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Saud Al-Bagmi M, Shahnawaz Khan M, Alhasan Ismael M, Al-Senaidy AM, Ben Bacha A, Mabood Husain F, Alamery SF. An efficient methodology for the purification of date palm peroxidase: Stability comparison with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:301-307. [PMID: 31485169 PMCID: PMC6717102 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, Peroxidase from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) leaves was purified to homogeneity by three-step procedure including aqueous two-phase system, hydrophobic and Ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme migrated as single band on SDS-PAGE giving molecular weight of 68 ± 3 kDa. The purification factor for purified date palm peroxidase was 68 with high 41% yield. Enzymatic assays together with far-UV circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence studies were carried out to monitor the structural stability of date palm and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) against various pH and temperatures. Activity measurements illustrated different pH stability for date palm and HRP. Both peroxidases are more susceptible to extreme acidic conditions as suggested by 4 & 15 nm red shift in date palm and HRP, respectively. Secondary structure analysis using far UV-CD exhibited predominance of α-helical (43.8%) structure. Also, pH induces loss in the secondary structure of date palm peroxidase. Thermal stability analysis revealed date palm peroxidase is more stable in comparison to HRP. In summary, date palm peroxidases could be promising enzymes for various applications where extreme pH and temperature is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneera Saud Al-Bagmi
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Alhasan Ismael
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Al-Senaidy
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abir Ben Bacha
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food and Agriculture science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Freeh Alamery
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Dept. Of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Shabib NA, Khan JM, Ali MS, Al-Lohedan HA, Khan MS, Al-Senaidy AM, Husain FM, Shamsi MB. Exploring the mode of binding between food additive “butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)” and human serum albumin: Spectroscopic as well as molecular docking study. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Malik A, Fouad D, Labrou NE, Al-Senaidy AM, Ismael MA, Saeed HM, Ataya FS. Structural and thermodynamic properties of kappa class glutathione transferase from Camelus dromedarius. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 88:313-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khan MS, Bhat SA, Tabrez S, Alama MN, Alsenaidy MA, Al-Senaidy AM. Denaturation induced aggregation in α-crystallin: differential action of chaotropes. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:536-543. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheraz Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nabil Alama
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University Hospital; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Alsenaidy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Al-Senaidy
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Malik A, Rabbani M, Rabbani N, M. Al-Senaidy A, A. Alsenaidy M. Expression, Purification and Properties of Redox-Sensitive Eye Lens Zeta-Crystallin of Arabian Camel. Protein Pept Lett 2016; 23:573-80. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866523666160413140131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abdulrahman AO, Ismael MA, Al-Hosaini K, Rame C, Al-Senaidy AM, Dupont J, Ayoub MA. Differential Effects of Camel Milk on Insulin Receptor Signaling - Toward Understanding the Insulin-Like Properties of Camel Milk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:4. [PMID: 26858689 PMCID: PMC4728290 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) showed beneficial effects of its milk reported in diverse models of human diseases, including a substantial hypoglycemic activity. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in such effects remain completely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that camel milk may act at the level of human insulin receptor (hIR) and its related intracellular signaling pathways. Therefore, we examined the effect of camel milk on the activation of hIR transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technology. BRET was used to assess, in live cells and real-time, the physical interaction between hIR and insulin receptor signaling proteins (IRS1) and the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2). Our data showed that camel milk did not promote any increase in the BRET signal between hIR and IRS1 or Grb2 in the absence of insulin stimulation. However, it significantly potentiated the maximal insulin-promoted BRET signal between hIR and Grb2 but not IRS1. Interestingly, camel milk appears to differentially impact the downstream signaling since it significantly activated ERK1/2 and potentiated the insulin-induced ERK1/2 but not Akt activation. These observations are to some extent consistent with the BRET data since ERK1/2 and Akt activation are known to reflect the engagement of Grb2 and IRS1 pathways, respectively. The preliminary fractionation of camel milk suggests the peptide/protein nature of the active component in camel milk. Together, our study demonstrates for the first time an allosteric effect of camel milk on insulin receptor conformation and activation with differential effects on its intracellular signaling. These findings should help to shed more light on the hypoglycemic activity of camel milk with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad A. Ismael
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Al-Hosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christelle Rame
- UMR7247, CNRS, Nouzilly, France
- Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
- L’Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Équitation, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Joëlle Dupont
- UMR7247, CNRS, Nouzilly, France
- Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
- L’Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Équitation, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- UMR7247, CNRS, Nouzilly, France
- Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
- L’Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Équitation, Nouzilly, France
- UMR85, Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation Group, INRA, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- LE STUDIUM Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Akli Ayoub,
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Ahmed A, Malik A, Jagirdar H, Rabbani N, Khan MS, Al-Senaidy AM, Ismael MA. Copper-Induced Inactivation of Camel Liver Glutathione S-Transferase. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 169:69-76. [PMID: 26043917 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes and play an important role in detoxification of xenobiotics and protection against oxidative stress. Camel liver glutathione transferase (cGST) was recently isolated and characterized in our lab. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent cations on its activity and stability. Cu(++) was found to be the potent inhibitor of GST activity which loses complete activity at 0.5-mM concentration. Other metal ions did not inhibit GST even at higher concentration of 2 mM. GST incubated with Cu(++) (0.1 mM) resulted decrease in free sulfhydryl groups by 55%, whereas other metal ions did not show any effect on free thiol content. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed formation of GST aggregates instantly in the presence of Cu(++), which further increased in molecular size with increase in time of incubation. DTT treatment resulted in de-aggregation of GST oligomers to its monomeric form. However, the GST activity was not recovered completely after de-aggregation. Cu(++) was found to inhibit GST activity by accelerating the inter- and intra-disulfide bond formation. Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) results showed that Cu(++)-catalyzed air oxidation of sulfhydryl groups leads to minor conformational changes in the GST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ahmed
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajamaluddin Malik
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb Jagirdar
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayyar Rabbani
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M Al-Senaidy
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Ismael
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Khan MS, Tabrez S, Bhat SA, Rabbani N, Al-Senaidy AM, Bano B. Effect of trifluoroethanol on α-crystallin: folding, aggregation, amyloid, and cytotoxicity analysis. J Mol Recognit 2015; 29:33-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheraz Ahmed Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh India
| | - Nayyar Rabbani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh India
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Khan MS, Tabrez S, Rabbani N, Oves M, Shah A, Alsenaidy MA, Al-Senaidy AM. Physico-chemical stress induced amyloid formation in insulin: Amyloid characterization, cytotoxicity analysis against human neuroblastoma cell lines and its prevention using black seeds (Nigella sativa). Chin J Integr Med 2015. [PMID: 25967609 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the aggregation and fibrillation of insulin at low pH and moderate temperature; and to further test the aggregated insulin for its cytotoxicity on human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line and inhibition of the cytotoxicity by black seeds (Nigella sativa) extract. METHODS Bovine pancreatic insulin was incubated at pH 2.0, 45 ℃ under stirring condition at 400 r/min for 24 h. Amyloids like structures in the aggregated insulin were characterized using various techniques such as thioflavin T assay (ThT), 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Moreover, cytotoxicity of aggregated insulin was monitored on SH-SY5Y cell line in the presence and absence of black seeds extract using standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit. RESULTS Our finding demonstrated that insulin under the mentioned conditions formed amyloid-like structure. ANS binding to aggregated insulin showed increase in fluorescence, suggesting structural change and increase in hydrophobicity in insulin occurring during the fibril formation. DLS measurement revealed progressive increase in hydrodynamic radius of aggregated insulin. Cytotoxicity assays illustrated aggregated insulin induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell through ROS formation. Moreover, LDH measurement showed aggregated insulin triggered membrane damage in SH-SY5Y cell lines. Black seeds extract was found to inhibit amyloid formation and protected the cells against amyloid toxicity. CONCLUSION Insulin molded into amyloid like structure at low pH and under stirring conditions. Characterization of insulin aggregates illustrated conformational change in insulin and it experiences α-helix to β-sheet transition during the course of fibrillation. Black seeds extract inhibited amyloid progression of insulin via ROS scavenging and restrained the cytotoxicity caused by insulin fibrils suggesting black seeds containing polyphenols may serve as a lead structure to a novel anti-amyloidogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein Research Chair College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia,
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Malik A, Jagirdar H, Rabbani N, Khan MS, Ahmed A, Al-Senaidy AM, Ismael MA. Optimization of storage and stability of camel liver glutathione S-transferase. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:650-66. [PMID: 25036813 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.940973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes and play an important role in cellular detoxification. Besides this, GSTs act as cytosolic carrier proteins that bind hydrophobic compounds such as heme, bilirubin, steroids, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. GST has great importance in biotechnology, as it is a target for vaccine and drug development and biosensors development for xenobiotics. Moreover, the GST tag has been extensively used for protein expression and purification. Until now, biophysical properties of camel liver GST have not been characterized. In the present study we have purified camel (Camelus dromedarius) liver GST to homogeneity in a single step by affinity chromatography with 23.4-fold purification and 60.6% yield. Our results showed that maximal activity of GST was at pH 6.5 and it was stable in the pH range of 5 to 10. The optimum temperature was 55°C and the Tm was 57°C. The chemical chaperone glycerol (3.3 M) was able to protect GST activity and aggregation against thermal denaturation by stabilizing the protein structure at 50 and 57°C, respectively. However, L-arginine (125 mM) did not protect GST against thermal stress. Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that glycerol protected the secondary structure of GST while L-arginine induced conformational changes under thermal stress. In conclusion, our studies on the GST stability suggest that glycerol works as a stabilizer and L-arginine acts as a destabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- a Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Khan MS, Dwivedi S, Priyadarshini M, Tabrez S, Siddiqui MA, Jagirdar H, Al-Senaidy AM, Al-Khedhairy AA, Musarrat J. Ribosylation of bovine serum albumin induces ROS accumulation and cell death in cancer line (MCF-7). Eur Biophys J 2013; 42:811-8. [PMID: 24218080 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-013-0929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) is crucially involved in the several pathophysiologies associated with ageing and diabetes, for example arthritis, atherosclerosis, chronic renal insufficiency, Alzheimer's disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cataracts. Because of devastating effects of AGE and the significance of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a transport protein, this study was designed to investigate glycation-induced structural modifications in BSA and their functional consequences in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). We incubated D-ribose with BSA and monitored formation of D-ribose-glycated BSA by observing changes in the intensity of fluorescence at 410 nm. NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium) assay was performed to confirm formation of keto-amine during glycation. Absorbance at 540 nm (fructosamine) increased markedly with time. Furthermore, intrinsic protein and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) fluorescence revealed marked conformational changes in BSA upon ribosylation. In addition, a fluorescence assay with thioflavin T (ThT) revealed a remarkable increase in fluorescence at 485 nm in the presence of glycated BSA. This suggests that glycation with D-ribose induced aggregation of BSA into amyloid-like deposits. Circular dichroism (CD) study of native and ribosylated BSA revealed molten globule formation in the glycation pathway of BSA. Functional consequences of ribosylated BSA on cancer cell line, MCF-7 was studied by MTT assay and ROS estimation. The results revealed cytotoxicity of ribosylated BSA on MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
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Khan MS, Al-Senaidy AM, Priyadarshini M, Shah A, Bano B. Different Conformation of Thiol Protease Inhibitor During Amyloid Formation: Inhibition by Curcumin and Quercetin. J Fluoresc 2013; 23:451-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-013-1158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sobki SH, Al-Senaidy AM, Al-Shammari TA, Inam SS, Al-Gwiser AA, Bukhari SA. Impact of gestational diabetes on lipid profiling and indices of oxidative stress in maternal and cord plasma. Saudi Med J 2004; 25:876-80. [PMID: 15235692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on indices of oxidative stress and lipid profiles in maternal and cord blood samples. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 40 normal pregnant women and 46 women with GDM during the period 1998 through to 1999 at the Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The GDM patients were subdivided into 2 groups: patients receiving insulin treatment (GDM-I, N=19) and patients under control diet (GDM-D, N=27). Plasma a- and y-tocopherols were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) was analyzed by fluorometry. Serum lipids (low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids) were determined by enzymatic colorimetry using automated clinical analyzer. RESULTS The results of lipid profiles in maternal serum showed no significant difference between GDM patients and controls; however, all the lipid constituents except total cholesterol were significantly reduced in the cord blood of GDM patients as compared to control subjects. a-tocopherol levels in the maternal plasma were not significantly different among the 3 groups, whereas, cord plasma a-tocopherol was significantly decreased in both GDM-D and GDM-I. Maternal y-tocopherol was found to be significantly increased in GDM-D and only insignificantly increased in GDM-I, but the cord y-tocopherol showed no appreciable changes. The level of MDA was 3-fold higher in maternal plasma as compared to cord plasma. However, neither the maternal plasma nor cord plasma showed significant differences in MDA levels between GDM patients and normal pregnant women. CONCLUSION A significant depletion of a-tocopherol in the cord blood of GDM patients is indicative of a possible oxidative stress in their fetuses. Further studies are warranted to examine a wider range of biochemical parameters to evaluate the potential risks of oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia H Sobki
- Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Hospital, PO Box 7897, Riyadh 11159, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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