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Todesco E, Charpentier C, Bertine M, Wirden M, Storto A, Desire N, Grude M, Nguyen T, Sayon S, Yazdanpanah Y, Katlama C, Descamps D, Calvez V, Marcelin AG. Disparities in HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance detected by ultradeep sequencing between men who have sex with men and heterosexual populations. HIV Med 2017; 18:696-700. [PMID: 28444829 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) can impair the response to first-line antiretroviral therapy. In treatment-naïve patients chronically infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), it was previously shown through Sanger sequencing that TDR was more common in men who have sex with men (MSM) than in other transmission risk groups. We aimed to compare two HIV-1 transmission groups in terms of the presence of TDR mutations. METHODS We investigated, through Sanger sequencing and ultradeep sequencing (UDS), the presence of resistance mutations, both in majority (> 20%) and in minority (1-20%) proportions, in 70 treatment-naïve MSM and 70 treatment-naïve heterosexual patients who recently screened positive for HIV-1. RESULTS The global prevalence of TDR was not significantly different between the two groups, either by Sanger or by UDS. Nevertheless, a higher frequency of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor TDR was observed among heterosexual patients (P = 0.04). There was also a trend for a higher frequency of TDR among MSM infected with HIV-1 subtype B compared with MSM infected with HIV-1 non-B subtypes (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Ultradeep sequencing UDS allowed sensitive monitoring of TDR, and highlighted some disparities between transmission groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Todesco
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - C Charpentier
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Department of Virology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Bertine
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Department of Virology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Wirden
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A Storto
- Department of Virology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - N Desire
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France
| | - M Grude
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France
| | - T Nguyen
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - S Sayon
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Y Yazdanpanah
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Department of Infectious Diseases, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - C Katlama
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - D Descamps
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Department of Virology, AP-HP, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - V Calvez
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A G Marcelin
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.,Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Hofstra LM, Sauvageot N, Albert J, Alexiev I, Garcia F, Struck D, Van de Vijver DAMC, Åsjö B, Beshkov D, Coughlan S, Descamps D, Griskevicius A, Hamouda O, Horban A, Van Kasteren M, Kolupajeva T, Kostrikis LG, Liitsola K, Linka M, Mor O, Nielsen C, Otelea D, Paraskevis D, Paredes R, Poljak M, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Sönnerborg A, Staneková D, Stanojevic M, Van Laethem K, Zazzi M, Zidovec Lepej S, Boucher CAB, Schmit JC, Wensing AMJ, Puchhammer-Stockl E, Sarcletti M, Schmied B, Geit M, Balluch G, Vandamme AM, Vercauteren J, Derdelinckx I, Sasse A, Bogaert M, Ceunen H, De Roo A, De Wit S, Echahidi F, Fransen K, Goffard JC, Goubau P, Goudeseune E, Yombi JC, Lacor P, Liesnard C, Moutschen M, Pierard D, Rens R, Schrooten Y, Vaira D, Vandekerckhove LPR, Van den Heuvel A, Van Der Gucht B, Van Ranst M, Van Wijngaerden E, Vandercam B, Vekemans M, Verhofstede C, Clumeck N, Van Laethem K, Beshkov D, Alexiev I, Lepej SZ, Begovac J, Kostrikis L, Demetriades I, Kousiappa I, Demetriou V, Hezka J, Linka M, Maly M, Machala L, Nielsen C, Jørgensen LB, Gerstoft J, Mathiesen L, Pedersen C, Nielsen H, Laursen A, Kvinesdal B, Liitsola K, Ristola M, Suni J, Sutinen J, Descamps D, Assoumou L, Castor G, Grude M, Flandre P, Storto A, Hamouda O, Kücherer C, Berg T, Braun P, Poggensee G, Däumer M, Eberle J, Heiken H, Kaiser R, Knechten H, Korn K, Müller H, Neifer S, Schmidt B, Walter H, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, Harrer T, Paraskevis D, Hatzakis A, Zavitsanou A, Vassilakis A, Lazanas M, Chini M, Lioni A, Sakka V, Kourkounti S, Paparizos V, Antoniadou A, Papadopoulos A, Poulakou G, Katsarolis I, Protopapas K, Chryssos G, Drimis S, Gargalianos P, Xylomenos G, Lourida G, Psichogiou M, Daikos GL, Sipsas NV, Kontos A, Gamaletsou MN, Koratzanis G, Sambatakou H, Mariolis H, Skoutelis A, Papastamopoulos V, Georgiou O, Panagopoulos P, Maltezos E, Coughlan S, De Gascun C, Byrne C, Duffy M, Bergin C, Reidy D, Farrell G, Lambert J, O'Connor E, Rochford A, Low J, Coakely P, O'Dea S, Hall W, Mor O, Levi I, Chemtob D, Grossman Z, Zazzi M, de Luca A, Balotta C, Riva C, Mussini C, Caramma I, Capetti A, Colombo MC, Rossi C, Prati F, Tramuto F, Vitale F, Ciccozzi M, Angarano G, Rezza G, Kolupajeva T, Vasins O, Griskevicius A, Lipnickiene V, Schmit JC, Struck D, Sauvageot N, Hemmer R, Arendt V, Michaux C, Staub T, Sequin-Devaux C, Wensing AMJ, Boucher CAB, van de Vijver DAMC, van Kessel A, van Bentum PHM, Brinkman K, Connell BJ, van der Ende ME, Hoepelman IM, van Kasteren M, Kuipers M, Langebeek N, Richter C, Santegoets RMWJ, Schrijnders-Gudde L, Schuurman R, van de Ven BJM, Åsjö B, Kran AMB, Ormaasen V, Aavitsland P, Horban A, Stanczak JJ, Stanczak GP, Firlag-Burkacka E, Wiercinska-Drapalo A, Jablonowska E, Maolepsza E, Leszczyszyn-Pynka M, Szata W, Camacho R, Palma C, Borges F, Paixão T, Duque V, Araújo F, Otelea D, Paraschiv S, Tudor AM, Cernat R, Chiriac C, Dumitrescu F, Prisecariu LJ, Stanojevic M, Jevtovic D, Salemovic D, Stanekova D, Habekova M, Chabadová Z, Drobkova T, Bukovinova P, Shunnar A, Truska P, Poljak M, Lunar M, Babic D, Tomazic J, Vidmar L, Vovko T, Karner P, Garcia F, Paredes R, Monge S, Moreno S, Del Amo J, Asensi V, Sirvent JL, de Mendoza C, Delgado R, Gutiérrez F, Berenguer J, Garcia-Bujalance S, Stella N, de Los Santos I, Blanco JR, Dalmau D, Rivero M, Segura F, Elías MJP, Alvarez M, Chueca N, Rodríguez-Martín C, Vidal C, Palomares JC, Viciana I, Viciana P, Cordoba J, Aguilera A, Domingo P, Galindo MJ, Miralles C, Del Pozo MA, Ribera E, Iribarren JA, Ruiz L, de la Torre J, Vidal F, Clotet B, Albert J, Heidarian A, Aperia-Peipke K, Axelsson M, Mild M, Karlsson A, Sönnerborg A, Thalme A, Navér L, Bratt G, Karlsson A, Blaxhult A, Gisslén M, Svennerholm B, Bergbrant I, Björkman P, Säll C, Mellgren Å, Lindholm A, Kuylenstierna N, Montelius R, Azimi F, Johansson B, Carlsson M, Johansson E, Ljungberg B, Ekvall H, Strand A, Mäkitalo S, Öberg S, Holmblad P, Höfer M, Holmberg H, Josefson P, Ryding U. Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance and the Predicted Effect on Current First-line Regimens in Europe. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 62:655-663. [PMID: 26620652 PMCID: PMC4741360 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance in Europe is stable at around 8%. The impact of baseline mutation patterns on susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs should be addressed using clinical guidelines. The impact on baseline susceptibility is largest for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Background. Numerous studies have shown that baseline drug resistance patterns may influence the outcome of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, guidelines recommend drug resistance testing to guide the choice of initial regimen. In addition to optimizing individual patient management, these baseline resistance data enable transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to be surveyed for public health purposes. The SPREAD program systematically collects data to gain insight into TDR occurring in Europe since 2001. Methods. Demographic, clinical, and virological data from 4140 antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals from 26 countries who were newly diagnosed between 2008 and 2010 were analyzed. Evidence of TDR was defined using the WHO list for surveillance of drug resistance mutations. Prevalence of TDR was assessed over time by comparing the results to SPREAD data from 2002 to 2007. Baseline susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs was predicted using the Stanford HIVdb program version 7.0. Results. The overall prevalence of TDR did not change significantly over time and was 8.3% (95% confidence interval, 7.2%–9.5%) in 2008–2010. The most frequent indicators of TDR were nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations (4.5%), followed by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations (2.9%) and protease inhibitor mutations (2.0%). Baseline mutations were most predictive of reduced susceptibility to initial NNRTI-based regimens: 4.5% and 6.5% of patient isolates were predicted to have resistance to regimens containing efavirenz or rilpivirine, respectively, independent of current NRTI backbones. Conclusions. Although TDR was highest for NRTIs, the impact of baseline drug resistance patterns on susceptibility was largest for NNRTIs. The prevalence of TDR assessed by epidemiological surveys does not clearly indicate to what degree susceptibility to different drug classes is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marije Hofstra
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg.,Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Albert
- Karolinska Institute, Solna.,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivailo Alexiev
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Federico Garcia
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Instituto de Investigación IBS Granada; on behalf of Cohorte de Adultos de la Red de Investigación en SIDA, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Danail Beshkov
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Diane Descamps
- AP-HP Groupe hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, IAME INSERM UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirsi Liitsola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marek Linka
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV/AIDS, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Orna Mor
- National HIV Reference Laboratory, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Dan Otelea
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. dr. Matei Bals", Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Mario Poljak
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovenian HIV/AIDS Reference Centre, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Karolinska Institute, Solna.,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Larrouy L, Chazallon C, Landman R, Capitant C, Peytavin G, Collin G, Charpentier C, Storto A, Pialoux G, Katlama C, Girard PM, Yeni P, Aboulker JP, Brun-Vezinet F, Descamps D. Gag mutations can impact virological response to dual-boosted protease inhibitor combinations in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2910-9. [PMID: 20439606 PMCID: PMC2897283 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00194-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ANRS 127 was a randomized pilot trial involving naïve patients receiving two dual-boosted protease inhibitor (PI) combinations. Virological response, defined as a plasma HIV RNA level of <50 copies/ml at week 16, occurred in only 41% patients. Low baseline plasma HIV RNA level was the only significant predictor of virological response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact on virological response of pretherapy mutations in cleavage sites of gag, gag-pol, and the gag-pol frameshift region. The whole gag gene and protease-coding region were amplified and sequenced at baseline and at week 16 for 48 patients still on the allocated regimen at week 16. No major PI resistance-associated mutations were detected either at baseline or in the 26 patients who did not achieve virological response at week 16. Baseline cleavage site substitutions in the product of the gag open reading frame at positions 128 (p17/p24) (P = 0.04) and 449 (p1/p6(gag)) (P = 0.01) were significantly more frequent in those patients not achieving virological response. Conversely, baseline cleavage site mutation at position 437 (TFP/p6(pol)) was associated with virological response (P = 0.04). In multivariate analysis adjusted for baseline viral load, these 3 substitutions remained independently associated with virological response. We demonstrated here, in vivo, an impact of baseline polymorphic gag mutations on virological response in naïve patients receiving a combination of two protease inhibitors. However, it was not possible to link the substitutions selected under PI selective pressure with virological failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Larrouy
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - C. Chazallon
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - R. Landman
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - C. Capitant
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - G. Peytavin
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - G. Collin
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - C. Charpentier
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - A. Storto
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - G. Pialoux
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - C. Katlama
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - P. M. Girard
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - P. Yeni
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - J. P. Aboulker
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - F. Brun-Vezinet
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
| | - D. Descamps
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France, EA 4409, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France, INSERM SC10, Villejuif F-94807, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pharmacie, Paris F-75018, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75020, France, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75013, France, INSERM UMR 943, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75011, France
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