Takagi T, Taguchi O, Aoki S, Toda M, Yamaguchi A, Fujimoto H, Boveda-Ruiz D, Gil-Bernabe P, Ramirez AY, Naito M, Yano Y, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Fujiwara A, Takei Y, Morser J, Gabazza EC. Direct effects of protein S in ameliorating acute lung injury.
J Thromb Haemost 2009;
7:2053-63. [PMID:
19817989 DOI:
10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03642.x]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Protein S may exert an anticoagulant activity by enhancing the anticoagulant activity of activated protein C and/or by directly inhibiting the prothrombinase complex. Protein S itself may also directly regulate inflammatory responses and apoptosis. The role of protein S in acute lung injury (ALI) was unknown. This study evaluated the effect of protein S on ALI in the mouse.
METHODS
Animal ALI was induced in C57/BL6 mice by intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mice were treated with protein S or saline by intraperitoneal injection 1 h before LPS instillation.
RESULTS
Activated protein or protein S alone and combined activated protein C + protein S therapy decreased inflammatory markers and cytokines in mice with acute lung injury. In LPS-treated mice compared with controls ALI was induced as shown by significantly increased levels of total protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mice with ALI treated with protein S had significantly decreased concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the lung compared with untreated animals. Thrombin-antithrombin III, a marker of the activity of the coagulation cascade, was unchanged. Protein S inhibited the expression of cytokines in vitro and increased activation of the Axl tyrosine kinase pathway in A549 epithelial cells.
CONCLUSION
Protein S protects against LPS-induced ALI, possibly by directly inhibiting the local expression of inflammatory cytokines without affecting coagulation.
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