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Alhamed A, Al-Zeer A, Alsaawi F, Alshaikh A, Alzaher A, Alkattan A, Alrasheed N, Sagor K, Alsalem E, Ibrahim M, Alfaleh A. Dental decay in children and the link to weight status: A cross-sectional analysis of national school health data. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:533-538. [PMID: 38690383 PMCID: PMC11056465 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent national reports have indicated an increasing trend of dental decay among school-aged children. National school-based data are required to guide decision-making to ensure effective public health efforts to manage dental decay. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental decay among school-age children in Saudi Arabia and explore the possible link between dental decay and weight status. This was a cross-sectional analysis of a national sample including 1,134,317 Saudi children in the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th grades who participated in a national school screening program. Data for weight, height, body mass index (BMI), dental decay prevalence, and decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index were analysed. An independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square test were used to compare the means, while Pearson's r correlation and multiple linear regression were used to examine the relationships between the study variables. The prevalence of dental decay was 24.20%, and dental decay was the highest among female students (26.5%), students in primary school (25.9%), students living in the eastern region (35.2%), in the administrative capital (27.6%), and in rural areas (23.4%). Dental decay was the highest among students who were underweight. Female sex and living in rural areas significantly predicted higher DMFT while being overweight/obese significantly predicted lower DMFT. Dental decay is highly prevalent among underweight students, female students, and students living in rural areas and the eastern regions of Saudi Arabia. To reduce the prevalence of dental decay and related health disparities, dental health screening programs should be designed to detect dental decay early among children at high risk due to abnormal BMIs and sociodemographic factors. In addition, dental health screening and management programs should utilize standardized dental decay assessment methods and ethnically representative growth charts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Alhamed
- College of Nursing, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Zeer
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Lean Business Services, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulrahman Alshaikh
- Lean Business Services, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Alzaher
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkattan
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Alrasheed
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Sagor
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham Alsalem
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Community, Environment and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Amjad Alfaleh
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alhamed A, Al-Zeer A, Alsaawi F, Alshaikh A, Alzaher A, Alkattan A, Alrasheed N, Sagor K, Alsalem E, Ibrahim M, Alfaleh A. The shifting patterns of childhood obesity: Insights from national school screening data. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101862. [PMID: 38028221 PMCID: PMC10661595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent reports indicated an increasing prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia, making it an impending national epidemic. However, obesity prevalence data in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia are largely inconsistent. Objectives This study analyzed and compared the prevalence of obesity among a national sample of children and adolescents across sexes, school grades, regions, and city types in Saudi Arabia using the Growth Charts for Saudi Children and Adolescents. Methods Weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) data from 1 134 317 children in first, fourth, seventh, and tenth school grades who participated in the national school screening program were analyzed cross-sectionally. BMI values were classified using the Growth Charts for Saudi Children and Adolescents. Results Nearly 10.4% of students were overweight, 10.7 % were obese, and 4.50% were severely obese. Male students had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than their female counterparts. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was the highest among students in intermediate school, the Central region, and administrative capitals. Conclusion Managing childhood obesity is challenging due to its multifaceted nature Therefore, utilizing clinical and community-based participatory approaches is essential to develop nationwide obesity prevention and management program that is effective and sustainable. This program must utilize dynamic BMI surveillance systems using ethnically representative growth references, conduct national pediatric obesity research with careful consideration for demographic and regional differences, lead targeted pediatric obesity awareness campaigns, provide obesity management interventions in a pediatric multi-disciplinary clinic, and evaluate the program outcomes periodically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Alhamed
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Zeer
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Lean Business Solutions, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulrahman Alshaikh
- Lean Business Solutions, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Alzaher
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkattan
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Alrasheed
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Sagor
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham Alsalem
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Community, Environment and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Amjad Alfaleh
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- General Authority of School Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alfaleh A, Alkattan A, Alzaher A, Alhabib D, Alshatri A, Alnamshan A, Almalki O, Almutairi L, Khairat M, Sagor K, Alabdulkareem K, Ibrahim M. Quality of life among schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the satisfaction of their guardians towards school health care in Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 204:110901. [PMID: 37699476 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to assess the quality of life of schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and determine their guardians' satisfaction of diabetes health care in Saudi Arabian schools. METHODS A cross-section multicenter study was conducted from February to July 2022 among Schoolchildren with T1DM in Saudi Arabia. The study included T1DM school children aged 6-18 years. The patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data were collected and determined using a modified version of the PedsQL 3.0 Diabetes Module. RESULTS The grand total median PedQL-DM score among the included participants (N = 283) was 64.7, while items related to diabetes symptoms and diabetes management were 61.1 and 68.7, respectively. Schoolchildren who have lower HbA1c levels and take care of regular monitoring of their blood glucose showed significantly better quality of life concerning diabetes symptoms. A significant number of guardians claimed they were not satisfied with the current status of diabetes management at schools. CONCLUSIONS The overall HRQoL among schoolchildren with T1DM was average and acceptable to some extent. The PedsQL-DM median score was higher among those who received health care during school time. The guardians' satisfaction of diabetes health care was low, emphasizing the role of health clinics in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alfaleh
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkattan
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abrar Alzaher
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Alhabib
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alshatri
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alnamshan
- Research Department, Assistant Agency for Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohood Almalki
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Almutairi
- Research Department, Assistant Agency for Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Khairat
- Department of Telemedicine, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Sagor
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alabdulkareem
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Alfaleh A, Alkattan A, Alzaher A, Radwan N, Mahmoud N, Alageel A, Alhabib D, Alsalameen E, Sagor K, Haji A, Alfaifi A, Alabdulkareem K, Ibrahim M. Protective Duration of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Clin Drug Investig 2022; 42:799-806. [PMID: 36040662 PMCID: PMC9425807 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-022-01195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective A limited number of studies have addressed the protective duration of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines following primary and booster doses in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the protective duration of primary and booster doses of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine batches in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 January to 31 December, 2021. The study included 53,354 people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 2 weeks or more after receiving at least a primary vaccination of either the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccine. Results The total median protective duration of both primary COVID-19 vaccinations was 134 days. Heterologous primary vaccination (ChAdOx1 followed by BNT162b2) showed a significantly higher median protective duration of 142 days. The results show that the total median protective duration of the first booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines was 57 days. ChAdOx1 batch code C1 was found to have the most extended protective duration of 173 days (range 163–192 days). Conclusions The current study revealed that the median protective duration of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 primary vaccination regimens administered in Saudi Arabia in 2021 was 134 days and that heterologous primary vaccination (ChAdOx1→BNT162b2) exhibited a significantly higher protective duration than other vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alfaleh
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah Alkattan
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abrar Alzaher
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa Radwan
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nagla Mahmoud
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alageel
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Alhabib
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Sagor
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhan Haji
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alfaifi
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alabdulkareem
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Alfaleh A, Alkattan A, Radwan N, Elzohri M, Alzaher A, Ibrahim M, Alsalameen E, Alsultan A, Alhabib D, Alshelwah A, Mahmoud N, Sagor K, Alabdulkareem K. Adverse drug reactions from two COVID-19 vaccines reported in Saudi Arabia. Drugs Ther Perspect 2022; 38:84-92. [PMID: 35095267 PMCID: PMC8783585 DOI: 10.1007/s40267-022-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Several reports have been published about the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines on human health, and each vaccine has a different safety and efficacy profile. The aim of this study was to reveal the nature and classification of reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of the two COVID-19 vaccines (tozinameran and ChAdOx1) among citizens and residents living in Saudi Arabia, and show possible differences between the two vaccines and the differences between each batch on the health of populations. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia between December 2020 and March 2021. Saudi citizens and residents aged ≥ 16 years who had at least one dose of any batch of either of the two approved COVID-19 vaccines (tozinameran and ChAdOx1) and who reported at least one ADR from the vaccines were included. The study excluded people who reported ADRs after receiving tozinameran or ChAdOx1 vaccines but no information was provided about the vaccine’s batch number. Results During the study period, 12,868 vaccinated people, including a high-risk group (i.e., those with chronic illness or pregnant women), reported COVID-19 vaccine ADRs that had been documented in the General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Saudi Ministry of Health. The study reported several ADRs associated with COVID-19 vaccines, with the most common (> 25%) being fever/chills, general pain/weakness, headache, and injection site reactions. Among healthy and high-risk people, the median onset of all reported ADRs for tozinameran and ChAdOx1 vaccine batches were 1.96 and 1.64 days, respectively (p < 0.01). Furthermore, significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded between the two studied vaccines in regard to fever/chills, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, general pain/weakness, and neurological symptoms, with higher incidence rates of these ADRs observed with the ChAdOx1 vaccine than the tozinameran vaccine. However, the tozinameran vaccine was found to cause significantly (p < 0.05) more palpitation, blood pressure variations, upper respiratory tract symptoms, lymph node swelling, and other unspecified ADRs than the ChAdOx1 vaccine. Among patients vaccinated with seven different batches of the tozinameran vaccine, people vaccinated with the T4 and T5 batches reported the most ADRs. Conclusion There were significant differences regarding most of the reported ADRs and their onset among tozinameran and ChAdOx1 vaccines on both healthy people and high-risk individuals living in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the study found that the frequencies of most listed ADRs were statistically different when seven batches of tozinameran vaccine were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alfaleh
- Department of Research, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkattan
- Department of Research, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa Radwan
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Elzohri
- Department of Research, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyût, Egypt
| | - Abrar Alzaher
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alsultan
- Department of Sales, Sanofi Aventis Arabia, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Alhabib
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood Alshelwah
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagla Mahmoud
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Sagor
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alabdulkareem
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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