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Alfaleh A, Alkattan A, Alzaher A, Radwan N, Mahmoud N, Alageel A, Alhabib D, Alsalameen E, Sagor K, Haji A, Alfaifi A, Alabdulkareem K, Ibrahim M. Protective Duration of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Clin Drug Investig 2022; 42:799-806. [PMID: 36040662 PMCID: PMC9425807 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-022-01195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective A limited number of studies have addressed the protective duration of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines following primary and booster doses in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the protective duration of primary and booster doses of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine batches in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 January to 31 December, 2021. The study included 53,354 people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 2 weeks or more after receiving at least a primary vaccination of either the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccine. Results The total median protective duration of both primary COVID-19 vaccinations was 134 days. Heterologous primary vaccination (ChAdOx1 followed by BNT162b2) showed a significantly higher median protective duration of 142 days. The results show that the total median protective duration of the first booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines was 57 days. ChAdOx1 batch code C1 was found to have the most extended protective duration of 173 days (range 163–192 days). Conclusions The current study revealed that the median protective duration of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 primary vaccination regimens administered in Saudi Arabia in 2021 was 134 days and that heterologous primary vaccination (ChAdOx1→BNT162b2) exhibited a significantly higher protective duration than other vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alfaleh
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah Alkattan
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abrar Alzaher
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa Radwan
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nagla Mahmoud
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alageel
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Alhabib
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Sagor
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhan Haji
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alfaifi
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alabdulkareem
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Alfaleh A, Alkattan A, Radwan N, Elzohri M, Alzaher A, Ibrahim M, Alsalameen E, Alsultan A, Alhabib D, Alshelwah A, Mahmoud N, Sagor K, Alabdulkareem K. Adverse drug reactions from two COVID-19 vaccines reported in Saudi Arabia. Drugs Ther Perspect 2022; 38:84-92. [PMID: 35095267 PMCID: PMC8783585 DOI: 10.1007/s40267-022-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Several reports have been published about the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines on human health, and each vaccine has a different safety and efficacy profile. The aim of this study was to reveal the nature and classification of reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of the two COVID-19 vaccines (tozinameran and ChAdOx1) among citizens and residents living in Saudi Arabia, and show possible differences between the two vaccines and the differences between each batch on the health of populations. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia between December 2020 and March 2021. Saudi citizens and residents aged ≥ 16 years who had at least one dose of any batch of either of the two approved COVID-19 vaccines (tozinameran and ChAdOx1) and who reported at least one ADR from the vaccines were included. The study excluded people who reported ADRs after receiving tozinameran or ChAdOx1 vaccines but no information was provided about the vaccine’s batch number. Results During the study period, 12,868 vaccinated people, including a high-risk group (i.e., those with chronic illness or pregnant women), reported COVID-19 vaccine ADRs that had been documented in the General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Saudi Ministry of Health. The study reported several ADRs associated with COVID-19 vaccines, with the most common (> 25%) being fever/chills, general pain/weakness, headache, and injection site reactions. Among healthy and high-risk people, the median onset of all reported ADRs for tozinameran and ChAdOx1 vaccine batches were 1.96 and 1.64 days, respectively (p < 0.01). Furthermore, significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded between the two studied vaccines in regard to fever/chills, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, general pain/weakness, and neurological symptoms, with higher incidence rates of these ADRs observed with the ChAdOx1 vaccine than the tozinameran vaccine. However, the tozinameran vaccine was found to cause significantly (p < 0.05) more palpitation, blood pressure variations, upper respiratory tract symptoms, lymph node swelling, and other unspecified ADRs than the ChAdOx1 vaccine. Among patients vaccinated with seven different batches of the tozinameran vaccine, people vaccinated with the T4 and T5 batches reported the most ADRs. Conclusion There were significant differences regarding most of the reported ADRs and their onset among tozinameran and ChAdOx1 vaccines on both healthy people and high-risk individuals living in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the study found that the frequencies of most listed ADRs were statistically different when seven batches of tozinameran vaccine were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alfaleh
- Department of Research, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkattan
- Department of Research, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa Radwan
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Elzohri
- Department of Research, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyût, Egypt
| | - Abrar Alzaher
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alsultan
- Department of Sales, Sanofi Aventis Arabia, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Alhabib
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood Alshelwah
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagla Mahmoud
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Sagor
- Research and Development Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alabdulkareem
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alkattan A, Alkhalifah A, Alsalameen E, Alghanim F, Radwan N. Polymorphisms of genes related to phase II metabolism and resistance to clopidogrel. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 23:61-79. [PMID: 34866404 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug commonly used to prevent coagulation. This review aimed to investigate the effect of polymorphisms of G6PD, GCLC, GCLM, GSS, GST, GSR, HK and GLRX genes on clopidogrel during phase II metabolism through exploring previous studies. The results revealed that low glutathione plasma levels caused by several alleles related to these genes could affect the bioactivation process of the clopidogrel prodrug, making it unable to inhibit platelet aggregation perfectly and thus leading to severe consequences in patients with a high risk of blood coagulation. However, the study recommends platelet reactivity tests to predict clopidogrel efficacy rather than studying gene mutations, as most of these mutations are rare and other nongenetic factors could affect the drug's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Planning and Research Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alkhalifah
- Department of Sales, Fresenius Kabi, Alhaya Medical Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alghanim
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University
| | - Nashwa Radwan
- Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alkattan A, Alameer R, Alsalameen E, Almaary M, Alkhairat M, Alkhalifah A, Alghanim F, Radwan N. Safety of English ivy (Hedera helix) leaf extract during pregnancy: retrospective cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:493-499. [PMID: 34482524 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND English ivy (Hedera helix) is commonly used to reduce productive cough symptoms by acting as expectorant therapy. The safety of Hedera helix extract during pregnancy was not established yet. This study aims to determine the safety of English ivy leaf extract on newborns. OBJECTIVES To determine the weight, APGAR (Activity-Pulse-Grimace-Appearance-Respiration) score, and health status of the newborns among the studied groups. METHODS A retrospective multicenter cohort study was conducted during the fourth quarter of 2020 on 245 pregnant women and their newborns in two hospitals located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The women were divided into an exposed group (N = 165) who used English ivy leaf extract syrup during pregnancy, and a control group (N = 80) who were not using any natural-pharmaceutical product for cough. RESULTS The mean weight of the newborns in the exposed group was 3 kg compared to 2.8 kg in the control group (p-value < 0.05). The median APGAR score of the newborns in the exposed group was 8.5/10 compared to 8.0/10 in the control group (p-value > 0.05). There were no significant differences regarding the percentages of full-term and preterm newborns in the exposed and control groups (78.8% vs. 76.3%, and 21.0% vs. 24.0%, respectively, odds ratio [OR] = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45-1.63, p-value > 0.05). Regarding the newborns' health complications reported, there was no statistical difference in the percentages of full-term newborns diagnosed with at least one health complication between the exposed and control groups (0.6 vs. 3.8, OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.01-1.47, p-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION Hedera helix (English ivy) leaf extract syrup was safe to be used in short term during pregnancy for the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Department of Research and Development, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raad Alameer
- Department of Pharmacy, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Almaary
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alkhairat
- Department of Telemedicine, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alkhalifah
- Department of Sales, Fresenius Kabi, Alhaya Medical Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alghanim
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa Radwan
- Department of Research, Assistant Deputyship for Primary Healthcare, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Alkattan A, Alsalameen E. Polymorphisms of genes related to phase-I metabolic enzymes affecting the clinical efficacy and safety of clopidogrel treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:685-695. [PMID: 33931001 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1925249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication described as a prodrug, which cannot exert the antiplatelet effect until being biotransformed to the active metabolite. It is commonly used to reduce the risk of blood coagulation in patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, or ischemic stroke.Area covered: We reviewed published articles in PubMed and Google Scholar that focused on the mutations of CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, and CYP1A2 genes related to clopidogrel clinical efficacy and safety.Expert opinion: Based on current pharmacogenetic studies, patients carrying CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2C9*3, and CYP2B6*5 alleles may not respond to clopidogrel due to poor platelet inhibition efficacy revealed among them. In contrast, carriers of CYP2C19*17, CYP3A4*1G, and CYP1A2*1C alleles showed a more significant antiplatelet effect in clopidogrel users and expected to have a protective role as a genetic factor against cardiovascular events. Genotyping for either CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, or CYP1A2 variants is not recommended when considering clopidogrel treatment for patients, as some trials showed specific non-genetic factors (e.g. age and diabetes) that could affect clopidogrel responsiveness. Instead, platelets inhibition tests could be used as predictors of the clinical efficacy of clopidogrel treatment. Other P2Y12 receptor inhibitors should be considered as alternative medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Department of Research and Development, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khaled University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alkattan A, Alabdulkareem K, Kamel A, Abdelseed H, Almutairi Y, Alsalameen E. Correlation between Micronutrient plasma concentration and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Alexandria Journal of Medicine 2021. [PMCID: PMC8108185 DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2020.1870788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Research and Development, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alabdulkareem
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Research, Assistant Deputy Ministry for Primary Healthcare, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Kamel
- Department of Ghubairah Mobile Team, Tuberculosis Control Program, First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Abdelseed
- Department of Ghubairah Mobile Team, Tuberculosis Control Program, First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Almutairi
- Department of Research and Development, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khaled University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alkattan A, Almutairi Y, Alsalameen E, Alkhalifah A, Alghanim F. The CYP2C19 genotypes and its effect on clopidogrel as an anti-platelet drug among the Arab population. Indian J Pharmacol 2021; 53:85-87. [PMID: 33976007 PMCID: PMC8216117 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_690_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa; Department of Research and Development, Chronic Disease Prevention Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Almutairi
- Department of Research and Development, Chronic Disease Prevention Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khaled University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alkhalifah
- Department of Sales, Fresenius Kabi, Alhaya Medical Company, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alghanim
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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