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Sheyfer D, Servis MJ, Zhang Q, Lal J, Loeffler T, Dufresne EM, Sandy AR, Narayanan S, Sankaranarayanan SKRS, Szczygiel R, Maj P, Soderholm L, Antonio MR, Stephenson GB. Correction to "Advancing Chemical Separations: Unraveling the Structure and Dynamics of Phase Splitting in Liquid-Liquid Extraction". J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8282-8283. [PMID: 37704206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
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2
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Sheyfer D, Servis MJ, Zhang Q, Lal J, Loeffler T, Dufresne EM, Sandy AR, Narayanan S, Sankaranarayanan SKRS, Szczygiel R, Maj P, Soderholm L, Antonio MR, Stephenson GB. Advancing Chemical Separations: Unraveling the Structure and Dynamics of Phase Splitting in Liquid-Liquid Extraction. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2420-2429. [PMID: 35315675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), the go-to process for a variety of chemical separations, is limited by spontaneous organic phase splitting upon sufficient solute loading, called third phase formation. In this study we explore the applicability of critical phenomena theory to gain insight into this deleterious phase behavior with the goal of improving separations efficiency and minimizing waste. A series of samples representative of rare earth purification were constructed to include each of one light and one heavy lanthanide (cerium and lutetium) paired with one of two common malonamide extractants (DMDOHEMA and DMDBTDMA). The resulting postextraction organic phases are chemically complex and often form rich hierarchical structures whose statics and dynamics near the critical point were probed herein with small-angle X-ray scattering and high-speed X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Despite their different extraction behaviors, all samples show remarkably similar critical behavior with exponents well described by classical critical point theory consistent with the 3D Ising model, where the critical behavior is characterized by fluctuations with a single diverging length scale. This unexpected result indicates a significant reduction in relevant chemical parameters at the critical point, indicating that the underlying behavior of phase transitions in LLE rely on far fewer variables than are generally assumed. The obtained scalar order parameter is attributed to the extractant fraction of the extractant/diluent mixture, revealing that other solution components and their respective concentrations simply shift the critical temperature but do not affect the nature of the critical fluctuations. These findings point to an opportunity to drastically simplify studies of liquid-liquid phase separation and phase diagram development in general while providing insights into LLE process improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sheyfer
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael J Servis
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - J Lal
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - T Loeffler
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - E M Dufresne
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - A R Sandy
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - S Narayanan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607,United States
| | - R Szczygiel
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - P Maj
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - L Soderholm
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mark R Antonio
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - G B Stephenson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Sheyfer D, Zhang Q, Lal J, Loeffler T, Dufresne EM, Sandy AR, Narayanan S, Sankaranarayanan SKRS, Szczygiel R, Maj P, Soderholm L, Antonio MR, Stephenson GB. Nanoscale Critical Phenomena in a Complex Fluid Studied by X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:125504. [PMID: 33016761 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.125504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high-speed x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy now allows the study of critical phenomena in fluids to much smaller length scales and over a wider range of temperatures than is possible with dynamic light scattering. We present an x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy study of critical fluctuation dynamics in a complex fluid typical of those used in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of ions, dodecane-DMDBTDMA with extracted aqueous Ce(NO_{3})_{3}. We observe good agreement with both static and dynamic scaling without the need for significant noncritical background corrections. Critical exponents agree with 3D Ising values, and the fluctuation dynamics are described by simple exponential relaxation. The form of the dynamic master curve deviates somewhat from the Kawasaki result, with a more abrupt transition between the critical and noncritical asymptotic behavior. The concepts of critical phenomena thus provide a quantitative framework for understanding the structure and dynamics of LLE systems and a path forward to new LLE processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sheyfer
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Lal
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
| | - T Loeffler
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - E M Dufresne
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A R Sandy
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S Narayanan
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S K R S Sankaranarayanan
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - R Szczygiel
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - P Maj
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - L Soderholm
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M R Antonio
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G B Stephenson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Alvine KJ, Dai Y, Ro HW, Narayanan S, Sandy AR, Soles CL, Shpyrko OG. Capillary wave dynamics of thin polymer films over submerged nanostructures. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:207801. [PMID: 23215523 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.207801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The surface dynamics of thin molten polystyrene films supported by nanoscale periodic silicon line-space gratings were investigated with x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Surface dynamics over these nanostructures exhibit high directional anisotropy above certain length scales, as compared to surface dynamics over flat substrates. A cutoff length scale in the dynamics perpendicular to the grooves is observed. This marks a transition from standard over-damped capillary wave behavior to suppressed dynamics due to substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Alvine
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA.
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5
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Lu X, Mochrie SGJ, Narayanan S, Sandy AR, Sprung M. X-ray near-field speckle: implementation and critical analysis. J Synchrotron Radiat 2011; 18:823-34. [PMID: 21997906 PMCID: PMC3258091 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511037149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The newly introduced coherence-based technique of X-ray near-field speckle (XNFS) has been implemented at 8-ID-I at the Advanced Photon Source. In the near-field regime of high-brilliance synchrotron X-rays scattered from a sample of interest, it turns out that, when the scattered radiation and the main beam both impinge upon an X-ray area detector, the measured intensity shows low-contrast speckles, resulting from interference between the incident and scattered beams. A micrometer-resolution XNFS detector with a high numerical aperture microscope objective has been built and its capability for studying static structures and dynamics at longer length scales than traditional far-field X-ray scattering techniques is demonstrated. Specifically, the dynamics of dilute silica and polystyrene colloidal samples are characterized. This study reveals certain limitations of the XNFS technique, especially in the characterization of static structures, which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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6
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Madden T, Fernandez P, Jemian P, Narayanan S, Sandy AR, Sikorski M, Sprung M, Weizeorick J. Firmware lower-level discrimination and compression applied to streaming x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy area-detector data. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:075109. [PMID: 21806229 DOI: 10.1063/1.3602277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a data acquisition system to perform on-the-fly background subtraction and lower-level discrimination compression of streaming x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy data from a fast charge-coupled device (CCD) area detector. The system is built using a commercial frame grabber with an on-board field-programmable gate array. The system is capable of continuously processing at least 60 CCD frames per second each consisting of 1024 × 1024 16-bit pixels with ≲ 15,000 photon hits per frame at a maximum compression factor of ≈95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Madden
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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7
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Sikorski M, Sandy AR, Narayanan S. Depletion-induced structure and dynamics in bimodal colloidal suspensions. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:188301. [PMID: 21635129 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.188301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Combined small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy studies of moderately concentrated bimodal hard-sphere colloidal suspensions in the fluid phase show that depletion-induced demixing introduces spatially heterogeneous dynamics with two distinct time scales. The adhesive nature, as well as the mobility, of the large particles is determined by the level of interaction within the monomodal domains. This interaction is driven by osmotic forces, which are governed by the relative concentration of the constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sikorski
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 60439, USA
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8
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Zhang F, Allen AJ, Levine LE, Ilavsky J, Long GG, Sandy AR. Development of ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering–X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. J Appl Crystallogr 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889810053446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the development of ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering–X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (USAXS–XPCS). This technique takes advantage of Bonse–Hart crystal optics and is capable of probing the long-time-scale equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics of optically opaque materials with prominent features in a scattering vector range between those of dynamic light scattering and conventional XPCS. Instrumental parameters for optimal coherent-scattering operation are described. Two examples are offered to illustrate the applicability and capability of USAXS–XPCS. The first example concerns the equilibrium dynamics of colloidal dispersions of polystyrene microspheres in glycerol at 10, 15 and 20% volume concentrations. The temporal intensity autocorrelation analysis shows that the relaxation time of the microspheres decays monotonically as the scattering vector increases. The second example concerns the non-equilibrium dynamics of a polymer nanocomposite, for which it is demonstrated that USAXS–XPCS can reveal incipient dynamical changes not observable by other techniques.
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Isakovic AF, Stein A, Warren JB, Sandy AR, Narayanan S, Sprung M, Ablett JM, Siddons DP, Metzler M, Evans-Lutterodt K. A bi-prism interferometer for hard X-ray photons. J Synchrotron Radiat 2010; 17:451-455. [PMID: 20567076 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049510012823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Micro-fabricated bi-prisms have been used to create an interference pattern from an incident hard X-ray beam, and the intensity of the pattern probed with fluorescence from a 30 nm-thick metal film. Maximum fringe visibility exceeded 0.9 owing to the nano-sized probe and the choice of single-crystal prism material. A full near-field analysis is necessary to describe the fringe field intensities, and the transverse coherence lengths were extracted at APS beamline 8-ID-I. It is also shown that the maximum number of fringes is dependent only on the complex refractive index of the prism material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Isakovic
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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10
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Sandy AR, Narayanan S, Sprung M, Su JD, Evans-Lutterodt K, Isakovic AF, Stein A. Kinoform optics applied to X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2010; 17:314-320. [PMID: 20400828 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049510004322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Moderate-demagnification higher-order silicon kinoform focusing lenses have been fabricated to facilitate small-angle X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) experiments. The geometric properties of such lenses, their focusing performance and their applicability for XPCS measurements are described. It is concluded that one-dimensional vertical X-ray focusing via silicon kinoform lenses significantly increases the usable coherent flux from third-generation storage-ring light sources for small-angle XPCS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sandy
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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11
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Isakovic AF, Stein A, Warren JB, Narayanan S, Sprung M, Sandy AR, Evans-Lutterodt K. Diamond kinoform hard X-ray refractive lenses: design, nanofabrication and testing. J Synchrotron Radiat 2009; 16:8-13. [PMID: 19096168 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049508033736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the anticipated advantageous performance of diamond kinoform refractive lenses for synchrotron X-ray radiation studies, this report focuses on progress in designing, nanofabricating and testing of their focusing performance. The method involves using lift-off and plasma etching to reproduce a planar definition of numerically determined kinoform refractive optics. Tests of the focusing action of a diamond kinoform refractive lens at the APS 8-ID-I beamline demonstrate angular control of the focal spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Isakovic
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, NSLS, Upton, NY, USA.
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12
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Mukhopadhyay MK, Jiao X, Lurio LB, Jiang Z, Stark J, Sprung M, Narayanan S, Sandy AR, Sinha SK. Thickness induced structural changes in polystyrene films. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:115501. [PMID: 18851293 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes to the structure of polystyrene melt films as measured through the spectrum of density fluctuations have been observed as a function of film thickness down to the polymer radius of gyration (Rg). Films thicker than 4Rg show bulklike density fluctuations. Thinner films exhibit a peak in S(q) near q=0 which grows with decreasing thickness. This peak is attributed to a decreased interpenetration of chains resulting in an enhanced compressibility. Measurements were made using small angle x-ray scattering in a standing wave geometry designed to enhance scattering from the interior of the film compared to interface scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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13
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Lu X, Mochrie SGJ, Narayanan S, Sandy AR, Sprung M. How a liquid becomes a glass both on cooling and on heating. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:045701. [PMID: 18352302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.045701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The onset of structural arrest and glass formation in a concentrated suspension of silica nanoparticles in a water-lutidine binary mixture near its consolute point is studied by exploiting the near-critical fluid degrees of freedom to control the strength of an attraction between particles and multispeckle x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy to determine the particles' collective dynamics. This model system undergoes a glass transition both on cooling and on heating, and the intermediate liquid realizes unusual logarithmic relaxations. How vitrification occurs for the two different glass transitions is characterized in detail and comparisons are drawn to recent theoretical predictions for glass formation in systems with attractive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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14
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Shpyrko OG, Isaacs ED, Logan JM, Feng Y, Aeppli G, Jaramillo R, Kim HC, Rosenbaum TF, Zschack P, Sprung M, Narayanan S, Sandy AR. Direct measurement of antiferromagnetic domain fluctuations. Nature 2007; 447:68-71. [PMID: 17476263 DOI: 10.1038/nature05776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of magnetic noise emanating from ferromagnets owing to domain motion were first carried out nearly 100 years ago, and have underpinned much science and technology. Antiferromagnets, which carry no net external magnetic dipole moment, yet have a periodic arrangement of the electron spins extending over macroscopic distances, should also display magnetic noise. However, this must be sampled at spatial wavelengths of the order of several interatomic spacings, rather than the macroscopic scales characteristic of ferromagnets. Here we present a direct measurement of the fluctuations in the nanometre-scale superstructure of spin- and charge-density waves associated with antiferromagnetism in elemental chromium. The technique used is X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, where coherent X-ray diffraction produces a speckle pattern that serves as a 'fingerprint' of a particular magnetic domain configuration. The temporal evolution of the patterns corresponds to domain walls advancing and retreating over micrometre distances. This work demonstrates a useful measurement tool for antiferromagnetic domain wall engineering, but also reveals a fundamental finding about spin dynamics in the simplest antiferromagnet: although the domain wall motion is thermally activated at temperatures above 100 K, it is not so at lower temperatures, and indeed has a rate that saturates at a finite value-consistent with quantum fluctuations-on cooling below 40 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Shpyrko
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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15
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Sandy AR, Jiao X, Narayanan S, Sprung M. Contrast and Stability Improvements for XPCS Measurements at Beamline 8-ID-I at the APS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2436206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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16
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Falus P, Borthwick MA, Narayanan S, Sandy AR, Mochrie SGJ. Crossover from stretched to compressed exponential relaxations in a polymer-based sponge phase. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:066102. [PMID: 17026180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.066102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy was used to characterize the wave vector- and temperature-dependent dynamics of spontaneous thermal fluctuations in a sponge (L3) phase that occurs in a blend of a symmetric poly(styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene) triblock copolymer with a polystyrene homopolymer. Measurements of the intermediate scattering function reveal a crossover from stretched- to compressed-exponential relaxations as the temperature is lowered from 180 to 120 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Falus
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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17
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Lurio LB, Lumma D, Sandy AR, Borthwick MA, Falus P, Mochrie SG, Pelletier JF, Sutton M, Regan L, Malik A, Stephenson GB. Absence of scaling for the intermediate scattering function of a hard-sphere suspension: static and dynamic x-ray scattering from concentrated polystyrene latex spheres. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 84:785-8. [PMID: 11017372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/1999] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and small-angle scattering measurements are presented of the dynamics and structure of concentrated suspensions of charge-stabilized polystyrene latex spheres dispersed in glycerol, for volume fractions from 3% to 52%. The static structures of the suspensions show essentially hard-sphere behavior, and the short-time dynamics shows good agreement with predictions for the wave-vector-dependent collective diffusion coefficient. However, the intermediate scattering function is found to violate a scaling behavior found previously for a sterically stabilized hard-sphere suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Lurio
- Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
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18
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Abernathy DL, Grübel G, Brauer S, McNulty I, Stephenson GB, Mochrie SG, Sandy AR, Mulders N, Sutton M. Small-angle X-ray scattering using coherent undulator radiation at the ESRF. J Synchrotron Radiat 1998; 5:37-47. [PMID: 16687799 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049597015835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple approach for producing a high-coherent-flux X-ray beam for small-angle-scattering studies used at the Troika beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is reported. For such small-angle studies it is permissible to reduce the longitudinal coherence .length of the beam, thus increasing the energy bandpass and intensity of the beam, because there is only a small optical path-length difference. By using mirrors and filters to cut unwanted energies from the undulator harmonic structure, a high-flux beam of >10(9) photons s(-1) through a 5 micron-diameter pinhole at 8.2 keV with a bandpass of 1.3% can be produced. The coherent properties of this beam have been measured by analyzing a static speckle pattern from an aerogel sample imaged by a directly illuminated CCD camera. The speckle size and contrast are compared with the expected values based on a statistical analysis of the intensity distribution of speckle patterns obtained using partially coherent conditions. The expected widths of the spatial autocorrelation are found, but there is an apparent incoherent fraction of the beam which reduces the measured contrast. The method presented is to be used as a tool to optimize conditions for diffraction experiments using coherent X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Abernathy
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX, France
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19
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Watson GM, Gibbs D, Song S, Sandy AR, Mochrie SG, Zehner DM. Faceting and reconstruction of stepped Au(111). Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:12329-12344. [PMID: 9980374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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20
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Grübel G, Huang KG, Gibbs D, Zehner DM, Sandy AR, Mochrie SG. Reconstruction of the Pt(111) surface: X-ray-scattering measurements. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 48:18119-18139. [PMID: 10008452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Baddorf AP, Zehner DM, Helgesen G, Gibbs D, Sandy AR, Mochrie SG. X-ray-scattering determination of the Cu(110)-(2 x 3)N structure. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 48:9013-9020. [PMID: 10007121 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Sandy AR, Mochrie SG, Zehner DM, Huang KG, Gibbs D. Structure and phases of the Au(111) surface: X-ray-scattering measurements. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:4667-4687. [PMID: 9997836 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Huang KG, Gibbs D, Zehner DM, Sandy AR, Mochrie SG. Phase behavior of the Au(111) surface: Discommensurations and kinks. Phys Rev Lett 1990; 65:3313-3316. [PMID: 10042837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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