1
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Limone F, Couto A, Wang JY, Zhang Y, McCourt B, Huang C, Minkin A, Jani M, McNeer S, Keaney J, Gillet G, Gonzalez RL, Goodman WA, Kadiu I, Eggan K, Burberry A. Myeloid and lymphoid expression of C9orf72 regulates IL-17A signaling in mice. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadg7895. [PMID: 38295187 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg7895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A mutation in C9ORF72 is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Patients with ALS or FTD often develop autoimmunity and inflammation that precedes or coincides with the onset of neurological symptoms, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we knocked out murine C9orf72 in seven hematopoietic progenitor compartments by conditional mutagenesis and found that myeloid lineage C9orf72 prevents splenomegaly, loss of tolerance, and premature mortality. Furthermore, we demonstrated that C9orf72 plays a role in lymphoid cells to prevent interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production and neutrophilia. Mass cytometry identified early and sustained elevation of the costimulatory molecule CD80 expressed on C9orf72-deficient mouse macrophages, monocytes, and microglia. Enrichment of CD80 was similarly observed in human spinal cord microglia from patients with C9ORF72-mediated ALS compared with non-ALS controls. Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine spinal cord, brain cortex, and spleen demonstrated coordinated induction of gene modules related to antigen processing and presentation and antiviral immunity in C9orf72-deficient endothelial cells, microglia, and macrophages. Mechanistically, C9ORF72 repressed the trafficking of CD80 to the cell surface in response to Toll-like receptor agonists, interferon-γ, and IL-17A. Deletion of Il17a in C9orf72-deficient mice prevented CD80 enrichment in the spinal cord, reduced neutrophilia, and reduced gut T helper type 17 cells. Last, systemic delivery of an IL-17A neutralizing antibody augmented motor performance and suppressed neuroinflammation in C9orf72-deficient mice. Altogether, we show that C9orf72 orchestrates myeloid costimulatory potency and provide support for IL-17A as a therapeutic target for neuroinflammation associated with ALS or FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Limone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Couto
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Blake McCourt
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cerianne Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Adina Minkin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Marghi Jani
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sarah McNeer
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - James Keaney
- Neuroinflammation Focus Area, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud 1420, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Gillet
- Neuroinflammation Focus Area, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud 1420, Belgium
| | - Rodrigo Lopez Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA
| | - Wendy A Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Irena Kadiu
- Neuroinflammation Focus Area, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud 1420, Belgium
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Aaron Burberry
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Yang C, Mai J, Cao X, Burberry A, Cominelli F, Zhang L. ggpicrust2: an R package for PICRUSt2 predicted functional profile analysis and visualization. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad470. [PMID: 37527009 PMCID: PMC10425198 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Microbiome research is now moving beyond the compositional analysis of microbial taxa in a sample. Increasing evidence from large human microbiome studies suggests that functional consequences of changes in the intestinal microbiome may provide more power for studying their impact on inflammation and immune responses. Although 16S rRNA analysis is one of the most popular and a cost-effective method to profile the microbial compositions, marker-gene sequencing cannot provide direct information about the functional genes that are present in the genomes of community members. Bioinformatic tools have been developed to predict microbiome function with 16S rRNA gene data. Among them, PICRUSt2 (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) has become one of the most popular functional profile prediction tools, which generates community-wide pathway abundances. However, no state-of-art inference tools are available to test the differences in pathway abundances between comparison groups. We have developed ggpicrust2, an R package, for analyzing functional profiles derived from 16S rRNA sequencing. This powerful tool enables researchers to conduct extensive differential abundance analyses and generate visually appealing visualizations that effectively highlight functional signals. With ggpicrust2, users can obtain publishable results and gain deeper insights into the functional composition of their microbial communities. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The package is open-source under the MIT and file license and is available at CRAN and https://github.com/cafferychen777/ggpicrust2. Its shiny web is available at https://a95dps-caffery-chen.shinyapps.io/ggpicrust2_shiny/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiahao Mai
- Department of Biostatistics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Aaron Burberry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
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3
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Bank NC, Singh V, Grubb B, McCourt B, Burberry A, Roberts KD, Rodriguez-Palacios A. The basis of antigenic operon fragmentation in Bacteroidota and commensalism. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.02.543472. [PMID: 37398285 PMCID: PMC10312583 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The causes for variability of pro-inflammatory surface antigens that affect gut commensal/opportunistic dualism within the phylum Bacteroidota remain unclear (1, 2). Using the classical lipopolysaccharide/O-antigen 'rfb operon' in Enterobacteriaceae as a surface antigen model (5-gene-cluster rfbABCDX), and a recent rfbA-typing strategy for strain classification (3), we characterized the architecture/conservancy of the entire rfb operon in Bacteroidota. Analyzing complete genomes, we discovered that most Bacteroidota have the rfb operon fragmented into non-random gene-singlets and/or doublets/triplets, termed 'minioperons'. To reflect global operon integrity, duplication, and fragmentation principles, we propose a five-category (infra/supernumerary) cataloguing system and a Global Operon Profiling System for bacteria. Mechanistically, genomic sequence analyses revealed that operon fragmentation is driven by intra-operon insertions of predominantly Bacteroides-DNA (thetaiotaomicron/fragilis) and likely natural selection in specific micro-niches. Bacteroides-insertions, also detected in other antigenic operons (fimbriae), but not in operons deemed essential (ribosomal), could explain why Bacteroidota have fewer KEGG-pathways despite large genomes (4). DNA insertions overrepresenting DNA-exchange-avid species, impact functional metagenomics by inflating gene-based pathway inference and overestimating 'extra-species' abundance. Using bacteria from inflammatory gut-wall cavernous micro-tracts (CavFT) in Crohn's Disease (5), we illustrate that bacteria with supernumerary-fragmented operons cannot produce O-antigen, and that commensal/CavFT Bacteroidota stimulate macrophages with lower potency than Enterobacteriaceae, and do not induce peritonitis in mice. The impact of 'foreign-DNA' insertions on pro-inflammatory operons, metagenomics, and commensalism offers potential for novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bank
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vaidhvi Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brandon Grubb
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Blake McCourt
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Burberry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kyle D Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA
- University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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4
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Burberry A, Wells MF, Limone F, Couto A, Smith KS, Keaney J, Gillet G, van Gastel N, Wang JY, Pietilainen O, Qian M, Eggan P, Cantrell C, Mok J, Kadiu I, Scadden DT, Eggan K. C9orf72 suppresses systemic and neural inflammation induced by gut bacteria. Nature 2020; 582:89-94. [PMID: 32483373 PMCID: PMC7416879 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A hexanucleotide-repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic variant that contributes to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia1,2. The C9ORF72 mutation acts through gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms to induce pathways that are implicated in neural degeneration3-9. The expansion is transcribed into a long repetitive RNA, which negatively sequesters RNA-binding proteins5 before its non-canonical translation into neural-toxic dipeptide proteins3,4. The failure of RNA polymerase to read through the mutation also reduces the abundance of the endogenous C9ORF72 gene product, which functions in endolysosomal pathways and suppresses systemic and neural inflammation6-9. Notably, the effects of the repeat expansion act with incomplete penetrance in families with a high prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia, indicating that either genetic or environmental factors modify the risk of disease for each individual. Identifying disease modifiers is of considerable translational interest, as it could suggest strategies to diminish the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia, or to slow progression. Here we report that an environment with reduced abundance of immune-stimulating bacteria10,11 protects C9orf72-mutant mice from premature mortality and significantly ameliorates their underlying systemic inflammation and autoimmunity. Consistent with C9orf72 functioning to prevent microbiota from inducing a pathological inflammatory response, we found that reducing the microbial burden in mutant mice with broad spectrum antibiotics-as well as transplanting gut microflora from a protective environment-attenuated inflammatory phenotypes, even after their onset. Our studies provide further evidence that the microbial composition of our gut has an important role in brain health and can interact in surprising ways with well-known genetic risk factors for disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Burberry
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael F Wells
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Limone
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Couto
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin S Smith
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Keaney
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Gillet
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Nick van Gastel
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olli Pietilainen
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Menglu Qian
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pierce Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Cantrell
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joanie Mok
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Irena Kadiu
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - David T Scadden
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Klim JR, Williams LA, Limone F, Guerra San Juan I, Davis-Dusenbery BN, Mordes DA, Burberry A, Steinbaugh MJ, Gamage KK, Kirchner R, Moccia R, Cassel SH, Chen K, Wainger BJ, Woolf CJ, Eggan K. ALS-implicated protein TDP-43 sustains levels of STMN2, a mediator of motor neuron growth and repair. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:167-179. [PMID: 30643292 PMCID: PMC7153761 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The findings that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients almost universally display pathological mislocalization of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 and that mutations in its gene cause familial ALS have nominated altered RNA metabolism as a disease mechanism. However, the RNAs regulated by TDP-43 in motor neurons and their connection to neuropathy remain to be identified. Here we report transcripts whose abundances in human motor neurons are sensitive to TDP-43 depletion. Notably, expression of STMN2, which encodes a microtubule regulator, declined after TDP-43 knockdown and TDP-43 mislocalization as well as in patient-specific motor neurons and postmortem patient spinal cord. STMN2 loss upon reduced TDP-43 function was due to altered splicing, which is functionally important, as we show STMN2 is necessary for normal axonal outgrowth and regeneration. Notably, post-translational stabilization of STMN2 rescued neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration deficits induced by TDP-43 depletion. We propose that restoring STMN2 expression warrants examination as a therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Klim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luis A Williams
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Limone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irune Guerra San Juan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brandi N Davis-Dusenbery
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Seven Bridges Genomics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A Mordes
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Burberry
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Kanchana K Gamage
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rory Kirchner
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rob Moccia
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seth H Cassel
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kuchuan Chen
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Wainger
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Zhang Y, Burberry A, Wang JY, Sandoe J, Ghosh S, Udeshi ND, Svinkina T, Mordes DA, Mok J, Charlton M, Li QZ, Carr SA, Eggan K. The C9orf72-interacting protein Smcr8 is a negative regulator of autoimmunity and lysosomal exocytosis. Genes Dev 2018; 32:929-943. [PMID: 29950492 PMCID: PMC6075033 DOI: 10.1101/gad.313932.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A mutation in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic contributor to ALS. Zhang et al. found that C9ORF72's long isoform complexes with and stabilizes SMCR8. Smcr8 loss-of-function mutant mice exhibit a loss of tolerance for many nervous system autoantigens and increased lysosomal exocytosis in mutant macrophages. While a mutation in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic contributor to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), much remains to be learned concerning the function of the protein normally encoded at this locus. To elaborate further on functions for C9ORF72, we used quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics to identify interacting proteins in motor neurons and found that its long isoform complexes with and stabilizes SMCR8, which further enables interaction with WDR41. To study the organismal and cellular functions for this tripartite complex, we generated Smcr8 loss-of-function mutant mice and found that they developed phenotypes also observed in C9orf72 loss-of-function animals, including autoimmunity. Along with a loss of tolerance for many nervous system autoantigens, we found increased lysosomal exocytosis in Smcr8 mutant macrophages. In addition to elevated surface Lamp1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1) expression, we also observed enhanced secretion of lysosomal components—phenotypes that we subsequently observed in C9orf72 loss-of-function macrophages. Overall, our findings demonstrate that C9ORF72 and SMCR8 have interdependent functions in suppressing autoimmunity as well as negatively regulating lysosomal exocytosis—processes of potential importance to ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Aaron Burberry
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jackson Sandoe
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Sulagna Ghosh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Namrata D Udeshi
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Tanya Svinkina
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Daniel A Mordes
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Joanie Mok
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Maura Charlton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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7
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Burberry A, Suzuki N, Wang JY, Moccia R, Mordes DA, Stewart MH, Suzuki-Uematsu S, Ghosh S, Singh A, Merkle FT, Koszka K, Li QZ, Zon L, Rossi DJ, Trowbridge JJ, Notarangelo LD, Eggan K. Loss-of-function mutations in the C9ORF72 mouse ortholog cause fatal autoimmune disease. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:347ra93. [PMID: 27412785 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
C9ORF72 mutations are found in a significant fraction of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, yet the function of the C9ORF72 gene product remains poorly understood. We show that mice harboring loss-of-function mutations in the ortholog of C9ORF72 develop splenomegaly, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, and severe autoimmunity, ultimately leading to a high mortality rate. Transplantation of mutant mouse bone marrow into wild-type recipients was sufficient to recapitulate the phenotypes observed in the mutant animals, including autoimmunity and premature mortality. Reciprocally, transplantation of wild-type mouse bone marrow into mutant mice improved their phenotype. We conclude that C9ORF72 serves an important function within the hematopoietic system to restrict inflammation and the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Burberry
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rob Moccia
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel A Mordes
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Morag H Stewart
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Satomi Suzuki-Uematsu
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sulagna Ghosh
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ajay Singh
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Florian T Merkle
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathryn Koszka
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Departments of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Leonard Zon
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Warner N, Burberry A, Pliakas M, McDonald C, Núñez G. A genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen reveals nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-independent regulators of NOD2-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28213-24. [PMID: 25170077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD2 encodes an intracellular multidomain pattern recognition receptor that is the strongest known genetic risk factor in the pathogenesis of Crohn disease (CD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of the intestinal tract. NOD2 functions as a sensor for bacterial cell wall components and activates proinflammatory and antimicrobial signaling pathways. Here, using a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen, we identify numerous genes that regulate secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 in response to NOD2 activation. Moreover, many of the identified IL-8 regulators are linked by protein-protein interactions, revealing subnetworks of highly connected IL-8 regulators implicated in processes such as vesicle formation, mRNA stability, and protein ubiquitination and trafficking. A TNFα counterscreen to induce IL-8 secretion in an NOD2-independent manner reveals that the majority of the identified regulators affect IL-8 secretion irrespective of the initiating stimuli. Using immortalized macrophages, we validate the ubiquitin protease, USP8, and the endosomal sorting protein, VPS28, as negative regulators of NOD2-induced cytokine secretion. Interestingly, several genes that affect NOD2-induced IL-8 secretion are present in loci associated with CD risk by genome-wide association studies, supporting a role for the NOD2/IL-8 pathway, and not just NOD2, in the pathogenesis of CD. Overall, this screen provides a valuable resource in the advancement of our understanding of the genes that regulate the secretion of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Pliakas
- the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
| | - Christine McDonald
- the Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- From the Department of Pathology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
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Burberry A, Zeng MY, Ding L, Wicks I, Inohara N, Morrison SJ, Núñez G. Infection mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells through cooperative NOD-like receptor and Toll-like receptor signaling. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:779-91. [PMID: 24882704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are maintained in specialized niches within the bone marrow under steady-state conditions and mobilize for extramedullary hematopoiesis during periods of stress such as bacterial infections. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We show that systemic infection of mice with Escherichia coli, commonly associated with bacteremia in humans, mobilizes functional HSCs to the spleen. Accumulation of splenic HSCs (CD150+CD48-Lin(-/low)Sca1+cKit+) was diminished in TLR4-deficient and RIPK2-deficient mice, implicating TLRs and cytosolic NOD1/NOD2 signaling in the process. Accordingly, dual stimulation of NOD1 and TLR4 in radio-resistant cells alone was sufficient to mobilize HSCs, while TLR4 expression on HSCs was dispensable. Mechanistically, TLR4 and NOD1 synergistically induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which was required for extramedullary HSC accumulation. Mobilized HSCs and progenitor cells gave rise to neutrophils and monocytes and contributed to limiting secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Burberry
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168 Street, P & S, 7-513, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ian Wicks
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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He Y, Varadarajan S, Muñoz-Planillo R, Burberry A, Nakamura Y, Núñez G. 3,4-methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by blocking assembly of the inflammasome. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1142-50. [PMID: 24265316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical component of the innate immune system. NLRP3 activation is induced by diverse stimuli associated with bacterial infection or tissue damage, but its inappropriate activation is involved in the pathogenesis of inherited and acquired inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanism by which NLRP3 is activated remains poorly understood. In this study, we explored the role of kinases in NLRP3 inflammasome activation by screening a kinase inhibitor library and identified 3,4-methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene (MNS) as an inhibitor for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Notably, MNS did not affect the activation of the NLRC4 or AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) inflammasome. Mechanistically, MNS specifically prevented NLRP3-mediated ASC speck formation and oligomerization without blocking potassium efflux induced by NLRP3 agonists. Surprisingly, Syk kinase, the reported target of MNS, did not mediate the inhibitory activity of MNS on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We also found that the nitrovinyl group of MNS is essential for the inhibitory activity of MNS. Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and mutation studies suggest that both the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain and the leucine-rich repeat domain of NLRP3 were the intracellular targets of MNS. Administration of MNS also inhibited NLRP3 ATPase activity in vitro, suggesting that MNS blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome by directly targeting NLRP3 or NLRP3-associated complexes. These studies identified a novel chemical probe for studying the molecular mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation which may advance the development of novel strategies to treat diseases associated with abnormal activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- From the Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Marchesan JT, Gerow EA, Schaff R, Taut AD, Shin SY, Sugai J, Brand D, Burberry A, Jorns J, Lundy SK, Nuñez G, Fox DA, Giannobile WV. Porphyromonas gingivalis oral infection exacerbates the development and severity of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R186. [PMID: 24456966 PMCID: PMC3979094 DOI: 10.1186/ar4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical studies suggest a direct influence of periodontal disease (PD) on serum inflammatory markers and disease assessment of patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the influence of PD on arthritis development remains unclear. This investigation was undertaken to determine the contribution of chronic PD to immune activation and development of joint inflammation using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. METHODS DBA1/J mice orally infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis were administered with collagen II (CII) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) to induce arthritis. Arthritis development was assessed by visual scoring of paw swelling, caliper measurement of the paws, mRNA expression, paw micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis, histology, and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase for osteoclast detection (TRAP)-positive immunohistochemistry. Serum and reactivated splenocytes were evaluated for cytokine expression. RESULTS Mice induced for PD and/or arthritis developed periodontal disease, shown by decreased alveolar bone and alteration of mRNA expression in gingival tissues and submandibular lymph nodes compared to vehicle. P. gingivalis oral infection increased paw swelling and osteoclast numbers in mice immunized with CFA/CII. Arthritis incidence and severity were increased by P. gingivalis in mice that received IFA/CII immunizations. Increased synovitis, bone erosions, and osteoclast numbers in the paws were observed following IFA/CII immunizations in mice infected with P gingivalis. Furthermore, cytokine analysis showed a trend toward increased serum Th17/Th1 ratios when P. gingivalis infection was present in mice receiving either CFA/CII or IFA/CII immunizations. Significant cytokine increases induced by P. gingivalis oral infection were mostly associated to Th17-related cytokines of reactivated splenic cells, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-22 in the CFA/CII group and IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, IL-6 and IL-23 in the IFA/CII group. CONCLUSIONS Chronic P. gingivalis oral infection prior to arthritis induction increases the immune system activation favoring Th17 cell responses, and ultimately accelerating arthritis development. These results suggest that chronic oral infection may influence RA development mainly through activation of Th17-related pathways.
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Warner N, Burberry A, Franchi L, Kim YG, McDonald C, Sartor MA, Núñez G. A genome-wide siRNA screen reveals positive and negative regulators of the NOD2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Sci Signal 2013; 6:rs3. [PMID: 23322906 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic receptor NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) senses peptidoglycan fragments and triggers host defense pathways, including activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, which lead to inflammatory immune responses. Dysregulation of NOD2 signaling is associated with inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease and Blau syndrome. We used a genome-wide small interfering RNA screen to identify regulators of the NOD2 signaling pathway. Several genes associated with Crohn's disease risk were identified in the screen. A comparison of candidates from this screen with other "omics" data sets revealed interconnected networks of genes implicated in NF-κB signaling, thus supporting a role for NOD2 and NF-κB pathways in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Many of these regulators were validated in secondary assays, such as measurement of interleukin-8 secretion, which is partially dependent on NF-κB. Knockdown of putative regulators in human embryonic kidney 293 cells followed by stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α revealed that most of the genes identified were general regulators of NF-κB signaling. Overall, the genes identified here provide a resource to facilitate the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that regulate NOD2- and NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Warner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Feng Y, Bommer GT, Zhao J, Green M, Sands E, Zhai Y, Brown K, Burberry A, Cho KR, Fearon ER. Mutant KRAS promotes hyperplasia and alters differentiation in the colon epithelium but does not expand the presumptive stem cell pool. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1003-1013.e1-10. [PMID: 21699772 PMCID: PMC3163826 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Adenomatous polyps are precursors to colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas hyperplastic polyps (HPPs) have low risk of progression to CRC. Mutations in KRAS are found in ∼40% of CRCs and large adenomas and a subset of HPPs. We investigated the reasons why HPPs with KRAS mutations lack malignant potential and compared the effects of Kras/KRAS activation with those of Apc/APC inactivation, which promotes adenoma formation. METHODS We activated a KrasG12D mutant allele or inactivated Apc alleles in mouse colon epithelium and analyzed phenotypes and expression of selected genes and proteins. The mouse data were validated using samples of human HPPs and adenomas. Signaling pathways and factors contributing to Kras/KRAS-induced phenotypes were studied in intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS Activation of Kras led to hyperplasia and serrated crypt architecture akin to that observed in human HPPs. We also observed loss of Paneth cells and increases in goblet cell numbers. Abnormalities in Kras-mediated differentiation and proliferation required mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and were linked to activation of the Hes1 transcription factor. Human HPPs also had activation of HES1. In contrast to Apc/APC inactivation, Kras/KRAS activation did not increase expression of crypt stem cell markers in colon epithelium or colony formation in vitro. Kras/KRAS activation was not associated with substantial induction of p16(INK4a) protein expression in mouse colon epithelium or human HPPs. CONCLUSIONS Although Kras/KRAS mutation promotes serrated and hyperplastic morphologic features in colon epithelium, it is not able to initiate adenoma development, perhaps in part because activated Kras/KRAS signaling does not increase the number of presumptive stem cells in affected crypts.
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