significantly altered in the patients (e.g. CCs of beta cell: -0.75 ± 0.10, -0.64 ± 0.15, -0.56 ± 0.09 and -0.19 ± 0.04 in NGR-IS, NGR-IR, PreT2DM and T2DM, respectively; p < 0.01 by MANOVA), and they could not be corrected by matching in silico nondiabetic and T2DM groups for 1st phase secretion. CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetes is characterized not only by loss of function of the elements of the glucose-insulin system, but also by changes in systemic properties (CCs). As such, it could be considered a disease of the governance of the glucose-insulin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trombetta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
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Arcaro G, Solini A, Monauni T, Cretti A, Brunato B, Lechi A, Fellin R, Caputo M, Cocco C, Bonora E, Muggeo M, Bonadonna RC. ACE genotype and endothelium-dependent vasodilation of conduit arteries and forearm microcirculation in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1313-9. [PMID: 11498459 DOI: 10.1161/hq0801.093508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ACE gene is a candidate gene for cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction is considered an intermediate phenotype in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. We evaluated the role of ACE gene polymorphism in endothelial function of young healthy humans. We assessed ACE genotype (deletion [D]/insertion [I] polymorphism) in 92 young healthy individuals. In 88 of them, endothelium-dependent (flow-mediated) vasodilation and endothelium-independent (nitroglycerin-induced) vasodilation were measured in the common femoral artery and in the brachial (n=84) artery by echo Doppler technique. In 35 subjects, we also applied the forearm perfusion technique to quantify the responses of the forearm vascular bed to 3 increasing doses of 2 endothelium-dependent vasodilators (acetylcholine and bradykinin) and 1 endothelium-independent vasodilator (sodium nitroprusside). The D allele of the ACE gene was associated with a significant blunting (Delta approximately 26%) of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the femoral artery (P=0.02) but not in the brachial artery (P=0.55) or in the forearm microcirculation (P=0.70 to 0.80). Endothelium-independent vasodilation was unaffected by the ACE genotype. In young healthy humans, the D allele of the ACE gene is associated with selective endothelial dysfunction of the femoral artery. It remains to be determined whether this association discloses a causal role in vascular, particularly peripheral artery, disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arcaro
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona School of Medicine, Italy
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Cretti A, Lehtovirta M, Bonora E, Brunato B, Zenti MG, Tosi F, Caputo M, Caruso B, Groop LC, Muggeo M, Bonadonna RC. Assessment of beta-cell function during the oral glucose tolerance test by a minimal model of insulin secretion. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31:405-16. [PMID: 11380592 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise the performance of beta-cell during a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). DESIGN Fifty-six subjects were studied. A minimal analogic model of beta-cell secretion during the OGTT was applied to all OGTTs (see below). The amount of insulin secreted over 120' in response to oral glucose (OGTT-ISR; Insulin Units 120'-1 m-2 BSA) and an index of beta-cell secretory 'force' (beta-Index; pmol.min-2.m-2 BSA) were computed with the aid of the model. In protocol A, 10 healthy subjects underwent two repeat 75 g OGTT with frequent (every 10'-15') blood sampling for glucose and C-peptide to test the reproducibility of OGTT-ISR and beta-Index with a complete or a reduced data set. In protocol B, 7 healthy subjects underwent three OGTTs (50, 100 or 150 g), to test the stability of the beta-Index under different glucose loads. In protocol C, 29 subjects (15 with normal glucose tolerance, 7 with impaired glucose tolerance and 7 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes) underwent two repeat 75 g OGTT with reduced (every 30' for 120') blood sampling to compare the reproducibility and the discriminant ratio (DR) of OGTT-ISR and beta-index with the insulinogenic index (IG-Index: Delta Insulin 30' - Basal/Delta Glucose 30' - Basal). In protocol D, 20 subjects (14 with normal glucose tolerance, 5 with impaired glucose tolerance and 1 with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes) underwent a 75 g OGTT and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on separate days to explore the relationships between acute (0'-10') insulin response (AIR) during the IVGTT and beta-index and OGTT-ISR during the OGTT. RESULTS In all protocols, the minimal analogic model of C-peptide secretion achieved a reasonable fit of the experimental data. In protocol A, a good reproducibility of both beta-index and OGTT-ISR was observed with both complete and reduced (every 30') data sets. In protocol B, increasing the oral glucose load caused progressive increases in OGTT-ISR (from 2.63 +/- 0.70 to 5.11 +/- 0.91 Units.120'-1.m-2 BSA; P < 0.01), but the beta-index stayed the same (4.14 +/- 0.35 vs. 4.29 +/- 0.30 vs. 4.30 +/- 0.33 pmol.min-2.m-2 BSA). In protocol C, both OGTT-ISR and beta-index had lower day-to-day CVs (17.6 +/- 2.2 and 12.4 +/- 2.4%, respectively) and higher DRs (2.57 and 1.74, respectively) than the IG-index (CV: 35.5 +/- 6.3%; DR: 0.934). OGTT-ISR was positively correlated to BMI (P < 0.03), whereas beta-index was inversely related to both fasting and 2 h plasma glucose (P < 0.01 for both). In protocol D, beta-index, but not OGTT-ISR, was significantly correlated to AIR (r = 0.542, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Analogically modelling beta-cell function during the OGTT provides a simple, useful tool for the physiological assessment of beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cretti
- University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
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Monauni T, Zenti MG, Cretti A, Daniels MC, Targher G, Caruso B, Caputo M, McClain D, Del Prato S, Giaccari A, Muggeo M, Bonora E, Bonadonna RC. Effects of glucosamine infusion on insulin secretion and insulin action in humans. Diabetes 2000; 49:926-35. [PMID: 10866044 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.49.6.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose toxicity (i.e., glucose-induced reduction in insulin secretion and action) may be mediated by an increased flux through the hexosamine-phosphate pathway. Glucosamine (GlcN) is widely used to accelerate the hexosamine pathway flux, independently of glucose. We tested the hypothesis that GlcN can affect insulin secretion and/or action in humans. In 10 healthy subjects, we sequentially performed an intravenous glucose (plus [2-3H]glucose) tolerance test (IVGTT) and a euglycemic insulin clamp during either a saline infusion or a low (1.6 micromol x min(-1) x kg(-1)) or high (5 micromol x min(-1) x kg(-1) [n = 5]) GlcN infusion. Beta-cell secretion, insulin (SI*-IVGTT), and glucose (SG*) action on glucose utilization during the IVGTT were measured according to minimal models of insulin secretion and action. Infusion of GlcN did not affect readily releasable insulin levels, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), or the time constant of secretion, but it increased both the glucose threshold of GSIS (delta approximately 0.5-0.8 mmol/l, P < 0.03-0.01) and plasma fasting glucose levels (delta approximately 0.3-0.5 mmol/l, P < 0.05-0.02). GlcN did not change glucose utilization or intracellular metabolism (glucose oxidation and glucose storage were measured by indirect calorimetry) during the clamp. However, high levels of GlcN caused a decrease in SI*-IVGTT (delta approximately 30%, P < 0.02) and in SG* (delta approximately 40%, P < 0.05). Thus, in humans, acute GlcN infusion recapitulates some metabolic features of human diabetes. It remains to be determined whether acceleration of the hexosamine pathway can cause insulin resistance at euglycemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Monauni
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Verona School of Medicine, Italy
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Zieliński M, Wojnarski L, Celewicz Z, Cretti A. [Influence of evening primrose oil on blood pressure and the pressor response to angiotensin II in pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits]. Ginekol Pol 1994; 65:111-4. [PMID: 8001843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Evening primrose oil was given through a intragastric catheter in dose of 50 mg/kg day for 10 days to pregnant (8 animals) and nonpregnant (8 animals) rabbits. Control groups contained 8 pregnant and 8 nonpregnant animals. In the acute experiment we estimated directly (intraarterially) basal blood pressure and pressor response to angiotensin II (A II). The systolic and diastolic response to A II was significantly lower in pregnant rabbits which received evening primrose oil compared to control group. No significant effect was found in the nonpregnant groups. Basal (before A II) systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not differ between the treated and untreated subject in each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zieliński
- Kliniki Patologii Ciazy i Porodu IPG PAM w Szczecinie
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Sznura E, Celewicz Z, Wojnarski L, Cretti A. [Effect of aminophylline on frequency of blood flow in utero-placental and fetal circulation, on arterial blood pressure and on cardiotocography]. Ginekol Pol 1993; 64:421-4. [PMID: 8144051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminophylline was given (125 mg i.v.) in 24 cases with fetal hypotrophy. Blood flow was measured (Doppler technique) before aminophylline injection, 30 min. and 3-4 hours after. Blood pressure was monitored continuously, CTG was performed many times before and after administration of aminophylline. After administration of aminophylline diastolic blood pressure decreased during 3-4 hours and blood flow in the arcuate artery increased. There were no changes in the blood flow in the umbilical artery and fetal aorta after administration of aminophylline. We didn't observe any changes in CTG before and after administration of aminophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sznura
- Kliniki Patologii Cizzy i Porodu IPG PAM, Szczecinie
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Cretti A. [EPH gestosis or hypertension induced by pregnancy?]. Ginekol Pol 1992; 63:308-11. [PMID: 1305133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the term "pregnancy induced hypertension" is connected with the use of diagnostic criteria and classification to which this term belongs. These diagnostic criteria have important disadvantages: 1) only diastolic blood pressure is taken into account, 2) oedema is not taken into account, 3) there are only two severity grades, based only on the diastolic blood pressure, 4) "eclampsia imminens" does not exist, 5) "preeclampsia" is when there is elevated diastolic blood pressure and proteinuria, even of low severity both, other symptoms are not taking into account. The applying of such diagnostic criteria can contribute to inadequate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cretti
- Kliniki Patologii Ciazy i Porodu IPG PAM, Szczecinie
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Cretti A, Jachowicz R. [Is it worth to deal with the methods of editing of medical scientific publications?]. Pol Tyg Lek 1990; 45:841-3. [PMID: 2096380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Cretti
- Kliniki Patologii Ciazy i Porodu IPG PAM w Szczecinie
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Cretti A. [Diagnosis and treatment of EPH gestosis at 157 Polish hospitals]. Ginekol Pol 1989; 60:107-12. [PMID: 2806958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The average yearly number of deliveries in the 157 hospitals amounts to 294.457. The answers are accompanied by the numbers of hospitals which responded positively to a given question (in per cents). One symptom is enough to diagnose gestosis (90), only edema (82), on edema taken into consideration (3.8). Threshold values: RR 140/90 (68), V Korotkov phase (76), IV phase (21), albuminuria 0.1% (17), 0.2% (15), 0.3% (24), 0.5% (29). Gestosis index (77). Premature termination of pregnancy in serious gestosis often (33), almost always (32), always (21). In eclampsia secondary Cesarean section (46), primary (7), primary when fetus threatened (43). Liquids limited (42), liquids not limited (44), salt limited (73), intensively (12), salt not limited (12). Antihypertensives: hydrazinophtalazine (75), reserpine (53), alphamethyldopa (16), betablockers (13), ganglioplegics (7), diazoxide (1). Others: heparin (7), bufenin (4), other betamimetics (10). In eclampsia MgSO4 (91), benzodiazepins (65), phenothiazines (41), barbiturates (41), chloromethiasol (8), suprameningeal anesthesia (5), dextran (46), albumins (39), saluretics (49). Glycocorticoids when premature delivery in gestosis (56).
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Cretti A. [3 classifications of gestosis]. Ginekol Pol 1989; 60:47-51. [PMID: 2571548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three classifications: of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), of the Organization of Gestosis (OG) and of the International Society for Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) differ among one another in some essential points. According to ACOG the term "preeclampsia" means a state with hypertension and albuminuria or edema, according to ISSHP--hypertension and albuminuria. This may lead to serious misunderstanding as many obstetricians use this term to identify a directly threatening eclampsia attack. But the two classifications do not provide a term for such a condition whereas according to OG this state is identified as threatening eclampsia. The OG and ACOG classifications give a classifications according to the progression of the disease, the ISSHP does not give such a classification. ISSHP does not consider edema as a symptom, ACOG takes it into consideration if it is accompanied by hypertension according to OG the very edema not subsiding after relaxation is enough to diagnose gestosis E. ISSHP has introduced the term "hypertension in pregnancy", but also includes one-symptom form "pregnancy albuminuria" not accompanied by hypertension. Such terms suggest lack of etiological relation between those forms, which has not however been proved. The names of one-symptom forms according to OG "gestosis H" and "gestosis P" do not impose such a relation (it is a classification according to symptoms), but they do not exclude it. Contrary to ACOG and OG, ISSHP gives the level of diastolic blood pressure only.
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Szczygielski A, Zbisławska P, Cretti A, Miadzielec T, Sznura E. Assessment of the direct tocolytic action of salbupart and fenoterol in the treatment of imminent premature labour. Mater Med Pol 1988; 20:194-6. [PMID: 3244294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Czeszyńska M, Cretti A, Rzechuła H, Malinowska-Szutowicz Z. [Results of the use of plasmapheresis in the treatment of Rh incompatibility]. Acta Haematol Pol 1988; 19:47-55. [PMID: 3149110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cretti A, Zbisławska P. Imminent premature labour: how to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment? Mater Med Pol 1987; 19:287-9. [PMID: 3454842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zbisławska P, Cretti A, Skoczowska M. [Effect of Lasolvan on the maturation of the lungs in rabbit fetuses]. Ginekol Pol 1986; 57:509-13. [PMID: 3781295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Paradowski A, Miazgowski T, Ogonowski J, Cretti A. The effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor on pressor reaction during intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in pregnant rabbits. Ginekol Pol 1983; 54:445-51. [PMID: 6418618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Cretti A, Jaworski S. [Xanthinol nicotinate and bufenin hydrochloride in the treatment of gestosis]. Ginekol Pol 1976; 47:909-16. [PMID: 971859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Soszka S, Cretti A. [Female mortality coherent with pregnancy, delivery and puerperium in Poland and Bialystock region in 1951-1972 (author's transl)]. Cesk Gynekol 1976; 41:27-8. [PMID: 1260885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Soszka S, Cretti A. [Mortality rates in women caused by pregnancy, labor and puerperium in Poland in the years 1951-1972]. Ginekol Pol 1975; 46:1179-83. [PMID: 1193401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Cretti A. [Active management in modern treatment of gestosis]. Ginekol Pol 1971; 42:437-40. [PMID: 5578619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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20
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Jaworski S, Cretti A. [Influence of estradiol on the experimental oviduct inflammation]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1970; 92:1628-35. [PMID: 5500077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Cretti A. [Experience in genital tract tuberculosis at an outpatient clinic]. Ginekol Pol 1969; 40:1191-6. [PMID: 5368625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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22
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Cretti A. Die Einteilung der Spätgestosen vom therapeutischen Standpunkt. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1968. [DOI: 10.1159/000302337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cretti A. [Combined treatment of late pregnancy toxemias with modern preparations]. Ginekol Pol 1967; 38:303-11. [PMID: 4859927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Cretti A. [How can the difficulties in the antihypertensive therapy of prolonged pregnancy be prevented?]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1966; 88:770-777. [PMID: 5989482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Cretti A. [Comparison of the sedative and vasopressor method in the treatment of late pregnancy toxemias]. Ginekol Pol 1965; 36:1145-9. [PMID: 5854815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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