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Raghunathan S, Patil S, Baxter E, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Crawford TM, Holder GP, McClintock T, Reichardt CL, Varga TN, Whitehorn N, Ade PAR, Allam S, Anderson AJ, Austermann JE, Avila S, Avva JS, Bacon D, Beall JA, Bender AN, Bianchini F, Bocquet S, Brooks D, Burke DL, Carlstrom JE, Carretero J, Castander FJ, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Citron R, Costanzi M, Crites AT, da Costa LN, Desai S, Diehl HT, Dietrich JP, Dobbs MA, Doel P, Everett S, Evrard AE, Feng C, Flaugher B, Fosalba P, Frieman J, Gallicchio J, García-Bellido J, Gaztanaga E, George EM, Giannantonio T, Gilbert A, Gruendl RA, Gschwend J, Gupta N, Gutierrez G, de Haan T, Halverson NW, Harrington N, Henning JW, Hilton GC, Hollowood DL, Holzapfel WL, Honscheid K, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Jeltema T, Kind MC, Knox L, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Lee AT, Li D, Lima M, Lowitz A, Maia MAG, Marshall JL, McMahon JJ, Melchior P, Menanteau F, Meyer SS, Miquel R, Mocanu LM, Mohr JJ, Montgomery J, Moran CC, Nadolski A, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Noble G, Novosad V, Ogando RLC, Padin S, Plazas AA, Pryke C, Rapetti D, Romer AK, Roodman A, Rosell AC, Rozo E, Ruhl JE, Rykoff ES, Saliwanchik BR, Sanchez E, Sayre JT, Scarpine V, Schaffer KK, Schubnell M, Serrano S, Sevilla-Noarbe I, Sievers C, Smecher G, Smith M, Soares-Santos M, Stark AA, Story KT, Suchyta E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Veach T, De Vicente J, Vieira JD, Vikram V, Wang G, Wu WLK, Yefremenko V, Zhang Y. Detection of CMB-Cluster Lensing using Polarization Data from SPTpol. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:181301. [PMID: 31763885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.181301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the first detection of gravitational lensing due to galaxy clusters using only the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The lensing signal is obtained using a new estimator that extracts the lensing dipole signature from stacked images formed by rotating the cluster-centered Stokes QU map cutouts along the direction of the locally measured background CMB polarization gradient. Using data from the SPTpol 500 deg^{2} survey at the locations of roughly 18 000 clusters with richness λ≥10 from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year-3 full galaxy cluster catalog, we detect lensing at 4.8σ. The mean stacked mass of the selected sample is found to be (1.43±0.40)×10^{14}M_{⊙} which is in good agreement with optical weak lensing based estimates using DES data and CMB-lensing based estimates using SPTpol temperature data. This measurement is a key first step for cluster cosmology with future low-noise CMB surveys, like CMB-S4, for which CMB polarization will be the primary channel for cluster lensing measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghunathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S Patil
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - E Baxter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B A Benson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L E Bleem
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - T M Crawford
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G P Holder
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - T McClintock
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - C L Reichardt
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - T N Varga
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Garching 85748, Germany
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, LudwigMaximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, München 81679, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P A R Ade
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - S Allam
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A J Anderson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J E Austermann
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Avila
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J S Avva
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bacon
- Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - J A Beall
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A N Bender
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - F Bianchini
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S Bocquet
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - D Brooks
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D L Burke
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J E Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J Carretero
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
| | - F J Castander
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - C L Chang
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - H C Chiang
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - R Citron
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Costanzi
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, München 81679, Germany
| | - A T Crites
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- California Institute of Technology, MS 249-17, 1216 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L N da Costa
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - S Desai
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - H T Diehl
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J P Dietrich
- Excellence Cluster Origins, Boltzmannstr. 2, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - M A Dobbs
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - P Doel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S Everett
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - A E Evrard
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C Feng
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - B Flaugher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Fosalba
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - J Frieman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J Gallicchio
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - J García-Bellido
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gaztanaga
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - E M George
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, Garching bei München 85748, Germany
| | - T Giannantonio
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - R A Gruendl
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Gschwend
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - N Gupta
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - G Gutierrez
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T de Haan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N W Halverson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - N Harrington
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Henning
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D L Hollowood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - W L Holzapfel
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Honscheid
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J D Hrubes
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - N Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Hubmayr
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K D Irwin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Deptartment of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Jeltema
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M Carrasco Kind
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - L Knox
- Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N Kuropatkin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - O Lahav
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A T Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Li
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Lima
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil
| | - A Lowitz
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M A G Maia
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - J L Marshall
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - J J McMahon
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P Melchior
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - F Menanteau
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - S S Meyer
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Miquel
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona E-08010, Spain
| | - L M Mocanu
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J J Mohr
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Garching 85748, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Origins, Boltzmannstr. 2, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - J Montgomery
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - C Corbett Moran
- TAPIR, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Nadolski
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - T Natoli
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - J P Nibarger
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G Noble
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - V Novosad
- Materials Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R L C Ogando
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - S Padin
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- California Institute of Technology, MS 249-17, 1216 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A A Plazas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - C Pryke
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | - D Rapetti
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Senior Fellow, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - A K Romer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Roodman
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Carnero Rosell
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - E Rozo
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - J E Ruhl
- Physics Department, Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - E S Rykoff
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B R Saliwanchik
- Physics Department, Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8120, USA
| | - E Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J T Sayre
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - V Scarpine
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K K Schaffer
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Liberal Arts Department, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 112 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA
| | - M Schubnell
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - S Serrano
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - I Sevilla-Noarbe
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - C Sievers
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G Smecher
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
- Three-Speed Logic, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia V6A 2J8, Canada
| | - M Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Soares-Santos
- Brandeis University, Physics Department, 415 South Street, Waltham Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K T Story
- Deptartment of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E Suchyta
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M E C Swanson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - G Tarle
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C Tucker
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - K Vanderlinde
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - T Veach
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J De Vicente
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J D Vieira
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - V Vikram
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G Wang
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - W L K Wu
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - V Yefremenko
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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