Wiederholbarkeit der Messung der Rektaltemperatur und Vergleich von vaginaler und rektaler Temperatur bei Sauen im Frühpuerperium

Gegenstand und Ziel: Postpartale Erkankungen bei Sauen haben in der Schweineproduktion nach wie vor große wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Beeinflusst werden nicht nur die Leistung und das Wohlbefinden des Muttertieres, sondern auch die Gesundheit und Entwicklung der Ferkel. Die regelmäßige rektale Temperaturmessung post partum zur Früherkennung infektiöser Erkrankungen ist bei Sauen ein häufig empfohlenes und angewendetes diagnostisches Mittel. Ziel der Studie war, die Wiederholbarkeit der rektalen Temperaturmessung zu untersuchen und den Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren (z. B. Untersucher, Art des Thermometers oder Messtiefe) auf das Messergebnis zu ermitteln. Ferner sollte ein Temperaturlogger zur Messung der vaginalen Temperatur bei der Sau post partum validiert werden. Material und Methoden: Bei 30 Sauen, die am Tag zuvor geferkelt hatten, wurde die rektale Temperatur mehrmalig von einem Untersucher, von verschiedenen Untersuchern, mit unterschiedlichen Thermometern oder in verschiedenen Eindringtiefen gemessen. Bei 21 Sauen, die sich ebenfalls am ersten Tag post partum befanden wurde für 6 Stunden ein Temperaturlogger vaginal eingelegt. Parallel dazu erfolgte die Messung der rektalen Temperatur. Ergebnisse: Die Daten zeigen, dass die Messung der rektalen Körpertemperatur wiederholbar ist (Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung = 38,7 ± 0,1 °C, Variations koeffizient = 0,2%). Bei verschiedenen Untersuchern und Thermo metern wurden nur geringe Unterschiede gemessen (0,0 bzw. 0,1°C). Die Eindringtiefe des Messfühlers hatte einen Einfluss auf das Mess ergebnis (Differenz von 0,4 °C bei 5 und 10 cm). Rektale und vaginale Temperatur zeigten eine deutliche Korrelation (r = 0,80, p < 0,01) bei einer mittleren Abweichung von 0,3 °C. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die Messung der Rektaltemperatur kann als wiederholbare diagnostische Methode angesehen werden. Die Durchführung sollte standardisiert werden (Thermometertyp, Eindringtiefe). Die vaginale Messung mit einem Temperaturlogger ist eine Möglichkeit zur kontinuierlichen Überwachung der Körpertemperatur bei Sauen im Frühpuerperium.

Euglycemic ketosis in patients with type 2 diabetes on SGLT2-inhibitor therapy-an emerging problem and solutions offered by diabetes technology

Diabetic ketoacidosis is an infrequent but life-threatening acute complication of diabetes, affecting predominantly patients with type 1 diabetes, children, and pregnant women, where ketosis is usually associated with marked hyperglycemia. Recently, an increasing number of cases have been reported of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor treatment in routine practice. There is a minor, but not negligible diabetic ketoacidosis risk associated with this drug class, which was not seen in randomized clinical trials. However, sodium-glucose cotransporter2 inhibitors increase the risk of ketosis by increasing glucagon secretion in the pancreas and decreasing the renal excretion of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. When used in addition to insulin, any insulin dose reduction required to avoid hypoglycemia may lead to insufficient suppression of lipolysis and ketogenesis. sodium-glucose cotransporter2 inhibitor-induced loss of urinary glucose encourages euglycemia. Normo-glycemic or near-normoglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis represents a major threat to the health and well-being of a patient, because it may occur undetected and without any indicative hyperglycemia. In consequence, patients on sodium-glucose cotransporter2 inhibitors are recommended to perform regular blood ketone tests since they are not alerted to incipient diabetic ketoacidosis by glucose testing alone. This option is offered by several blood glucose meters that can also measure ketones with a separate ketone strip or in one case by an automatic parallel ketone assessment from the same strip. The need for extra testing and the associated costs may be a barrier to patient acceptance of this risk mitigation procedure. However, patients who are at risk for euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis when being treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter2 inhibitors should be specially advised to monitor blood ketone levels on a regular basis.

Standardized modulation of the injection site allows for insulin dose reduction without deterioration of metabolic control

OBJECTIVES

Use of an injection site modulation device (InsuPad) in intensive insulin treatment reduces frequency of hypoglycemia and prandial insulin requirements by enhancing subcutaneous microcirculation. This meal tolerance test (MTT) investigation was performed as a sub-study during the real-world BARMER study to demonstrate non-inferiority of the reduced insulin doses observed in this study with respect to metabolic control.

METHODS

The MTT was performed at baseline and after 3 months in insulin treated diabetes patients using the modulation device vs. a control group without device. The dose used for the MTT was individually calculated based on the prandial insulin records from the patient diaries before the test. Blood was drawn for determination of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, triglycerides, free fatty acids, nitrotyrosine, and asymmetric dimethyl-arginine (ADMA) at multiple time-points from 0 to 300 min. A total of 32 patients from one site were included into this MTT study (8 female, 7 type 1 diabetes, age: 49.9 ± 12.5 yrs, HbA1c: 7.2 ± 0.5%).

RESULTS

During the BARMER study, mean HbA1c was treated to target (<6.5%) in both groups. The prandial insulin dose decreased in the MTT modulation device group by -17.1%, but remained unchanged in the control group (-0.1%, p < 0.001). No change was seen for the basal insulin dose in both treatment arms. There were no differences between the groups with respect to the postprandial curves for glucose, C-peptide, intact proinsulin, free fatty acids, and triglycerides. Insulin absorption was faster with the modulation device (Tmax: 60 ± 28 min vs. 99 ± 46 min, p < 0.05). Key limitations are the small patient sample size and impossibility to determine the short-term effects of device use.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this meal tolerance sub-study confirm that the observed prandial insulin dose reduction when using the injection site modulation device has no negative impact on postprandial metabolism.

The Barmer study: impact of standardized warming of the injection site to enhance insulin absorption and reduce prandial insulin requirements and hypoglycemia in obese patients with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

The primary objective of this prospective controlled study was to investigate the impact of standardized injection-site warming on prandial rapid acting insulin dose and glycemic control when studied under real-world conditions.

METHODS

All 145 participating patients (51 female, 94 male, 13 type 1 and 132 type 2 patients, age: 61.6 ± 8.4 yrs, HbA1c: 7.19 ± 0.50%) were treated with intensive insulin glargine and short-acting insulin analog therapy. After a 4 week treatment optimization run-in period, patients were randomized to continue therapy for three months without (control) or with a local injection-site warming device (InsuPad * ). Observation parameters included HbA1c, insulin dose, frequency of hypoglycemia, body weight and adverse events.

RESULTS

HbA1c improved in both arms until study end (control group: 6.3 ± 0.5%; injection-site warming device: 6.3 ± 0.5%; both p < 0.001 vs. baseline). To achieve this good control, patients in the control group needed to increase the daily prandial insulin dose by 8.1% (from 66 ± 31 U to 71 ± 38 U, p < 0.05) with stable basal insulin requirements. Patients who used the injection-site warming device required less prandial insulin (70 ± 43 U to 55 ± 34 U; -19%, p < 0.001) and slightly more basal insulin (+3.9%). Total daily insulin dose increased in the control group (+3.7%) and decreased with warming device use (-8.6%, p < 0.001). The number of hypoglycemic events (<63 mg/dL) during the observation period was higher in the control group (6.2 ± 9.9/patient vs. injection-site warming device: 3.3 ± 4.8/patient, p < 0.05). Main study limitations can be seen in the open label design reliability of the collected dose information and the very obese patient cohort.

CONCLUSION

When treating obese patients to target with insulin therapy, use of an injection-site warming device for 3 months resulted in a lower frequency of hypoglycemic events and a reduction in prandial insulin analog requirements. If these results are confirmed in other patient populations, an injection-site warming device may be useful in achieving treatment targets with a safer and more efficient basal bolus therapy in insulin-treated patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Performance of blood glucose meters in compliance with current and future clinical ISO15197 accuracy criteria

Since 2003, blood glucose meters for patient self testing are approved in Europe based on the accuracy performance criteria as defined by the ISO15197 guideline. A new draft ISO guideline is currently under regulatory review, which suggests more strict accuracy acceptance criteria, and which may not be entirely fulfilled by currently commercialized blood glucose meter systems. In order to investigate the compliance of BG*Star and iBG*Star and several other blood glucose meters with the new draft ISO guideline, we performed a post-hoc analysis of data obtained from a recently performed ISO-conforming clinical accuracy performance study. This study was performed with 106 patients, clinically presenting with blood glucose levels distributed over the entire measurement range and in line with the glucose distribution requirements as demanded by the guideline. The YSI 2300 STAT Plus analyzer (glucose oxidase) served as reference method. While all tested meters had been in a high degree of compliance with the current ISO criteria, performance was lower when analyzed in accordance with the new acceptance criteria (95% of readings have to be within ±15 mg/dL for values <100 mg/dL, and within ±15% for values ≥100 mg/dL). The following meters met the new criteria: Accu-Chek Aviva (95.5%/98.6%), BG*Star (98.5%/97.3%), iBG*Star (98.5%/97.3%), FreeStyle Freedom Lite (95.5%/96.6%), and OneTouch Ultra2 (95.5%/96.5%). One meter failed with low blood glucose values (Contour: 90.9%/95.9%). In conclusion, BG*Star and iBG*Star and several other branded meters met the new draft ISO15197 acceptance criteria, when tested in accordance with the instructions for use and with the ISO accuracy testing protocol in a clinical setting.

Effect of vildagliptin compared to glimepiride on postprandial proinsulin processing in the β cell of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

This study compared the effect of Glimepiride versus Vildagliptin on β-cell function and the release of intact proinsulin (PI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients on metformin monotherapy were randomized to add on treatment with Vildagliptin or Glimepiride. A standardized test meal was given at baseline, after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. Insulin, PI and blood glucose values were measured in the fasting state and postprandial for 300 min. Fasting PI levels significantly decreased in the Vildagliptin group. The area under the curve for the postprandial release of PI decreased during Vildagliptin and increased during Glimepiride treatment. The proinsulin to insulin ratio declined in the Vildagliptin group, whereas it did not change significantly in the Glimepiride group. Addition of Vildagliptin to ongoing Metformin treatment reconstitutes the disproportionality of the proinsulin to insulin secretion from the β cell.

[Repeatability of measurements of the rectal temperature and comparison of vaginal and rectal temperature in puerperal sows]

OBJECTIVE

Postpartum diseases of sows are economically important in the pig industry. They affect animal health and welfare of sows and piglets. Measuring rectal temperature in sows post partum is a commonly used diagnostic method to early detection of infectious diseases. The study consisted of five parts. The objective of the first four parts was to evaluate the influence of different factors on the measurements of rectal temperature (e.g. investigator, thermometer, penetration depth of the thermometer). The secondary objective of this study was to validate the application of a temperature logger to continuously measure vaginal temperature.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty sows on the first day postpartum were used in the first four parts of the study. Rectal temperature was measured repeatedly by one investigator, by different investigators, with different thermometers and at different penetration depths. For the fifth part of the study 21 sows on the first day postpartum were used. A temperature logger was inserted in the vagina for a duration of 6 hours. Additionally, rectal temperature was measured.

RESULTS

The data showed that rectal temperature can be measured repeatably (mean ± standard deviation = 38.7 ± 0.1 °C, coefficient of variation = 0.2%). Different investigators or thermometers resulted in low differences (0.0 °C and 0.1 °C). The penetration depth of the thermometer influenced the result (difference of 0.4 °C between 5 and 10 cm). Rectal and vaginal temperatures, measured in 21 sows, were highly correlated (r = 0.80, p < 0.01) with a mean difference of 0.3 °C.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Rectal temperature measurement can be regarded as a repeatable diagnostic method. The measurement should be standardized (type of thermometer, penetration depth). The measurement of vaginal temperature with a data logger in early puerperal sows is a possible means for a continuous and non-invasive monitoring of body temperature.

A 26-week, placebo- and pioglitazone-controlled monotherapy study of rivoglitazone in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIMS

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rivoglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist in the thiazolidinedione class, in subjects with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

Subjects aged ≥18 years with T2DM and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >7.0% and ≤8.5%, who were treatment naïve or receiving a non-thiazolidinedione antidiabetes monotherapy, entered a 2-week washout and single-blind placebo run-in period and were then randomized 2 : 4 : 11 : 11 to double-blind treatment with placebo, rivoglitazone 1.0 mg/day, rivoglitazone 1.5 mg/day, or pioglitazone 45 mg/day, for 26 weeks.

RESULTS

A total of 1912 subjects received placebo (n = 137), rivoglitazone 1.0 mg (n = 274), rivoglitazone 1.5 mg (n = 750) or pioglitazone (n = 751). Rivoglitazone 1.5 mg was statistically superior (p = 0.0339) and rivoglitazone 1.0 mg was non-inferior (p = 0.0339) to pioglitazone in reducing HbA1c from baseline (changes of -0.7%, -0.4% and -0.6%, respectively). Rivoglitazone also significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose from baseline (p < 0.0001). Rivoglitazone significantly improved estimates of insulin sensitivity, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and other metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. Rivoglitazone was generally well tolerated at both doses, with treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) rates similar to pioglitazone. The most common drug-related TEAEs were peripheral oedema (active, 5.2-6.2%; placebo 0.7%), increased weight (active, 1.6-3.1%; placebo, 0%) and pitting oedema (active, 1.3-2.2%; placebo, 0%).

CONCLUSIONS

In subjects with suboptimally controlled T2DM, rivoglitazone 1.5 mg was associated with statistically superior glycaemic control to pioglitazone 45 mg, while rivoglitazone 1.0 mg was non-inferior; the safety profiles of the two drugs appeared similar.

Addition of liraglutide in patients with Type 2 diabetes well controlled on metformin monotherapy improves several markers of vascular function

AIMS

The aim of this study was to investigate the vascular effects of liraglutide in patients well controlled on metformin monotherapy.

METHODS

Forty-four patients with Type 2 diabetes were included in the study. Main inclusion criteria were: pretreatment with metformin on a stable dosage, HbA(1c) < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%), age 30-65 years. Patients were randomized to receive additional liraglutide or to remain on metformin monotherapy. After 6 weeks (1.2 mg) and after 12 weeks (1.8 mg), venous blood was taken for the measurement of several laboratory markers characterizing vascular and endothelial function. In addition, retinal microvascular endothelial function and arterial stiffness were measured.

RESULTS

HbA(1c) levels declined from 45 ± 4 mmol/mol (6.3 ± 0.4%; mean ± SD) to 40 ± 3 mmol/mol (5.8 ± 0.3%) during liraglutide treatment. Asymmetric dimethylarginin was reduced by liraglutide treatment from 0.39 ± 0.08 to 0.35 ± 0.06 μmol/l, E-selectin from 43.6 ± 15.4 to 40.8 ± 15.1 ng/ml, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 from 861.6 ± 584.3 to 666.1 ± 499.4 ng/ml and intact proinsulin from 9.0 ± 7.2 to 7.0 ± 4.8 pmol/l at 12 weeks of treatment. The microvascular response to flicker light increased from 7.0 ± 15.1 to 15.4 ± 11.5% after 6 weeks and to 11.1 ± 9.9% after 12 weeks. No change could be observed for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule or arterial stiffness parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with Type 2 diabetes, well controlled with metformin monotherapy, addition of liraglutide improves several cardiovascular risk markers beyond glycaemic control.

Peripheral bone mineral density in correlation to disease-related predisposing conditions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) often have low bone mineral density (BMD) attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). However, in MEN1 patients, other endocrine dysfunctions and conditions such as hypercortisolism, hypogonadism, and GH deficiency due to pituitary manifestation, and surgery on the upper gastrointestinal tract may affect BMD.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

In 23 patients with MEN1 (10 females, 13 males; 46±12 yr), BMD was determined by quantitative computed tomography at the forearm (pqCT), compared to a reference population and related to different conditions suspected to affect bone metabolism in MEN1.

RESULTS

In this cohort, Z-score for trabecular BMD was -0.85±1.18 and for total BMD -1.16±1.04. There was a similar trend towards lower BMD in uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism, hypercortisolism, hypogonadism/GH deficiency and the state after surgery at the upper gastrointestinal tract.

CONCLUSIONS

These data while confirming previous observations on reduced BMD in patients with MEN1, however, challenge its only or even predominant association with pHPT. Other conditions such as hypercortisolism, somatotrophic/ gonadotrophic pituitary insufficiency, and previous upper gastrointestinal surgery seem to be factors contributing to the risk of developing osteoporosis.

Initial combination therapy with saxagliptin and metformin provides sustained glycaemic control and is well tolerated for up to 76 weeks

AIM

To assess the efficacy and safety of saxagliptin + metformin initial combination therapy compared with saxagliptin or metformin alone over 76 weeks (24-week short-term + 52-week long-term extension) in treatment-naÏve type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with inadequate glycaemic control.

METHODS

In this phase 3, parallel-group, double-blind, active-controlled study, 1306 patients 18-77 years of age (HbA1c 8.0-12.0%) were randomized to saxagliptin 5 mg + 500 mg metformin, saxagliptin 10 mg + 500 mg metformin, saxagliptin 10 mg + placebo or 500 mg metformin + placebo. Blinded metformin was titrated during weeks 1-5 of the short-term treatment period in 500 mg/day increments to 2000 mg/day maximum in the metformin-based treatment groups. No titration of metformin was permitted during the long-term treatment period. A total of 888 patients completed the study (76 weeks), 613 without being rescued. Changes in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, 120-min postprandial glucose (PPG) and PPG-area under the curve (AUC) from baseline to week 76 were analysed using a repeated-measures model.

RESULTS

At 76 weeks, adjusted mean changes from baseline HbA1c (95% CI) for saxagliptin 5 mg + metformin, saxagliptin 10 mg + metformin, saxagliptin 10 mg and metformin were -2.31 (-2.44, -2.18), -2.33 (-2.46, -2.20), -1.55 (-1.70, -1.40) and -1.79% (-1.93, -1.65), respectively (post hoc and nominal p < 0.0001 vs. metformin and saxagliptin monotherapies for saxagliptin 5 mg + metformin and saxagliptin 10 mg + metformin). The proportions of patients requiring rescue or discontinuation for insufficient glycaemic control were lower for saxagliptin + metformin than for either monotherapy. Little or no attenuation in PPG-AUC or 120-min PPG was observed between weeks 24 and 76 for saxagliptin + metformin, indicating persistent efficacy. Adverse event rates were similar across groups; hypoglycaemic events occurred at a low frequency.

CONCLUSION

Saxagliptin + metformin initial combination therapy was well tolerated and produced sustained glycaemic control for up to 76 weeks, with greater improvements in glycaemic parameters compared with either drug alone.

Adding insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin to metformin results in a more efficient postprandial beta-cell protection in individuals with type 2 diabetes

AIM

Postprandial release of intact proinsulin (IP) is an independent marker for beta-cell dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. This open-label, parallel-group, two-arm, pilot study compared the beta-cell protective effect of adding insulin glargine (GLA) vs. NPH insulin to ongoing metformin.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Overall, 28 insulin-naive type 2 diabetes subjects (mean +/- SD age, 61.5 +/- 6.7 years; diabetes duration, 9.8 +/- 6.5 years; HbA1c, 7.1 +/- 0.5%; BMI, 30.7 +/- 4.3 kg/m(2)) treated with metformin and sulfonylurea were randomized to add once-daily GLA or NPH at bedtime. At baseline and after 3 months, subjects received a standardized breakfast, lunch and dinner, with pre- and postprandial blood sampling to measure plasma IP, total insulin and blood glucose (BG).

RESULTS

Insulin dose after 3 months was comparable in both groups (GLA vs. NPH: 23.6 +/- 13.4 vs. 23.3 +/- 12.7; p = NS ). Both treatments significantly reduced fasting BG levels (GLA: 158 +/- 19 to 121 +/- 23 mg/dl; NPH: 156 +/- 34 to 119 +/- 29 mg/dl; both p < 0.01 vs. baseline). Fasting and postprandial BG levels did not differ between groups. IP levels decreased in both groups (p < 0.05 at all timepoints). Although IP release after breakfast did not differ between treatments, GLA induced a greater reduction in IP release after lunch (p = 0.08) and dinner (p = 0.04). Total plasma insulin levels did not differ between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Adding basal insulin to metformin reduces postprandial beta-cell load. While GLA and NPH had comparable effects at breakfast, GLA reduces beta-cell stress more effectively at dinner, and with a trend at lunch, most probably because of its longer lasting pharmacodynamic profile.