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Rudnicka L, Arenbergerova M, Grimalt R, Ioannides D, Katoulis AC, Lazaridou E, Olszewska M, Ovcharenko YS, Piraccini BM, Prohic A, Rakowska A, Reygagne P, Richard MA, Soares RO, Starace M, Vañó-Galvan S, Waskiel-Burnat A. European expert consensus statement on the systemic treatment of alopecia areata. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:687-694. [PMID: 38169088 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune form of non-scarring hair loss. It is usually characterized by limited areas of hair loss. However, the disease may progress to complete scalp and body hair loss (alopecia totalis, alopecia universalis). In patients with alopecia areata hair loss significantly impacts the quality of life. Children and adolescents with alopecia areata often experience bullying, including physical aggression. The disease severity evaluation tools used in clinical practice are: the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score and the Alopecia Areata Scale (AAS). A SALT score equal to or greater than 20 constitutes a commonly accepted indication for systemic therapy in alopecia areata. When using the AAS, moderate to severe alopecia areata should be considered a medical indication for systemic treatment. Currently, the only two EMA-approved medications for alopecia areata are baricitinib (JAK 1/2 inhibitor) for adults and ritlecitinib (JAK 3/TEC inhibitor) for individuals aged 12 and older. Both are EMA-approved for patients with severe alopecia areata. Other systemic medications used off-label in alopecia areata include glucocorticosteroids, cyclosporine, methotrexate and azathioprine. Oral minoxidil is considered an adjuvant therapy with limited data confirming its possible efficacy. This consensus statement is to outline a systemic treatment algorithm for alopecia areata, indications for systemic treatment, available therapeutic options, their efficacy and safety, as well as the duration of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Arenbergerova
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Královské Vinohrady University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Grimalt
- Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Ioannides
- 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A C Katoulis
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" General University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - E Lazaridou
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" General University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Y S Ovcharenko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology of the V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - B M Piraccini
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Bologna, Italy School of Specialization Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Prohic
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Reygagne
- Centre de Santé Sabouraud, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - M A Richard
- CEReSS-EA 3279, Research Centrer in Health Services and Quality of Life Aix Marseille University, Dermatology Department, Universitary Hospital Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - R O Soares
- CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Starace
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Bologna, Italy School of Specialization Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Vañó-Galvan
- Department Ramon y Cajal Hospital, IRYCIS, Grupo Pedro Jaén Clinic, TricoHRC Research Group, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Waskiel-Burnat
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Rudnicka L, Chrostowska S, Kamiński M, Waśkiel-Burnat A, Michalczyk A, Rakowska A, Olszewska M. The role of trichoscopy beyond hair and scalp diseases. A review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023. [PMID: 36923999 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichoscopy is a diagnostic tool for hair and scalp diseases. It was recently shown that it also allows the identification of features associated with disorders that typically don't affect the scalp. The aim of this article was to analyze and outline the usefulness of trichoscopy in suspecting such diseases. Connective tissue diseases were the most investigated systemic diseases in regard to trichoscopy. The most common features of systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and dermatomyositis are thick arborizing and tortuous vessels. Avascular areas are present in systemic sclerosis. Spermatozoa-like vessels may be observed in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, while salmon-colored areas with arborizing and linear vessels can be seen in patients with cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. In patients with advanced multiple myeloma, follicular spicules may be observed. Trichoscopic features of angiosarcomas include pink areas, red polymorphic areas, and dark red to purple areas. Polymorphous vessels and yellowish areas on a pink background are the predominating trichoscopy features of metastases of malignant tumors to the scalp. Cutaneous sarcoidosis is characterized by orange-colored areas and telangiectasias. Systemic amyloidosis may manifest with salmon-colored perifollicular halos, while the most common trichoscopic features of syphilitic alopecia are: a decreased number of hairs per follicular unit, vellus hairs, background erythema, focal atrichia and yellow dots. In conclusion, dermatologists may suspect some systemic diseases on the basis of trichoscopy findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Chrostowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Kamiński
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Waśkiel-Burnat
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Michalczyk
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Waśkiel‐Burnat A, Kołodziejak M, Sikora M, Stochmal A, Rakowska A, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. Therapeutic management in paediatric alopecia areata: A systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1299-1308. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Waśkiel‐Burnat
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Kołodziejak
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Sikora
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Stochmal
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - L. Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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Rudnicka L, Rakowska A. The increasing incidence of frontal fibrosing alopecia. In search of triggering factors. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 31:1579-1580. [PMID: 29059513 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Sikora M, Chrabąszcz M, Waśkiel‐Burnat A, Rakowska A, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. Claudin‐3 – a new intestinal integrity marker in patients with psoriasis: association with disease severity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:1907-1912. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sikora
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Chrabąszcz
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Waśkiel‐Burnat
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - L. Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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Rudnicka L, Rakowska A. Reply to the comments on ‘The increasing incidence of frontal fibrosing alopecia. In search of triggering factors’. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:e251. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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Waśkiel-Burnat A, Rakowska A, Kurzeja M, Czuwara J, Sikora M, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. The value of dermoscopy in diagnosing eyebrow loss in patients with alopecia areata and frontal fibrosing alopecia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 33:213-219. [PMID: 30290016 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alopecia areata and frontal fibrosing alopecia are common causes of eyebrow loss (madarosis). OBJECTIVE Assessment of trichoscopic markers of eyebrow loss in alopecia areata and frontal fibrosing alopecia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis included 50 patients with scalp alopecia areata with madarosis, 50 patients with scalp frontal fibrosing alopecia with madarosis and 50 healthy controls. In every case, trichoscopy of the eyebrow area was performed. RESULTS Empty follicular and eccrine duct openings were observed in all patients and presented predominantly as yellow dots. Exclamation mark hairs were only detected in patients with alopecia areata (30%). Tapered hairs, broken hair, black dots and Pohl-Pinkus constrictions were observed in 14%, 36%, 26% and 4% of patients with alopecia areata, respectively, 4%, 16%, 2% and 0% of patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia, respectively, and they were not present in healthy controls. Dystrophic hairs and whitish areas were observed only in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia (28% and 32%, respectively). Eyebrow regrowth in distinct directions was present in 32% of patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia, 8% of patients with alopecia areata and 4% of healthy controls. Diffuse erythema was detected in 60% of patients with alopecia areata and frontal fibrosing alopecia and 56% of healthy controls. Vellus hairs and upright regrowing hairs were observed in patients with alopecia areata (62% and 58%, respectively), frontal fibrosing alopecia (60% and 84%, respectively) and healthy controls (100% and 100%, respectively). CONCLUSION Trichoscopy of the eyebrow area is useful in diagnosing patients with isolated eyebrow loss. The most characteristic trichoscopic features of eyebrow loss in alopecia areata include exclamation mark hairs, tapered hairs, broken hairs and black dots. Frontal fibrosing alopecia of the eyebrows is characterized by the presence of dystrophic hairs, white areas and eyebrow regrowth in distinct directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Waśkiel-Burnat
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Kurzeja
- Specjalisci Dermatolodzy S.C., Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Sikora
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Rudnicka L, Rakowska A. Dyslipidemia in patients with androgenetic alopecia. Statins, finasteride or both? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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Kałka D, Domagała Z, Rakowska A, Womperski K, Franke R, Sylwina-Krauz E, Stanisz J, Piłot M, Gebala J, Rusiecki L, Pilecki W. Modifiable risk factors for erectile dysfunction: an assessment of the awareness of such factors in patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease. Int J Impot Res 2015; 28:14-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maj M, Warszawik-Hendzel O, Szymanska E, Walecka I, Rakowska A, Antczak-Marczak M, Kuna P, Kruszewski J, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Litniewski J, Nowicki A, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. High frequency ultrasonography: a complementary diagnostic method in evaluation of primary cutaneous melanoma. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2015; 150:595-601. [PMID: 26333555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of our study was to assess the usefulness of high frequency ultrasonography in the diagnosis of melanoma. METHODS We examined 84 patients with suspicious melanocytic skin lesions, including 19 cases of melanoma. In vivo high-resolution ultrasonography (30 MHz) was performed prior to excision. RESULTS In ultrasound scans early melanomas presented as flat oval or fusiform shaped structures and were clearly demarcated, while advanced melanomas were characterized by a roundish shape with less distinct borders. The ultrasonographic thickness of in situ melanomas ranged from 0.02 to 0.85 mm. In the case of invasive tumors, the mean thickness evaluated by high frequency ultrasonography was 10.7% higher compared to the Breslow Score (1.44±0.8 mm and 1.3±0.88 mm, respectively). In all melanomas of Breslow Score of 1 mm or more ultrasound also indicated a Breslow Score of 1 mm or more. CONCLUSION High frequency ultrasound examination has limited value in differential diagnosis of melanoma, but it gives a clear picture of the size and depth of the tumor. The method should be used as a complementary method (after dermoscopy and, where applicable, reflectance confocal microscopy) in preoperative evaluation of the tumor. In some cases of locally advanced melanoma, ultrasound examination may allow to reduce the number of surgical procedures and favor the decision of a one-time surgical treatment (removal of primary tumor and sentinel lymph node biopsy at the same time).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maj
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland -
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Kurzeja M, Czuwara J, Rakowska A, Sicińska J, Maj M, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M. Reflectance confocal microscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for Hailey-Hailey disease. Skin Res Technol 2014; 20:503-9. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kurzeja
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | - J. Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | - J. Sicińska
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Maj
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - L. Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Neuropeptides; Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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Kowalska-Oledzka E, Slowinska M, Rakowska A, Czuwara J, Sicinska J, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. ‘Black dots’ seen under trichoscopy are not specific for alopecia areata. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:615-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2012.04401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Iron-gold alloys with compositions Fe(70)Au(30) and Fe(50)Au(50) were prepared by arc melting. The alloys were investigated by means of the high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG) in the as-cast state and upon annealing in two steps, i.e. at 250 degrees C for 24 h and subsequently at 500 degrees C for 48 h. The alloys were composed of two phases, i.e. a BCC phase rich in iron and a FCC phase rich in gold. The single-phase regions have equivalent diameter of about 50 nm. SEM images show self-similar structure for the spatial distribution of the above phases on scales ranging from about 1 mm till about 100 nm. The roughness of the images has been used to estimate a fractal dimension of the phase mixture. For larger scales of the as-cast samples one finds fractal dimension of about 1.7 for Fe(70)Au(30) composition, i.e. very close to the dimension of typical diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) fractals. For annealed samples, dimension 1.1 was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Błachowski
- Mössbauer Spectroscopy Division, Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, PL-30-084 Kraków, ul. Podchorazych 2, Poland
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Walecka I, Olszewska M, Rakowska A, Slowinska M, Sicinska J, Piekarczyk E, Kowalska-Oledzka E, Goralska B, Rudnicka L. Improvement of psoriasis after antibiotic therapy with cefuroxime axetil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:957-8. [PMID: 19368618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Bidirectional transport of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) spanning the nuclear envelope plays a fundamental role in cell function and metabolism. Nuclear import of macromolecules is a two-step process involving initial recognition of targeting signals, docking to the pore and energy-driven translocation. ATP depletion inhibits the translocation step. The mechanism of translocation itself and the conformational changes of the NPC components that occur during macromolecular transport, are still unclear. The present study investigates the effect of ATP on nuclear pore conformation in isolated nuclear envelopes from Xenopus laevis oocytes using the atomic force microscope. All experiments were conducted in a saline solution mimicking the cytosol using unfixed nuclear envelopes. ATP (1 mM) was added during the scanning procedure and the resultant conformational changes of the NPCs were directly monitored. Images of the same nuclear pores recorded before and during ATP exposure revealed dramatic conformational changes of NPCs subsequent to the addition of ATP. The height of the pores protruding from the cytoplasmic surface of the nuclear envelope visibly increased while the diameter of the pore opening decreased. The observed changes occurred within minutes and were transient. The slow-hydrolyzing ATP analogue, ATP-gamma-S, in equimolar concentrations did not exert any effects. The ATP-induced shape change could represent a nuclear pore "contraction."
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rakowska
- Department of Physiology, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Rokicka-Piotrowicz M, Paluszewska M, Paszkowska M, Rakowska A, Wierzbicka E, Buras A, Kuratowska Z. [Erythropoietin in the pathogenesis of anemia in patients with multiple myeloma]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1998; 99:218-23. [PMID: 9760808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anemia is a common symptom in multiple myeloma (MM) patients but the pathogenesis of it is still unknown. The aim of the study was to explain the causes of anemia in MM patients. Peripheral blood count, bone marrow aspirate, iron and ferritin level, serum erythropoietin (EPO) level, T cell subsets and in vitro CFU-E count were analyzed in the group od 31 MM patients. Erythropoietin and iron deficiency in the study group were not observed. EPO serum level was not significantly different in patients with multiple myeloma and in comparison to patients with sideroblastic anemia with solid tumors. Absolute CD8 T lymphocyte count was not significantly increased in the study group. CFU-E colonies count in vitro was not decreased in these patients. CONCLUSIONS In the study group of the MM patients anemia probably does not depend on EPO production. Diminished proliferative response of erythropoietic cells on normal serum level of EPO and abnormal iron utilisation probably occur in these patients. Replacement of normal erythropoiesis by tumor plasma cells is probably not decisive.
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Ehrenhöfer U, Rakowska A, Schneider SW, Schwab A, Oberleithner H. The atomic force microscope detects ATP-sensitive protein clusters in the plasma membrane of transformed MDCK cells. Cell Biol Int 1997; 21:737-46. [PMID: 9768472 DOI: 10.1006/cbir.1997.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane proteins are supposed to form clusters that allow 'functional cross-talk' between individual molecules within nanometre distance. However, such hypothetical protein clusters have not yet been shown directly in native plasma membranes. Therefore, we developed a technique to get access to the inner face of the plasma membrane of cultured transformed kidney (MDCK) cells. The authors applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize clusters of native proteins protruding from the cytoplasmic membrane surface. We used the K+ channel blocker iberiotoxin (IBTX), a positively charged toxin molecule, that binds with high affinity to plasma membrane potassium channels and to atomically flat mica. Thus, apical plasma membranes could be 'glued' with IBTX to the mica surface with the cytosolic side of the membrane accessible to the scanning AFM tip. The topography of these native inside-out membrane patches was imaged with AFM in electrolyte solution mimicking the cytosol. The plasma membrane could be clearly identified as a lipid bilayer with the characteristic height of 4.9 +/- 0.02 nm. Multiple proteins protruded from the lipid bilayer into the cytosolic space with molecule heights between 1 and 20 nm. Large protrusions were most likely protein clusters. Addition of the proteolytic enzyme pronase to the bath solution led to the disappearance of the proteins within minutes. The metabolic substrate ATP induced a shape-change of the protein clusters and smaller subunits became visible. ADP or the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue, ATP-gamma-S, could not exert similar effects. It is concluded that plasma membrane proteins (and/or membrane associated proteins) form 'functional clusters' in their native environment. The 'physiological' arrangement of the protein molecules within a cluster requires ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ehrenhöfer
- Department of Physiology, University of Münster, Germany
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Abstract
Nuclear patch clamp is an emerging research field that aims to disclose the electrical phenomena underlying macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope (NE), its properties as an ion barrier and its function as an intracellular calcium store. The authors combined the patch clamp technique with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the structure-function relationship of NE. In principle, patch clamp currents, recorded from the NE can indicate the activity of the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and/or of ion channels in the two biomembranes that compose the NE. However, the role of the NPCs is still nuclear because the observed NE current in patch clamp experiments is lower than expected from the known density of the NPCs. Therefore, AFM was applied to link patch clamp currents to structure. The membrane patch was excised from the nuclear envelope and, after electrical evaluation, transferred from the patch pipette to a substrate. We could identify the native nuclear membrane patches with AFM at a lateral and a vertical resolution of 3 nm and 0.1 nm, respectively. It was shown that complete NE together with NPCs can be excised from the nucleus after their functional identification in patch clamp experiments. However, we also show that membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum can contaminate the tip of the patch pipette during nuclear patch clamp experiments. This possibility must be considered carefully in nuclear patch clamp experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Danker
- Physiologisches Institut, Würzburg, Germany
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Mantovani P, Valoti M, Rakowska A, Adorni Ugolotti MC. Ca2+ antagonists reveal a novel inhibitory effect of caerulein on guinea pig ileum. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1995; 17:321-5. [PMID: 8830200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The peptide caerulein (CK) is a potent muscle stimulant of guinea pig ileum and its effect is Ca2+-dependent. Ca2+ antagonist drugs administered to the organ perfusion solution diminished the twitches of the electrically stimulated ileum. Subsequent administration of caerulein reinforced this inhibition of contraction and acetylcholine (ACh) release by the ileum. This effect was antagonized by cholecystokinin antagonists (i.e., proglumide and loxiglumide) and by dibutyryl-cyclic-guanosine monophosphate, which overcame the stimulant effect of the peptide. These findings indicated that in the guinea pig ileum, caerulein exerts two opposite effects, both of which are mediated by the same receptor: a stimulation effect, with an increase in acetylcholine release when the organ is incubated in normal saline, and a relaxation effect, with a reduction in acetylcholine release when the ileum is bathed with calcium antagonist drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mantovani
- Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Siena
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Rakowski W, Rakowska A. [Typology of towns and gminas of Suwalskie voivodship from the perspective of population changes during the years 1976-1986]. Biul IGS 1987; 30:71-86, 266, 278. [PMID: 12316267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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