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Nadolski A, Vieira JD, Sobrin JA, Kofman AM, Ade PAR, Ahmed Z, Anderson AJ, Avva JS, Basu Thakur R, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bryant L, Carlstrom JE, Carter FW, Cecil TW, Chang CL, Cheshire JR, Chesmore GE, Cliche JF, Cukierman A, de Haan T, Dierickx M, Ding J, Dutcher D, Everett W, Farwick J, Ferguson KR, Florez L, Foster A, Fu J, Gallicchio J, Gambrel AE, Gardner RW, Groh JC, Guns S, Guyser R, Halverson NW, Harke-Hosemann AH, Harrington NL, Harris RJ, Henning JW, Holzapfel WL, Howe D, Huang N, Irwin KD, Jeong O, Jonas M, Jones A, Korman M, Kovac J, Kubik DL, Kuhlmann S, Kuo CL, Lee AT, Lowitz AE, McMahon J, Meier J, Meyer SS, Michalik D, Montgomery J, Natoli T, Nguyen H, Noble GI, Novosad V, Padin S, Pan Z, Paschos P, Pearson J, Posada CM, Quan W, Rahlin A, Riebel D, Ruhl JE, Sayre JT, Shirokoff E, Smecher G, Stark AA, Stephen J, Story KT, Suzuki A, Tandoi C, Thompson KL, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V, Yoon KW, Young MR. Broadband, millimeter-wave antireflection coatings for large-format, cryogenic aluminum oxide optics. Appl Opt 2020; 59:3285-3295. [PMID: 32400613 DOI: 10.1364/ao.383921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present two prescriptions for broadband ($ {\sim} 77 - 252\;{\rm GHz} $), millimeter-wave antireflection coatings for cryogenic, sintered polycrystalline aluminum oxide optics: one for large-format (700 mm diameter) planar and plano-convex elements, the other for densely packed arrays of quasi-optical elements-in our case, 5 mm diameter half-spheres (called "lenslets"). The coatings comprise three layers of commercially available, polytetrafluoroethylene-based, dielectric sheet material. The lenslet coating is molded to fit the 150 mm diameter arrays directly, while the large-diameter lenses are coated using a tiled approach. We review the fabrication processes for both prescriptions, then discuss laboratory measurements of their transmittance and reflectance. In addition, we present the inferred refractive indices and loss tangents for the coating materials and the aluminum oxide substrate. We find that at 150 GHz and 300 K the large-format coating sample achieves $ (97 \pm 2)\% $ transmittance, and the lenslet coating sample achieves $ (94 \pm 3)\% $ transmittance.
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Raghunathan S, Patil S, Baxter E, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Crawford TM, Holder GP, McClintock T, Reichardt CL, Varga TN, Whitehorn N, Ade PAR, Allam S, Anderson AJ, Austermann JE, Avila S, Avva JS, Bacon D, Beall JA, Bender AN, Bianchini F, Bocquet S, Brooks D, Burke DL, Carlstrom JE, Carretero J, Castander FJ, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Citron R, Costanzi M, Crites AT, da Costa LN, Desai S, Diehl HT, Dietrich JP, Dobbs MA, Doel P, Everett S, Evrard AE, Feng C, Flaugher B, Fosalba P, Frieman J, Gallicchio J, García-Bellido J, Gaztanaga E, George EM, Giannantonio T, Gilbert A, Gruendl RA, Gschwend J, Gupta N, Gutierrez G, de Haan T, Halverson NW, Harrington N, Henning JW, Hilton GC, Hollowood DL, Holzapfel WL, Honscheid K, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Jeltema T, Kind MC, Knox L, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Lee AT, Li D, Lima M, Lowitz A, Maia MAG, Marshall JL, McMahon JJ, Melchior P, Menanteau F, Meyer SS, Miquel R, Mocanu LM, Mohr JJ, Montgomery J, Moran CC, Nadolski A, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Noble G, Novosad V, Ogando RLC, Padin S, Plazas AA, Pryke C, Rapetti D, Romer AK, Roodman A, Rosell AC, Rozo E, Ruhl JE, Rykoff ES, Saliwanchik BR, Sanchez E, Sayre JT, Scarpine V, Schaffer KK, Schubnell M, Serrano S, Sevilla-Noarbe I, Sievers C, Smecher G, Smith M, Soares-Santos M, Stark AA, Story KT, Suchyta E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Veach T, De Vicente J, Vieira JD, Vikram V, Wang G, Wu WLK, Yefremenko V, Zhang Y. Detection of CMB-Cluster Lensing using Polarization Data from SPTpol. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:181301. [PMID: 31763885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.181301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the first detection of gravitational lensing due to galaxy clusters using only the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The lensing signal is obtained using a new estimator that extracts the lensing dipole signature from stacked images formed by rotating the cluster-centered Stokes QU map cutouts along the direction of the locally measured background CMB polarization gradient. Using data from the SPTpol 500 deg^{2} survey at the locations of roughly 18 000 clusters with richness λ≥10 from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year-3 full galaxy cluster catalog, we detect lensing at 4.8σ. The mean stacked mass of the selected sample is found to be (1.43±0.40)×10^{14}M_{⊙} which is in good agreement with optical weak lensing based estimates using DES data and CMB-lensing based estimates using SPTpol temperature data. This measurement is a key first step for cluster cosmology with future low-noise CMB surveys, like CMB-S4, for which CMB polarization will be the primary channel for cluster lensing measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghunathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S Patil
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - E Baxter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B A Benson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L E Bleem
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - T M Crawford
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G P Holder
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - T McClintock
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - C L Reichardt
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - T N Varga
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Garching 85748, Germany
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, LudwigMaximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, München 81679, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P A R Ade
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - S Allam
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A J Anderson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J E Austermann
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Avila
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J S Avva
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bacon
- Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - J A Beall
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A N Bender
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - F Bianchini
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S Bocquet
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - D Brooks
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D L Burke
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J E Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J Carretero
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
| | - F J Castander
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - C L Chang
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - H C Chiang
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - R Citron
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Costanzi
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, München 81679, Germany
| | - A T Crites
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- California Institute of Technology, MS 249-17, 1216 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L N da Costa
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - S Desai
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - H T Diehl
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J P Dietrich
- Excellence Cluster Origins, Boltzmannstr. 2, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - M A Dobbs
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - P Doel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S Everett
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - A E Evrard
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C Feng
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - B Flaugher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Fosalba
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - J Frieman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J Gallicchio
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - J García-Bellido
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gaztanaga
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - E M George
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, Garching bei München 85748, Germany
| | - T Giannantonio
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - R A Gruendl
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Gschwend
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - N Gupta
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - G Gutierrez
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T de Haan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N W Halverson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - N Harrington
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Henning
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D L Hollowood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - W L Holzapfel
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Honscheid
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J D Hrubes
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - N Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Hubmayr
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K D Irwin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Deptartment of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Jeltema
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M Carrasco Kind
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - L Knox
- Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N Kuropatkin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - O Lahav
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A T Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Li
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Lima
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil
| | - A Lowitz
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M A G Maia
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - J L Marshall
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - J J McMahon
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P Melchior
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - F Menanteau
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - S S Meyer
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Miquel
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona E-08010, Spain
| | - L M Mocanu
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J J Mohr
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Garching 85748, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Origins, Boltzmannstr. 2, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - J Montgomery
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - C Corbett Moran
- TAPIR, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Nadolski
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - T Natoli
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - J P Nibarger
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G Noble
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - V Novosad
- Materials Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R L C Ogando
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - S Padin
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- California Institute of Technology, MS 249-17, 1216 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A A Plazas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - C Pryke
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | - D Rapetti
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Senior Fellow, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - A K Romer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Roodman
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Carnero Rosell
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - E Rozo
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - J E Ruhl
- Physics Department, Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - E S Rykoff
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B R Saliwanchik
- Physics Department, Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8120, USA
| | - E Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J T Sayre
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - V Scarpine
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K K Schaffer
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Liberal Arts Department, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 112 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA
| | - M Schubnell
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - S Serrano
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - I Sevilla-Noarbe
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - C Sievers
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G Smecher
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
- Three-Speed Logic, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia V6A 2J8, Canada
| | - M Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Soares-Santos
- Brandeis University, Physics Department, 415 South Street, Waltham Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K T Story
- Deptartment of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E Suchyta
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M E C Swanson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - G Tarle
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C Tucker
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - K Vanderlinde
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - T Veach
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J De Vicente
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J D Vieira
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - V Vikram
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G Wang
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - W L K Wu
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - V Yefremenko
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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3
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Spilker JS, Aravena M, Béthermin M, Chapman SC, Chen CC, Cunningham DJM, De Breuck C, Dong C, Gonzalez AH, Hayward CC, Hezaveh YD, Litke KC, Ma J, Malkan M, Marrone DP, Miller TB, Morningstar WR, Narayanan D, Phadke KA, Sreevani J, Stark AA, Vieira JD, Weiß A. Fast molecular outflow from a dusty star-forming galaxy in the early Universe. Science 2018; 361:1016-1019. [PMID: 30190403 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Galaxies grow inefficiently, with only a small percentage of the available gas converted into stars each free-fall time. Feedback processes, such as outflowing winds driven by radiation pressure, supernovae, or supermassive black hole accretion, can act to halt star formation if they heat or expel the gas supply. We report a molecular outflow launched from a dust-rich star-forming galaxy at redshift 5.3, 1 billion years after the Big Bang. The outflow reaches velocities up to 800 kilometers per second relative to the galaxy, is resolved into multiple clumps, and carries mass at a rate within a factor of 2 of the star formation rate. Our results show that molecular outflows can remove a large fraction of the gas available for star formation from galaxies at high redshift.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Spilker
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA. .,Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - M Aravena
- Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Béthermin
- Aix Marseille Univ., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - S C Chapman
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C-C Chen
- European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D J M Cunningham
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C De Breuck
- European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Dong
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - A H Gonzalez
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - C C Hayward
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Y D Hezaveh
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K C Litke
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - J Ma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - M Malkan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - D P Marrone
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - T B Miller
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Astronomy, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - W R Morningstar
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D Narayanan
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - K A Phadke
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J Sreevani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J D Vieira
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A Weiß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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4
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Miller TB, Chapman SC, Aravena M, Ashby MLN, Hayward CC, Vieira JD, Weiß A, Babul A, Béthermin M, Bradford CM, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chen CC, Cunningham DJM, De Breuck C, Gonzalez AH, Greve TR, Harnett J, Hezaveh Y, Lacaille K, Litke KC, Ma J, Malkan M, Marrone DP, Morningstar W, Murphy EJ, Narayanan D, Pass E, Perry R, Phadke KA, Rennehan D, Rotermund KM, Simpson J, Spilker JS, Sreevani J, Stark AA, Strandet ML, Strom AL. A massive core for a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of 4.3. Nature 2018; 556:469-472. [PMID: 29695849 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Massive galaxy clusters have been found that date to times as early as three billion years after the Big Bang, containing stars that formed at even earlier epochs1-3. The high-redshift progenitors of these galaxy clusters-termed 'protoclusters'-can be identified in cosmological simulations that have the highest overdensities (greater-than-average densities) of dark matter4-6. Protoclusters are expected to contain extremely massive galaxies that can be observed as luminous starbursts 7 . However, recent detections of possible protoclusters hosting such starbursts8-11 do not support the kind of rapid cluster-core formation expected from simulations 12 : the structures observed contain only a handful of starbursting galaxies spread throughout a broad region, with poor evidence for eventual collapse into a protocluster. Here we report observations of carbon monoxide and ionized carbon emission from the source SPT2349-56. We find that this source consists of at least 14 gas-rich galaxies, all lying at redshifts of 4.31. We demonstrate that each of these galaxies is forming stars between 50 and 1,000 times more quickly than our own Milky Way, and that all are located within a projected region that is only around 130 kiloparsecs in diameter. This galaxy surface density is more than ten times the average blank-field value (integrated over all redshifts), and more than 1,000 times the average field volume density. The velocity dispersion (approximately 410 kilometres per second) of these galaxies and the enormous gas and star-formation densities suggest that this system represents the core of a cluster of galaxies that was already at an advanced stage of formation when the Universe was only 1.4 billion years old. A comparison with other known protoclusters at high redshifts shows that SPT2349-56 could be building one of the most massive structures in the Universe today.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Miller
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Department of Astronomy, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - S C Chapman
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,National Research Council, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Aravena
- Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - M L N Ashby
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C C Hayward
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J D Vieira
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A Weiß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Babul
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Béthermin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - C M Bradford
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Brodwin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - J E Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - D J M Cunningham
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C De Breuck
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - A H Gonzalez
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T R Greve
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Harnett
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Hezaveh
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K Lacaille
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - K C Litke
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Ma
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Malkan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D P Marrone
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - W Morningstar
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E J Murphy
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Narayanan
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - E Pass
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Perry
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - K A Phadke
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - D Rennehan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K M Rotermund
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - J Simpson
- Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - J S Spilker
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Sreevani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M L Strandet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Bonn, Germany
| | - A L Strom
- Observatories of The Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, CA, USA
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5
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Marrone DP, Spilker JS, Hayward CC, Vieira JD, Aravena M, Ashby MLN, Bayliss MB, Béthermin M, Brodwin M, Bothwell MS, Carlstrom JE, Chapman SC, Chen CC, Crawford TM, Cunningham DJM, De Breuck C, Fassnacht CD, Gonzalez AH, Greve TR, Hezaveh YD, Lacaille K, Litke KC, Lower S, Ma J, Malkan M, Miller TB, Morningstar WR, Murphy EJ, Narayanan D, Phadke KA, Rotermund KM, Sreevani J, Stalder B, Stark AA, Strandet ML, Tang M, Weiß A. Galaxy growth in a massive halo in the first billion years of cosmic history. Nature 2018; 553:51-54. [PMID: 29211721 DOI: 10.1038/nature24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
According to the current understanding of cosmic structure formation, the precursors of the most massive structures in the Universe began to form shortly after the Big Bang, in regions corresponding to the largest fluctuations in the cosmic density field. Observing these structures during their period of active growth and assembly-the first few hundred million years of the Universe-is challenging because it requires surveys that are sensitive enough to detect the distant galaxies that act as signposts for these structures and wide enough to capture the rarest objects. As a result, very few such objects have been detected so far. Here we report observations of a far-infrared-luminous object at redshift 6.900 (less than 800 million years after the Big Bang) that was discovered in a wide-field survey. High-resolution imaging shows it to be a pair of extremely massive star-forming galaxies. The larger is forming stars at a rate of 2,900 solar masses per year, contains 270 billion solar masses of gas and 2.5 billion solar masses of dust, and is more massive than any other known object at a redshift of more than 6. Its rapid star formation is probably triggered by its companion galaxy at a projected separation of 8 kiloparsecs. This merging companion hosts 35 billion solar masses of stars and has a star-formation rate of 540 solar masses per year, but has an order of magnitude less gas and dust than its neighbour and physical conditions akin to those observed in lower-metallicity galaxies in the nearby Universe. These objects suggest the presence of a dark-matter halo with a mass of more than 100 billion solar masses, making it among the rarest dark-matter haloes that should exist in the Universe at this epoch.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Marrone
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - J S Spilker
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - C C Hayward
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J D Vieira
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - M Aravena
- Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales, Avenida Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
| | - M L N Ashby
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M B Bayliss
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Béthermin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - M Brodwin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, 5110 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - M S Bothwell
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
| | - J E Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - S C Chapman
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chian-Chou Chen
- European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T M Crawford
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D J M Cunningham
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C De Breuck
- European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C D Fassnacht
- Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - A H Gonzalez
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - T R Greve
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Y D Hezaveh
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K Lacaille
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - K C Litke
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - S Lower
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Ma
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - M Malkan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - T B Miller
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - W R Morningstar
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E J Murphy
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - D Narayanan
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - K A Phadke
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | - J Sreevani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - B Stalder
- Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M L Strandet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Universities of Bonn and Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Tang
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - A Weiß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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6
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Guimarães RM, Cruz OG, Parreira VG, Mazoto ML, Vieira JD, Asmus CR. Temporal Analysis of the Relationship between Leptospirosis and Occurrence of Flooding Rains in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2007–12. Int J Epidemiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv096.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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7
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Story KT, Hanson D, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Austermann JE, J. A. Beall, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Cho HM, Citron R, Crawford TM, Crites AT, Haan TD, Dobbs MA, Everett W, Gallicchio J, Gao J, George EM, Gilbert A, Halverson NW, Harrington N, Henning JW, Hilton GC, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hoover S, Hou Z, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Li D, Liang C, Luong-Van D, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Montroy TE, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Novosad V, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Smecher G, Stark AA, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V, Zahn O. A MEASUREMENT OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND GRAVITATIONAL LENSING POTENTIAL FROM 100 SQUARE DEGREES OF SPTPOL DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/810/1/50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Viero MP, Moncelsi L, Quadri RF, Béthermin M, Bock J, Burgarella D, Chapman SC, Clements DL, Conley A, Conversi L, Duivenvoorden S, Dunlop JS, Farrah D, Franceschini A, Halpern M, Ivison RJ, Lagache G, Magdis G, Marchetti L, Álvarez-Márquez J, Marsden G, Oliver SJ, Page MJ, Pérez-Fournon I, Schulz B, Scott D, Valtchanov I, Vieira JD, Wang L, Wardlow J, Zemcov M. HERMES: CURRENT COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND ESTIMATES CAN BE EXPLAINED BY KNOWN GALAXIES AND THEIR FAINT COMPANIONS AT
z
< 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/809/2/l22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Keisler R, Hoover S, Harrington N, Henning JW, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Austermann JE, Beall JA, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Cho HM, Citron R, Crawford TM, Crites AT, de Haan T, Dobbs MA, Everett W, Gallicchio J, Gao J, George EM, Gilbert A, Halverson NW, Hanson D, Hilton GC, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hou Z, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Li D, Luong-Van D, Marrone DP, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Novosad V, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shirokoff E, Smecher G, Stark AA, Story KT, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V, Zahn O. MEASUREMENTS OF SUB-DEGREEB-MODE POLARIZATION IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND FROM 100 SQUARE DEGREES OF SPTPOL DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/807/2/151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Baxter EJ, Keisler R, Dodelson S, Aird KA, Allen SW, Ashby MLN, Bautz M, Bayliss M, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Bocquet S, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiu I, Cho HM, Clocchiatti A, Crawford TM, Crites AT, Desai S, Dietrich JP, de Haan T, Dobbs MA, Foley RJ, Forman WR, George EM, Gladders MD, Gonzalez AH, Halverson NW, Harrington NL, Hennig C, Hoekstra H, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hou Z, Hrubes JD, Jones C, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Liu J, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, Mantz A, Marrone DP, McDonald M, McMahon JJ, Meyer SS, Millea M, Mocanu LM, Murray SS, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Rest A, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Saro A, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shirokoff E, Song J, Spieler HG, Stalder B, Stanford SA, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Story KT, van Engelen A, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vikhlinin A, Williamson R, Zahn O, Zenteno A. A MEASUREMENT OF GRAVITATIONAL LENSING OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND BY GALAXY CLUSTERS USING DATA FROM THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/806/2/247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Crites AT, Henning JW, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Austermann JE, Beall JA, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Cho HM, Citron R, Crawford TM, Haan TD, Dobbs MA, Everett W, Gallicchio J, Gao J, George EM, Gilbert A, Halverson NW, Hanson D, Harrington N, Hilton GC, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hoover S, Hou Z, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Li D, Liang C, Luong-Van D, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Montroy TE, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Novosad V, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Smecher G, Stark AA, Story KT, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V, Zahn O. MEASUREMENTS OF E-MODE POLARIZATION AND TEMPERATURE-E-MODE CORRELATION IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND FROM 100 SQUARE DEGREES OF SPTPOL DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/805/1/36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bocquet S, Saro A, Mohr JJ, Aird KA, Ashby MLN, Bautz M, Bayliss M, Bazin G, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiu I, Cho HM, Clocchiatti A, Crawford TM, Crites AT, Desai S, de Haan T, Dietrich JP, Dobbs MA, Foley RJ, Forman WR, Gangkofner D, George EM, Gladders MD, Gonzalez AH, Halverson NW, Hennig C, Hlavacek-Larrondo J, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Jones C, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Liu J, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, Marrone DP, McDonald M, McMahon JJ, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Murray SS, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Rest A, Ruel J, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shirokoff E, Spieler HG, Stalder B, Stanford SA, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Story K, Stubbs CW, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vikhlinin A, Williamson R, Zahn O, Zenteno A. MASS CALIBRATION AND COSMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPT-SZ GALAXY CLUSTER SAMPLE USING VELOCITY DISPERSION σvAND X-RAYYXMEASUREMENTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bleem LE, Stalder B, de Haan T, Aird KA, Allen SW, Applegate DE, Ashby MLN, Bautz M, Bayliss M, Benson BA, Bocquet S, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiu I, Cho HM, Clocchiatti A, Crawford TM, Crites AT, Desai S, Dietrich JP, Dobbs MA, Foley RJ, Forman WR, George EM, Gladders MD, Gonzalez AH, Halverson NW, Hennig C, Hoekstra H, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Jones C, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Liu J, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, Mantz A, Marrone DP, McDonald M, McMahon JJ, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Mohr JJ, Murray SS, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Rest A, Ruel J, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Saro A, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Schrabback T, Shirokoff E, Song J, Spieler HG, Stanford SA, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Story KT, Stubbs CW, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vikhlinin A, Williamson R, Zahn O, Zenteno A. GALAXY CLUSTERS DISCOVERED VIA THE SUNYAEV-ZEL'DOVICH EFFECT IN THE 2500-SQUARE-DEGREE SPT-SZ SURVEY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/216/2/27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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George EM, Reichardt CL, Aird KA, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Cho HM, Crawford TM, Crites AT, de Haan T, Dobbs MA, Dudley J, Halverson NW, Harrington NL, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hou Z, Hrubes JD, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Millea M, Mocanu LM, Mohr JJ, Montroy TE, Padin S, Plagge T, Pryke C, Ruhl JE, Schaffer KK, Shaw L, Shirokoff E, Spieler HG, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Story KT, van Engelen A, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Williamson R, Zahn O. A MEASUREMENT OF SECONDARY COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ANISOTROPIES FROM THE 2500 SQUARE-DEGREE SPT-SZ SURVEY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Saliwanchik BR, Montroy TE, Aird KA, Bayliss M, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Bocquet S, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Cho HM, Clocchiatti A, Crawford TM, Crites AT, de Haan T, Desai S, Dobbs MA, Dudley JP, Foley RJ, Forman WR, George EM, Gladders MD, Gonzalez AH, Halverson NW, Hlavacek-Larrondo J, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Jones C, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Liu J, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, Mantz A, Marrone DP, McDonald M, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Mohr JJ, Murray SS, Nurgaliev D, Padin S, Patej A, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Rest A, Ruel J, Ruhl JE, Saro A, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shirokoff E, Spieler HG, Stalder B, Stanford SA, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Story K, Stubbs CW, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vikhlinin A, Williamson R, Zahn O, Zenteno A. MEASUREMENT OF GALAXY CLUSTER INTEGRATED COMPTONIZATION AND MASS SCALING RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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McDonald M, Benson BA, Vikhlinin A, Aird KA, Allen SW, Bautz M, Bayliss M, Bleem LE, Bocquet S, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Cho HM, Clocchiatti A, Crawford TM, Crites AT, de Haan T, Dobbs MA, Foley RJ, Forman WR, George EM, Gladders MD, Gonzalez AH, Halverson NW, Hlavacek-Larrondo J, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Jones C, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Liu J, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, Mantz A, Marrone DP, McMahon JJ, Meyer SS, Miller ED, Mocanu L, Mohr JJ, Murray SS, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Rest A, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Saro A, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shirokoff E, Spieler HG, Stalder B, Stanford SA, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Story KT, Stubbs CW, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Williamson R, Zahn O, Zenteno A. THE REDSHIFT EVOLUTION OF THE MEAN TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND ENTROPY PROFILES IN 80 SPT-SELECTED GALAXY CLUSTERS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/794/1/67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ruel J, Bazin G, Bayliss M, Brodwin M, Foley RJ, Stalder B, Aird KA, Armstrong R, Ashby MLN, Bautz M, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Bocquet S, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chapman SC, Cho HM, Clocchiatti A, Crawford TM, Crites AT, de Haan T, Desai S, Dobbs MA, Dudley JP, Forman WR, George EM, Gladders MD, Gonzalez AH, Halverson NW, Harrington NL, High FW, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Jones C, Joy M, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Liu J, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, Mantz A, Marrone DP, McDonald M, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Mohr JJ, Montroy TE, Murray SS, Natoli T, Nurgaliev D, Padin S, Plagge T, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Rest A, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Saro A, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shaw L, Shirokoff E, Song J, Šuhada R, Spieler HG, Stanford SA, Staniszewski Z, Starsk AA, Story K, Stubbs CW, van Engelen A, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vikhlinin A, Williamson R, Zahn O, Zenteno A. OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY AND VELOCITY DISPERSIONS OF GALAXY CLUSTERS FROM THE SPT-SZ SURVEY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/792/1/45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hanson D, Hoover S, Crites A, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Austermann JE, Beall JA, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Bock JJ, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Cho HM, Conley A, Crawford TM, de Haan T, Dobbs MA, Everett W, Gallicchio J, Gao J, George EM, Halverson NW, Harrington N, Henning JW, Hilton GC, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch E, Li D, Liang C, Luong-Van D, Marsden G, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Montroy TE, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Novosad V, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Schulz B, Smecher G, Stark AA, Story KT, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Viero MP, Wang G, Yefremenko V, Zahn O, Zemcov M. Detection of B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background with data from the South Pole Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:141301. [PMID: 24138230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.141301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background generates a curl pattern in the observed polarization. This "B-mode" signal provides a measure of the projected mass distribution over the entire observable Universe and also acts as a contaminant for the measurement of primordial gravity-wave signals. In this Letter we present the first detection of gravitational lensing B modes, using first-season data from the polarization-sensitive receiver on the South Pole Telescope (SPTpol). We construct a template for the lensing B-mode signal by combining E-mode polarization measured by SPTpol with estimates of the lensing potential from a Herschel-SPIRE map of the cosmic infrared background. We compare this template to the B modes measured directly by SPTpol, finding a nonzero correlation at 7.7σ significance. The correlation has an amplitude and scale dependence consistent with theoretical expectations, is robust with respect to analysis choices, and constitutes the first measurement of a powerful cosmological observable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hanson
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
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McDonald M, Bayliss M, Benson BA, Foley RJ, Ruel J, Sullivan P, Veilleux S, Aird KA, Ashby MLN, Bautz M, Bazin G, Bleem LE, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Cho HM, Clocchiatti A, Crawford TM, Crites AT, de Haan T, Desai S, Dobbs MA, Dudley JP, Egami E, Forman WR, Garmire GP, George EM, Gladders MD, Gonzalez AH, Halverson NW, Harrington NL, High FW, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hoover S, Hrubes JD, Jones C, Joy M, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Liu J, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, Mantz A, Marrone DP, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Miller ED, Mocanu L, Mohr JJ, Montroy TE, Murray SS, Natoli T, Padin S, Plagge T, Pryke C, Rawle TD, Reichardt CL, Rest A, Rex M, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Saro A, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shaw L, Shirokoff E, Simcoe R, Song J, Spieler HG, Stalder B, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Story K, Stubbs CW, Šuhada R, van Engelen A, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vikhlinin A, Williamson R, Zahn O, Zenteno A. A massive, cooling-flow-induced starburst in the core of a luminous cluster of galaxies. Nature 2012; 488:349-52. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dobbs MA, Lueker M, Aird KA, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Cho HM, Clarke J, Crawford TM, Crites AT, Flanigan DI, de Haan T, George EM, Halverson NW, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Johnson BR, Joseph J, Keisler R, Kennedy J, Kermish Z, Lanting TM, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Luong-Van D, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Montroy TE, Padin S, Plagge T, Pryke C, Richards PL, Ruhl JE, Schaffer KK, Schwan D, Shirokoff E, Spieler HG, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vu C, Westbrook B, Williamson R. Frequency multiplexed superconducting quantum interference device readout of large bolometer arrays for cosmic microwave background measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:073113. [PMID: 22852677 DOI: 10.1063/1.4737629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A technological milestone for experiments employing transition edge sensor bolometers operating at sub-Kelvin temperature is the deployment of detector arrays with 100s-1000s of bolometers. One key technology for such arrays is readout multiplexing: the ability to read out many sensors simultaneously on the same set of wires. This paper describes a frequency-domain multiplexed readout system which has been developed for and deployed on the APEX-SZ and South Pole Telescope millimeter wavelength receivers. In this system, the detector array is divided into modules of seven detectors, and each bolometer within the module is biased with a unique ∼MHz sinusoidal carrier such that the individual bolometer signals are well separated in frequency space. The currents from all bolometers in a module are summed together and pre-amplified with superconducting quantum interference devices operating at 4 K. Room temperature electronics demodulate the carriers to recover the bolometer signals, which are digitized separately and stored to disk. This readout system contributes little noise relative to the detectors themselves, is remarkably insensitive to unwanted microphonic excitations, and provides a technology pathway to multiplexing larger numbers of sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dobbs
- Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
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Page MJ, Symeonidis M, Vieira JD, Altieri B, Amblard A, Arumugam V, Aussel H, Babbedge T, Blain A, Bock J, Boselli A, Buat V, Castro-Rodríguez N, Cava A, Chanial P, Clements DL, Conley A, Conversi L, Cooray A, Dowell CD, Dubois EN, Dunlop JS, Dwek E, Dye S, Eales S, Elbaz D, Farrah D, Fox M, Franceschini A, Gear W, Glenn J, Griffin M, Halpern M, Hatziminaoglou E, Ibar E, Isaak K, Ivison RJ, Lagache G, Levenson L, Lu N, Madden S, Maffei B, Mainetti G, Marchetti L, Nguyen HT, O’Halloran B, Oliver SJ, Omont A, Panuzzo P, Papageorgiou A, Pearson CP, Pérez-Fournon I, Pohlen M, Rawlings JI, Rigopoulou D, Riguccini L, Rizzo D, Rodighiero G, Roseboom IG, Rowan-Robinson M, Portal MS, Schulz B, Scott D, Seymour N, Shupe DL, Smith AJ, Stevens JA, Trichas M, Tugwell KE, Vaccari M, Valtchanov I, Viero M, Vigroux L, Wang L, Ward R, Wright G, Xu CK, Zemcov M. The suppression of star formation by powerful active galactic nuclei. Nature 2012; 485:213-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Negrello M, Hopwood R, De Zotti G, Cooray A, Verma A, Bock J, Frayer DT, Gurwell MA, Omont A, Neri R, Dannerbauer H, Leeuw LL, Barton E, Cooke J, Kim S, da Cunha E, Rodighiero G, Cox P, Bonfield DG, Jarvis MJ, Serjeant S, Ivison RJ, Dye S, Aretxaga I, Hughes DH, Ibar E, Bertoldi F, Valtchanov I, Eales S, Dunne L, Driver SP, Auld R, Buttiglione S, Cava A, Grady CA, Clements DL, Dariush A, Fritz J, Hill D, Hornbeck JB, Kelvin L, Lagache G, Lopez-Caniego M, Gonzalez-Nuevo J, Maddox S, Pascale E, Pohlen M, Rigby EE, Robotham A, Simpson C, Smith DJB, Temi P, Thompson MA, Woodgate BE, York DG, Aguirre JE, Beelen A, Blain A, Baker AJ, Birkinshaw M, Blundell R, Bradford CM, Burgarella D, Danese L, Dunlop JS, Fleuren S, Glenn J, Harris AI, Kamenetzky J, Lupu RE, Maddalena RJ, Madore BF, Maloney PR, Matsuhara H, Michaowski MJ, Murphy EJ, Naylor BJ, Nguyen H, Popescu C, Rawlings S, Rigopoulou D, Scott D, Scott KS, Seibert M, Smail I, Tuffs RJ, Vieira JD, van der Werf PP, Zmuidzinas J. The Detection of a Population of Submillimeter-Bright, Strongly Lensed Galaxies. Science 2010; 330:800-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1193420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Negrello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - R. Hopwood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - G. De Zotti
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - A. Cooray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - A. Verma
- Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - J. Bock
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA 91009, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D. T. Frayer
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Post Office Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944, USA
| | - M. A. Gurwell
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A. Omont
- Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Universitte Pierre et Marie Curie and CNRS, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
| | - R. Neri
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | - H. Dannerbauer
- Laboratoire Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris Sarclay, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)/Direction des Sciences de la Matière–CNRS–Université Paris Diderot, Institut de Recherche sur les lois fondamentales d l’Universe/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - L. L. Leeuw
- Physics Department, University of Johannesburg, Post Office Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
- SETI Institute, 515 North Whisman Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - E. Barton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - J. Cooke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S. Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - E. da Cunha
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - G. Rodighiero
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universitá di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
| | - P. Cox
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | - D. G. Bonfield
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - M. J. Jarvis
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - S. Serjeant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - R. J. Ivison
- UK Astronomy Technology Center, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
| | - S. Dye
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - I. Aretxaga
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Mexico
| | - D. H. Hughes
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Mexico
| | - E. Ibar
- UK Astronomy Technology Center, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
| | - F. Bertoldi
- Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - I. Valtchanov
- Herschel Science Centre, European Space Astronomy Centre, European Space Agency (ESA), Post Office Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Eales
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - L. Dunne
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - S. P. Driver
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - R. Auld
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - S. Buttiglione
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy
| | - A. Cava
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, E-38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - C. A. Grady
- Eureka Scientific, 2452 Delmer Street, Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94602, USA
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 667, Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D. L. Clements
- Astrophysics Group, Physics Department, Blackett Lab, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - A. Dariush
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - J. Fritz
- Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S9, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D. Hill
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - J. B. Hornbeck
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - L. Kelvin
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - G. Lagache
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), Bâtiment 121, F-91405 Orsa, France
- Université Paris–Sud 11 and CNRS (UMR 8617), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - M. Lopez-Caniego
- Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad de Cantabria, Avenue de Los Castros s/n, Santander 39005, Spain
| | - J. Gonzalez-Nuevo
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - S. Maddox
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - E. Pascale
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - M. Pohlen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - E. E. Rigby
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - A. Robotham
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - C. Simpson
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University Twelve Quays House, Egerton Wharf, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, UK
| | - D. J. B. Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - P. Temi
- Astrophysics Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - M. A. Thompson
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - B. E. Woodgate
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 667, Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D. G. York
- Department of Astrophysics and The Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - J. E. Aguirre
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A. Beelen
- Université Paris–Sud 11 and CNRS (UMR 8617), 91400 Orsay, France
| | - A. Blain
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A. J. Baker
- Rutgers University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8019, USA
| | - M. Birkinshaw
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - R. Blundell
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - C. M. Bradford
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA 91009, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D. Burgarella
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR6110 CNRS, and Aix-Marseille Université, 38 rue F. Joliot-Curie, F-13388 Marseille, France
| | - L. Danese
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. S. Dunlop
- UK Astronomy Technology Center, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
| | - S. Fleuren
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - J. Glenn
- University of Colorado, Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, 389-UCB, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - A. I. Harris
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. Kamenetzky
- University of Colorado, Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, 389-UCB, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - R. E. Lupu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R. J. Maddalena
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Post Office Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944, USA
| | - B. F. Madore
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institution, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - P. R. Maloney
- University of Colorado, Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, 389-UCB, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - H. Matsuhara
- Institute for Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - M. J. Michaowski
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
| | - E. J. Murphy
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - B. J. Naylor
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA 91009, USA
| | - H. Nguyen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA 91009, USA
| | - C. Popescu
- Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - S. Rawlings
- Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - D. Rigopoulou
- Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
- Space Science and Technology Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - D. Scott
- University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - K. S. Scott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M. Seibert
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institution, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - I. Smail
- Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - R. J. Tuffs
- Max-Planck-Institut f¨r Kernphysik (MPIK), Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. D. Vieira
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - P. P. van der Werf
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J. Zmuidzinas
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA 91009, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Padin S, Staniszewski Z, Keisler R, Joy M, Stark AA, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Crawford TM, Crites AT, Dobbs MA, Halverson NW, Heimsath S, Hills RE, Holzapfel WL, Lawrie C, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Leong J, Lu W, Lueker M, McMahon JJ, Meyer SS, Mohr JJ, Montroy TE, Plagge T, Pryke C, Ruhl JE, Schaffer KK, Shirokoff E, Spieler HG, Vieira JD. South Pole Telescope optics. Appl Opt 2008; 47:4418-4428. [PMID: 18716649 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.004418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The South Pole Telescope is a 10 m diameter, wide-field, offset Gregorian telescope with a 966-pixel, millimeter-wave, bolometer array receiver. The telescope has an unusual optical system with a cold stop around the secondary. The design emphasizes low scattering and low background loading. All the optical components except the primary are cold, and the entire beam from prime focus to the detectors is surrounded by cold absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Padin
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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24
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Zioutas K, Andriamonje S, Arsov V, Aune S, Autiero D, Avignone FT, Barth K, Belov A, Beltrán B, Bräuninger H, Carmona JM, Cebrián S, Chesi E, Collar JI, Creswick R, Dafni T, Davenport M, Di Lella L, Eleftheriadis C, Englhauser J, Fanourakis G, Farach H, Ferrer E, Fischer H, Franz J, Friedrich P, Geralis T, Giomataris I, Gninenko S, Goloubev N, Hasinoff MD, Heinsius FH, Hoffmann DHH, Irastorza IG, Jacoby J, Kang D, Königsmann K, Kotthaus R, Krcmar M, Kousouris K, Kuster M, Lakić B, Lasseur C, Liolios A, Ljubicić A, Lutz G, Luzón G, Miller DW, Morales A, Morales J, Mutterer M, Nikolaidis A, Ortiz A, Papaevangelou T, Placci A, Raffelt G, Ruz J, Riege H, Sarsa ML, Savvidis I, Serber W, Serpico P, Semertzidis Y, Stewart L, Vieira JD, Villar J, Walckiers L, Zachariadou K. First results from the CERN axion solar telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:121301. [PMID: 15903903 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypothetical axionlike particles with a two-photon interaction would be produced in the sun by the Primakoff process. In a laboratory magnetic field ("axion helioscope"), they would be transformed into x-rays with energies of a few keV. Using a decommissioned Large Hadron Collider test magnet, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope ran for about 6 months during 2003. The first results from the analysis of these data are presented here. No signal above background was observed, implying an upper limit to the axion-photon coupling g(agamma)<1.16x10(-10) GeV-1 at 95% C.L. for m(a) less, similar 0.02 eV. This limit, assumption-free, is comparable to the limit from stellar energy-loss arguments and considerably more restrictive than any previous experiment over a broad range of axion masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zioutas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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25
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Vieira JD. [KAT-256 as an antitussive agent in bronchoscopy and bronchography]. Hospital (Rio J) 1968; 74:561-5. [PMID: 5308682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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