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Malkawi AK, Ohlund L, Rahman AMA, Sleno L, Siaj M. Co-stimulatory pathway competitive assay development using Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116034. [PMID: 38422671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
T-cells play a significant role in the development of autoimmune diseases. The CD28-B7 costimulatory pathway is crucial for activating T-cells, and blocking this pathway is essential for treating autoimmune diseases. Therapeutic antibodies and fusion proteins that target costimulatory molecules like CD80, CD86, CTLA-4, and CD28 have been developed to explore the costimulation process and as targeted treatments. To advance our understanding of costimulation in autoimmunity and the inhibition of the costimulatory pathway, it is crucial to have an accurate, precise, and direct method for detecting and quantifying the soluble form of these molecules in body fluids and various biological systems. Herein, we developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying the four costimulatory proteins depending on the signature peptides derived from the soluble isoform of these proteins in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was validated using the US FDA guidelines. The LOQ was determined as ∼0.5 nM for the four analytes, with quantification extended to 20 nM with a correlation coefficient of R2>0.998. The developed MRM method was used to analyze on-bead digested protein mixtures to establish a competitive assay for the CD28-B7 costimulatory pathway using CTLA4-Ig (Abatacept ™) as an FDA-approved drug for rheumatoid arthritis. The IC50 was determined to be 2.99 and 159.8 nM for sCD80 and sCD86, respectively. A straightforward MRM-based competitive assay will advance the knowledge about the costimulatory role in autoimmunity and the autoimmune therapeutic drug discovery, with the need for broad application on different in vitro and in vivo models to discover new targeted inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer K Malkawi
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Leanne Ohlund
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Anas M Abdel Rahman
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL AIC 5S7, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Mohamed Siaj
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Malkawi AK, Jafari M, Ohlund L, Sleno L, Abdel Rahman AM, Siaj M. A diagnostic electrochemical aptasensor development for sCD80 protein detection in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 242:115696. [PMID: 37816286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevating soluble CD80 (sCD80) in human serum is a natural response to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The level of sCD80 is associated with RA development and prognosis; therefore, it is potentially used as a biomarker. sCD80 is commonly measured in human serum using immunoassays (e.g., ELISA) with multiple drawbacks, mainly cross-reactivity. Aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) development for quantifying and detecting different biological molecules demonstrates applicability in next-generation medicine and biomarker detection. Herein, we selected a specific aptamer for sCD80 by conventional in-vitro selection process (SELEX) with the high-affinity aptamer (Kd = 47.69 nM). A sensitive aptasensor, for the first time, was developed on a screen-printed gold electrode (AuSPE) platform compatible with easy-to-use label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The immobilization of the aptamer on the gold surface and the presence of sCD80 in a complex with the aptamer were characterized by photo-induced force microscopy, which revealed the uniform assembly of the aptamer monolayer and the distribution of sCD80 on the electrode surface. The developed aptasensor showed a linear performance (0.025-10.0 nM of protein) with a detection limit of 8.0 pM. Furthermore, the aptasensor was tested in a biological matrix, where a linear signal was observed for the increased amount of spiked sCD80 (R2 = 0.9887). The recovery of the spiked amounts ranged from 105 to 125% with coefficient of variation (CV%) <7%, which supported the applicability of this sensor in detecting sCD80 for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer K Malkawi
- Department of Chemistry, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Maziar Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Leanne Ohlund
- Department of Chemistry, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Department of Chemistry, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Anas M Abdel Rahman
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11350, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Mohamed Siaj
- Department of Chemistry, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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AlMalki RH, Jaber MA, Al-Ansari MM, Sumaily KM, Al-Alwan M, Sabi EM, Malkawi AK, Abdel Rahman AM. Metabolic Alteration of MCF-7 Cells upon Indirect Exposure to E. coli Secretome: A Model of Studying the Microbiota Effect on Human Breast Tissue. Metabolites 2023; 13:938. [PMID: 37623881 PMCID: PMC10456566 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
According to studies, the microbiome may contribute to the emergence and spread of breast cancer. E. coli is one of the Enterobacteriaceae family recently found to be present as part of the breast tissue microbiota. In this study, we focused on the effect of E. coli secretome free of cells on MCF-7 metabolism. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics was used to study the E. coli secretome and its role in MCF-7 intra- and extracellular metabolites. A comparison was made between secretome-exposed cells and unexposed controls. Our analysis revealed significant alterations in 31 intracellular and 55 extracellular metabolites following secretome exposure. Several metabolic pathways, including lactate, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, purine metabolism, and energy metabolism, were found to be dysregulated upon E. coli secretome exposure. E. coli can alter the breast cancer cells' metabolism through its secretome which disrupts key metabolic pathways of MCF-7 cells. These microbial metabolites from the secretome hold promise as biomarkers of drug resistance or innovative approaches for cancer treatment, either as standalone therapies or in combination with other medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem H. AlMalki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Malak A. Jaber
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan;
| | - Mysoon M. Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid M. Sumaily
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia; (K.M.S.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Monther Al-Alwan
- Cell Therapy and Immunobiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Essa M. Sabi
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia; (K.M.S.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Abeer K. Malkawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada;
| | - Anas M. Abdel Rahman
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Malkawi AK, Nimer RM, Almogren M, Masood A, Alarfaj AS, Benabdelkamel H, Abdel Rahman AM, Siaj M. Quantitative analysis of soluble costimulatory molecules as potential diagnostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis using LC-MS/MS in MRM mode. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117501. [PMID: 37516334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease. RA-induced immunological responses are coordinated by T-cell stimulation. The costimulatory signal CD28-B7 is essential for T-cell activation by interacting CD28 with CD80 and CD86 costimulatory proteins. CTLA4 is another costimulatory protein that binds to CD80 and CD86 to inhibit T-cell activity. The soluble costimulatory proteins: sCD80, sCD86, sCD28, and sCTLA-4 were detected and quantified in human plasma and correlated with RA development. As potential diagnostic biomarkers for RA, developing a sensitive, specific, and reproducible method for quantifying these costimulatory molecules in human plasma and establishing quantitative ranges for each protein in healthy and RA patients' plasma is essential for advancing the clinical diagnostic and health outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A novel quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes was developed and validated to measure soluble costimulatory molecules sCTLA4, sCD28, sCD80, and sCD86 in human plasma samples. Furthermore, the method was applied to determine sCTLA4, sCD28, sCD80, and sCD86 levels in plasma samples from RA patients (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 21). RESULTS The method was successfully developed and validated according to international inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy guidelines. The linearity of the method was achieved between 0.5 nM and 100 nM for each protein with a correlation coefficient of > 0.998. The plasma level of sCTLA4, sCD80, and sCD86 in RA patients was significantly elevated compared to controls. RA patients had 63.32 ± 17.63 nM sCTLA4 and controls 36.05 ± 18.83 nM; p < 0.0001. The performance of the four proteins was determined using ROC curves, where sCTLA4 showed the highest diagnostic and clinical performance compared to the others. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the first use of LC-MS/MS in MRM mode to accurately quantify soluble costimulatory molecules in plasma samples as potential RA diagnostic biomarkers. Determination of the reference range for each protein with high selectivity and sensitivity increases the potential for utilizing this method as a clinical diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer K Malkawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C3P8, Canada
| | - Refat M Nimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Maha Almogren
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afshan Masood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C3P8, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman S Alarfaj
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hicham Benabdelkamel
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M Abdel Rahman
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Siaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C3P8, Canada.
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Aleidi SM, Al-Ansari MM, Alnehmi EA, Malkawi AK, Alodaib A, Alshaker M, Benabdelkamel H, Abdel Rahman AM. Lipidomics Profiling of Patients with Low Bone Mineral Density (LBMD). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912017. [PMID: 36233318 PMCID: PMC9570421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between lipid metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) is still not fully elucidated. Despite the presence of investigations using osteoporotic animal models, clinical studies in humans are limited. In this work, untargeted lipidomics profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of human serum samples was performed to identify the lipidomics profile associated with low bone mineral density (LBMD), with a subsequent examination of potential biomarkers related to OP risk prediction or progression. A total of 69 participants were recruited for this cohort study, including the osteoporotic group (OP, n = 25), osteopenia group (ON, n = 22), and control (Ctrl, n = 22). The LBMD group included OP and ON patients. The lipidomics effect of confounding factors such as age, gender, lipid profile, body mass index (BMD), chronic diseases, and medications was excluded from the dataset. The results showed a clear group separation and clustering between LBMD and Ctrl (Q2 = 0.944, R2 = 0.991), indicating a significant difference in the lipids profile. In addition, 322 putatively identified lipid molecules were dysregulated, with 163 up- and 159 down-regulated in LBMD, compared with the Ctrl. The most significantly dysregulated subclasses were phosphatidylcholines (PC) (n = 81, 25.16% of all dysregulated lipids 322), followed by triacylglycerol (TG) (n = 65, 20.19%), and then phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (n = 40, 12.42%). In addition, groups of glycerophospholipids, including LPC (7.45%), LPE (5.59%), and PI (2.48%) were also dysregulated as of LBMD. These findings provide insights into the lipidomics alteration involved in bone remodeling and LBMD. and may drive the development of therapeutic targets and nutritional strategies for OP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen M. Aleidi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mysoon M. Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. Alnehmi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center (KFSHRC), Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer K. Malkawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Ahmad Alodaib
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center (KFSHRC), Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Alshaker
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center (KFSHRC), Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hicham Benabdelkamel
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M. Abdel Rahman
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center (KFSHRC), Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Malkawi AK, Masood A, Shinwari Z, Jacob M, Benabdelkamel H, Matic G, Almuhanna F, Dasouki M, Alaiya AA, Rahman AMA. Proteomic Analysis of Morphologically Changed Tissues after Prolonged Dexamethasone Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133122. [PMID: 31247941 PMCID: PMC6650964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged dexamethasone (Dex) administration leads to serious adverse and decrease brain and heart size, muscular atrophy, hemorrhagic liver, and presence of kidney cysts. Herein, we used an untargeted proteomic approach using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for simultaneous identification of changes in proteomes of the major organs in Sprague–Dawley (SD rats post Dex treatment. The comparative and quantitative proteomic analysis of the brain, heart, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues revealed differential expression of proteins (n = 190, 193, 39, 230, and 53, respectively) between Dex-treated and control rats. Functional network analysis using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA revealed significant differences in regulation of metabolic pathways within the morphologically changed organs that related to: (i) brain—cell morphology, nervous system development, and function and neurological disease; (ii) heart—cellular development, cellular function and maintenance, connective tissue development and function; (iii) skeletal muscle—nucleic acid metabolism, and small molecule biochemical pathways; (iv) liver—lipid metabolism, small molecular biochemistry, and nucleic acid metabolism; and (v) kidney—drug metabolism, organism injury and abnormalities, and renal damage. Our study provides a comprehensive description of the organ-specific proteomic profilesand differentially altered biochemical pathways, after prolonged Dex treatement to understand the molecular basis for development of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer K Malkawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrook Street West, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afshan Masood
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakia Shinwari
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Minnie Jacob
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
- College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences/Molecular & Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Hicham Benabdelkamel
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Goran Matic
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Falah Almuhanna
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Dasouki
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayodele A Alaiya
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M Abdel Rahman
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X7, Canada.
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Malkawi AK, Alzoubi KH, Jacob M, Matic G, Ali A, Al Faraj A, Almuhanna F, Dasouki M, Abdel Rahman AM. Metabolomics Based Profiling of Dexamethasone Side Effects in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:46. [PMID: 29503615 PMCID: PMC5820529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex) is a synthetic glucocorticoid that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects and is used in several conditions such as asthma and severe allergy. Patients receiving Dex, either at a high dose or for a long time, might develop several side effects such as hyperglycemia, weight change, or osteoporosis due to its in vivo non-selectivity. Herein, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based comprehensive targeted metabolomic profiling as well as radiographic imaging techniques to study the side effects of Dex treatment in rats. The Dex-treated rats suffered from a ∼20% reduction in weight gain, hyperglycemia (145 mg/dL), changes in serum lipids, and reduction in total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (∼600 IU/L). Also, compared to controls, Dex-treated rats showed a distinctive metabolomics profile. In particular, serum amino acids metabolism showed six-fold reduction in phenylalanine, lysine, and arginine levels and upregulation of tyrosine and hydroxyproline reflecting perturbations in gluconeogenesis and protein catabolism which together lead to weight loss and abnormal bone metabolism. Sorbitol level was markedly elevated secondary to hyperglycemia and reflecting activation of the polyol metabolism pathway causing a decrease in the availability of reducing molecules (glutathione, NADPH, NAD+). Overexpression of succinylacetone (4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid) suggests a novel inhibitory effect of Dex on hepatic fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. The acylcarnitines, mainly the very long chain species (C12, C14:1, C18:1) were significantly increased after Dex treatment which reflects degradation of the adipose tissue. In conclusion, long-term Dex therapy in rats is associated with a distinctive metabolic profile which correlates with its side effects. Therefore, metabolomics based profiling may predict Dex treatment-related side effects and may offer possible novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer K Malkawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Minnie Jacob
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Goran Matic
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Ali
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achraf Al Faraj
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Science and Technology, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Falah Almuhanna
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Dasouki
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M Abdel Rahman
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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