Computer vision syndrome and dry eye symptoms among breastfeeding women

INTRODUCTION

Breastfeeding women are susceptible to musculoskeletal symptoms and hormonal changes that can affect the ocular surface. As exposure to visual display units (VDU) that is known to cause symptoms of dry eye and computer vision syndrome (CVS) is increasing worldwide, including among breastfeeding women, it is unknown whether this group of VDU users would experience CVS more than non-breastfeeding women. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between breastfeeding status and symptoms of CVS and dry eye.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, selfreported CVS and dry eye symptoms were compared between 80 breastfeeding and 72 non-breastfeeding VDU users. Two questionnaires were administered online, which were the CVS-Questionnaire (CVS-Q) and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, to evaluate symptoms of CVS and dry eye, respectively. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare CVS and OSDI scores between groups, while correlations between the scores were analyzed using Spearman's test.

RESULT

Results showed that OSDI scores were significantly higher in the non-breastfeeding group (U = 2263, z-score = - 2.276, p = 0.023), indicating more dry eye symptoms experienced by respondents in this group, while no significant group difference was found in terms of CVS scores (U = 2772, z-score = -0.400, p = 0.689). Additionally, no significant association was observed between breastfeeding status and severity of dry eye symptoms as well as CVS symptoms.

CONCLUSION

This study reported the possible benefit of breastfeeding in reducing dry eye symptoms. The CVS symptoms found in the breastfeeding group were possibly due to VDU usage rather than caused by breastfeeding. Public education on preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of CVS symptoms and ocular dryness among VDU users is essential to improve the quality of life.

The Zanzibar Heart Survey: A special report from a humanitarian cardiology program at the Mnazi Mmoja referral hospital, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania by Haukeland University Hospital in Bergen, Norway

A Norwegian cardiology delegation comprised of Cardiologists and Researchers travelled voluntarily to Zanzibar to undertake 4 humanitarian missions in 2022. The principal aims of this were to: 1) Train local cardiologists in transthoracic echocardiography and perform echocardiographic screening in patients with cardiac symptoms who had not undergone any prior cardiac imaging, 2) Conduct a hypertension survey to improve awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and 3) Implant permanent pacemakers in patients with significant bradyarrhythmias for the first time in the Archipelago. The current report details our experience at the Mnazi Mmoja Referral Hospital. We describe the challenges in managing common cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease and rhythm disturbances. Furthermore, we propose that improvement to care may be achieved by implementing systematic access to echocardiography and hypertension services to the island. In our survey, we found that hypertension and hypertension-mediated target organ damage were highly prevalent and hypertension was poorly controlled in Zanzibar. The common reasons for poor BP control were reported to be partly the issue of cost, affordability and availability of antihypertensive medications, and partly due to lack of awareness. Women were on average 10 years younger than men and were more likely to be obese, while men had higher burden of established cardiovascular disease (CAD, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation). Humanitarian healthcare missions by Western countries provide invaluable contributions to the healthcare of patients elsewhere in the world. Although their impact can be felt immediately, there is the propensity for these benefits to dissipate rapidly following the departure of visiting delegations. There is a need for more sustainable solutions whereby local healthcare systems are empowered to develop their own local capacities and initiate a system whereby local training can occur, the utilisation of facilities can be maximised and new skills can be transferred to health care practitioners to ensure universal access to diagnostics and treatments of cardiovascular diseases in Zanzibar. Our report indicates that measurable changes can be achieved in a relatively short time frame. These may in turn translate to improvements in access and quality of healthcare to the local population.

Echocardiography Assessment of Rheumatic Heart Disease: Implications for Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Echocardiography is an important diagnostic imaging modality in recognizing rheumatic heart disease, a chronic sequelae of acute rheumatic fever. Left-sided heart valves, especially the mitral valve is typically affected, with stenosis or regurgitation as a consequence. Although assessment of valve area by 2D planimetry is the reference method for mitral stenosis severity, 3D planimetry provides more accurate measurement and diagnostic value. Careful selection of patients in terms of echocardiographic criteria is essential to ensure safety and success of the intervention and better long-term outcomes. Several echocardiographic scores based upon mitral valve mobility, thickening, calcification, and subvalvular thickening are developed to assess mitral valve anatomy and the feasibility of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy. 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provides detailed information of the mitral anatomy (commissural fusions, and subvalvular apparatus) before intervention. In addition, 3D TEE planimetry provides a more accurate measurement of the valve area compared with 2D echocardiography. Generally, huge annular calcification and lack of commissural fusion are unfavorable echocardiographic markers that increase the risk of complications and preclude the feasibility of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. More contemporary prospective echocardiography research studies on patients with RHD from low- and middle-income countries are needed.

Association between Covid-19 infection and platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome

Introduction and importance

Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome is defined as dyspnoea and deoxygenation when changing from a recumbent to an upright position. Post-Covid-19 sequelae can induce or exacerbate pulmonary hypertension and thereby render a previously mild and asymptomatic platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome to manifest with new or worsening symptoms.

Case presentation

The authors present the case of an 80-year-old man who following an episode of moderate-severe Covid-19 infection developed type I respiratory failure that required hospital discharge with long-term oxygen therapy. He had a background history of postural paroxysmal hypoxaemia which had previously raised the suspicion of a right-to-left shunt through either a patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect or an intrapulmonary arteriovenous malformation. However, given the low burden of symptoms this was not explored further. Following recovery from Covid-19 infection, the patient experienced marked dyspnoea and oxygen desaturation in an upright position that was relieved by a return to a supine position.

Discussion and conclusion

Persistent dyspnoea and hypoxia are common symptoms in patients who experience post-Covid-19 syndrome. However, when patients with prior moderate-to-severe Covid-19 illness present with new onset breathlessness and/or desaturation that is worsened in an upright position, platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome should be considered.

Adding empagliflozin to sitagliptin plus metformin vs. adding sitagliptin to empagliflozin plus metformin as triple therapy in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-week open trial

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to compare 12.5 mg empagliflozin effectiveness and safety vs. 50 mg sitagliptin twice daily as an add-on triple medication in Egyptians with type 2 diabetes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between 53 and 86 mmol/mol after receiving open-label either sitagliptin 50 mg (n = 85) or empagliflozin 12.5 mg (n = 85) twice daily for 12 weeks were afterward taken into account for the administration of open-label empagliflozin 12.5 mg (n = 40) and sitagliptin 50 mg (n = 28) respectively twice daily for another 12 weeks of treatment as an added-on triple therapy. Both groups of patients kept taking metformin and empagliflozin 12.5 mg or sitagliptin 50 mg twice daily as prescribed. The HbA1c change from baseline after 12 weeks of triple-added-on therapy was the main endpoint.

RESULTS

The sitagliptin group receiving empagliflozin saw a substantial drop in HbA1c, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels, body weight, and blood pressure compared to the starting point. As opposed to that, adding sitagliptin to the empagliflozin group non-significantly reduced HbA1c, fasting, and postprandial plasma glucose levels, and systolic blood pressure from baseline but significantly reduced body weight and diastolic blood pressure. Comparing the two groups, adding empagliflozin significantly reduced HbA1c, fasting, and postprandial plasma glucose levels (p < 0.001 for all except fasting plasma glucose level, p = 0.002). While the patient's weight and blood pressure were not significantly affected.

CONCLUSIONS

Empagliflozin was superior to sitagliptin in relation to glycemic control, weight, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure reduction.

Risk factors of newly detected and masked untreated hypertension in a South Asian population of Type-2 diabetes patients

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.3.7666 How to cite this: Saeed S, Ali AM, Mahmoud MA, Nilsson PM. Risk factors of newly detected and masked untreated hypertension in a South Asian population of Type-2 diabetes patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(3):631-633. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.3.7666 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cardiac involvement in systemic and local vasculitides: The value of non-invasive multimodality imaging

Despite significant advances in managing systemic vasculitides, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are still of primary concern. Advances in non-invasive imaging have broadened our understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of cardiac involvement in vasculitides. Common cardiovascular complications in primary or secondary vasculitides are; coronary artery aneurysms, acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis, and valvular dysfunction. Echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), positron emission tomography (PET), and CT angiography are essential in identifying cardiac involvement and guiding treatment. Here, we present our experiences of cardiac involvement in systemic vasculitides, covering most aspects of common cardiac complications based on a multi-modality approach to challenging (real-world) cases. As many cardiac manifestations are clinically silent, heart function should be systemically assessed by a multi-modality imaging-based approach, including ECG, serial echocardiograms with strain imaging and 3D, and CMR to detect early signs of cardiac manifestations. This enables timely intervention and optimal medical treatment, which is essential for a better prognosis. There is a need for better and closer collaboration in clinical practice and research fields between Cardiologists and Rheumatologists.

Natural Course of Electrocardiogram Changes and the Value of Multimodality Imaging in Acute Pericarditis

BACKGROUND

ECG is the initial diagnostic tool that in combination with typical symptoms often raises the suspicion of pericarditis. Echocardiography remains the first-line imaging modality for assessment of pericardial diseases, particularly effusion/tamponade, constrictive physiology, and assessment of regional wall motion abnormalities as differential diagnoses. However, cardiac CT and cardiac magnetic resonance may be necessary in complicated cases and to identify pericardial inflammation in specific settings (atypical presentation, new onset constriction), as well as myocardial involvement and monitoring the disease activity.

SUMMARY

In acute pericarditis, the most commonly used ECG criteria recommended by international guidelines are the widespread ST-segment elevation or PR depression. However, the classic ECG pattern of widespread ST-segment elevation or PR depression can be seen in less than 60% of patients. In addition, ECG changes are often temporally dynamic, evolve rapidly during the course of disease, and may be influenced by a number of factors such as disease severity, time (stage) of presentation, degree of myocardial involvement, and the treatment initiated. Overall, temporal dynamic changes on ECG during acute pericarditis or myopericarditis have received limited attention. Hence, the aim of this brief clinical review was to increase awareness about the various ECG changes observed during the course of acute pericarditis.

KEY MESSAGES

ECG may be normal at presentation or for days after the index episode of chest pain, but serial ECGs can reveal specific patterns of temporally dynamic ST elevation in patients with pericarditis or myopericarditis, particularly during new episodes of chest pain.

Correlation between Murmurs and Echocardiographic Findings; From an Imaging Cardiologist Point of View

A heart murmur in adults is a common reason for referral for echocardiography at most general cardiology clinics in Europe. A murmur may indicate either a mild age-related valvular calcification or regurgitation, or represent a significant heart valve disease requiring valvular intervention. Generally, the correlation between murmurs by auscultation and severity of heart valve disease by echocardiography is poor. Particularly, the severity and characterization of diastolic murmurs by auscultation may poorly correlate with echocardiographic findings. This narrative review aims to summarize the differential diagnoses of physiological and pathological murmurs, describes the current referral practice of murmur patients for echocardiography, and presents a single-center experience on the correlation of auscultation and echocardiographic findings with a particular focus on aortic and mitral valve diseases. A careful auscultation of the heart prior to the echocardiogram is mandatory and may help to predict the echocardiographic findings and their interpretation in view of the clinical information. The correlation between clinical examination, point of care ultrasound and standard echocardiography is a matter of continued exploration.

Coronary calcium score in the initial evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring as an initial diagnostic tool in outpatients and in patients presenting at the emergency department due to suspected coronary artery disease (CAD).

METHODS

10 857 patients underwent CAC scoring and coronary CT angiography (CCTA) at Haukeland University Hospital in Norway during 2013-2020. Based on CCTA, obstructive CAD was defined as at least one coronary stenosis ≥50%. High-risk CAD included obstructive stenoses of the left main stem, the proximal left ascending artery or affecting all three major vascular territories with at least one proximal segment involved.

RESULTS

Median age was 58 years and 49.5% were women. The overall prevalence of CAC=0 was 45.0%. Among those with CAC=0, 1.8% had obstructive CAD and 0.6% had high-risk CAD on CCTA. Overall, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV) of CAC=0 for obstructive CAD were 95.3%, 53.4%, 30.0% and 98.2%, respectively. However, among patients <45 years of age, although the NPV was high at 98.9%, the sensitivity of CAC=0 for obstructive CAD was only 82.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

In symptomatic patients, CAC=0 correctly ruled out obstructive CAD and high-risk CAD in 98.2% and 99.4% of cases. This large registry-based cross-sectional study supports the incorporation of CAC testing in the early triage of patients with chest pain and as a gatekeeper to further cardiac testing. However, a full CCTA may be needed for safely ruling out obstructive CAD in the youngest patients (<45 years of age).

Echocardiographic features of left ventricular recess, cleft, diverticulum, and aneurysm: A systematic review

A pouch protruding into the wall of the left ventricle (LV) may be either a recess, cleft, diverticulum, or aneurysm. Being aware of these anomalies is essential to make accurate diagnosis and guide management decisions. Standard multimodality imaging of the heart enables detailed characterizations of LV fissures and outpouchings. They often present as an incidental finding on echocardiography, and the clinical significance can be difficult to address. We provide an overview of echocardiographic features of LV recess, cleft, diverticulum, pseudoaneurysms/aneurysms, and non-compaction based upon review of the literature as well as present some relevant clinical cases from our echocardiography labs.

The effect of different statistical approaches on image quality data obtained from radiological examinations

INTRODUCTION

Selection of optimal image acquisition protocols in medical imaging remains a grey area, the superimposed use of the Likert scale in radiological image quality evaluations creates an additional challenge for the statistical analysis of image quality data. Using a simulation study, we have trialled a novel approach to analysing radiological image quality Likert scale data.

METHODS

A simulation study was undertaken where simulated datasets were generated based on the distribution of Likert scale values according to varying image acquisition protocols from a real dataset. Simulated Likert scale values were pooled in four different ways; the mean, median, mode and the summation of patient Likert scale values of which the total was assigned a categorical Likert scale value. Estimates of bias, MAPE and RMSPE were then calculated for all four pooling approaches to determine which method most accurately represented an expert's opinion.

RESULTS

When compared to an expert's opinion, the method of summation and categorisation of Likert scale values was most accurate 49 times out of the 114 (43.0%) tests. The mean 28 times out of 114 (24.6%), the median 23 times out of 114 (20.2%) and the mode 17 times out of 114 (14.9%).

CONCLUSION

We conclude that our method of summation and categorisation of Likert scale values is most often the best representation of the simulated data compared to the expert's opinion.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

There is scope to reproduce this simulation study with multiple observers to reflect clinical reality more accurately with the dynamic nature of multiple observers. This also prompts future investigation into other anatomical areas, to see if the same methods produce similar results.

O44 Gender bias and sexual discrimination in orthopaedics: time for change

Introduction

Gender bias and sexual discrimination (GBSD) have been widely recognized across a range of fields and are now part of the wider social consciousness. Such conduct can occur in the medical workplace, with detrimental effects on recipients. The aim of this review was to identify the prevalence and impact of GBSD in orthopaedic surgery, as well as mitigating strategies.

Method

A systematic review was conducted by searching Medline, EMCARE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library Database. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Original research papers pertaining to the prevalence and impact of GBSD, or mitigating strategies, within orthopaedics were reviewed.

Result

Of 570 papers, 27 were eligible for inclusion. These were published between 1998 and 2020. 13 papers discussed the prevalence of GBSD, 13 related to the impact of these behaviours, and six discussed mitigating strategies. GBSD was found to be common in the orthopaedic workplace, with all sources showing women to be the subjects. Effects include poor workforce representation, lower salaries, and less career success for women in orthopaedics. Mitigating strategies in the literature are focused on providing female role models, mentors, and educational interventions.

Conclusion

GBSD is common in orthopaedic surgery, with a substantial impact on sufferers. A small number of mitigating strategies have been tested but these are limited in their scope. As such, the orthopaedic community is obliged to participate in more thoughtful and proactive strategies that mitigate against GBSD, by improving female recruitment and retention within the specialty.

Take-home Message

Gender bias and sexual discrimination remain common within orthopaedics. The international orthopaedic community is obliged to do more to tackle this problem.

The electrocardiogram: Still a useful marker for LV fibrosis in aortic stenosis

Left ventricular (LV) strain on the electrocardiogram (ECG) (down-sloping, convex ST-segment depression with asymmetric T-wave inversion in leads V5 and V6) reflects fibrosis as a result of subendocardial ischemia. It is associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events independent of the presence of LV hypertrophy on the echocardiogram or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) scan. Ongoing studies of early aortic valve replacement in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis are using ECG changes as a marker of possible fibrosis shown by midwall late gadolinium enhancement on CMR. However, until these studies report, it is still reasonable to respond to LV strain on the ECG by tightening control of systemic hypertension and consider intervention in cases where indications are otherwise in borderline.

Impact of transcatheter aortic valve implantation on left ventricular function recovery, mass regression and outcome in patients with aortic stenosis: protocol of the TAVI-NOR prospective study

INTRODUCTION

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a widely used treatment option as an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) at high or intermediate surgical risk. TAVI improves symptoms, induces reverse left ventricular (LV) remodelling and increases overall survival. However, a careful patient selection is essential to achieve better outcome. Evidence on LV functional recovery and LV mass regression after TAVI based on contemporary registry data is scarce. The impact of TAVI on the arterial vasculature is also less explored.

METHOD AND ANALYSES

This is a study of 600 consecutive patients with AS who underwent a TAVI at Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. Demographics, clinical data, arterial haemodynamics and echocardiographic parameters were prospectively collected. In the present paper, we describe the design, major scientific objectives and echocardiography imaging protocol of the TAVI-NOR (TAVI in western NORway) study. The main objectives are: To explore the impact of TAVI on cardiac structure and function in patients with severe AS, identify the echocardiographic predictors of reverse LV remodelling, assess survival benefits according to baseline risk profile, evaluate long-term therapeutic success as reflected by reduction in valvular-arterial impedance and to investigate the impact of various types of blood pressure response immediately after TAVI on clinical outcome.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study was approved by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK vest, ref. number 33814) and the Institutional Data Protection Services. Patients' consent was waived. The study findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentation in national and international scientific meetings and conferences.

TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER

The study was registered in the international database: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT04417829.

Novel lanthanide(III) 4-methylbenzoylhydrazide complexes as precursors for lanthanide oxide nanophotocatalysts

A series of metal complexes were prepared from separate reactions of lanthanide nitrate salts (La(iii), Ce(iii), Sm(iii), Gd(iii) and Ho(iii)) with 4-methylbenzoylhydrazide. The structures of the complexes were confirmed by analytical studies, spectral measurements and thermal studies. Complexes were formed with different stoichiometries of 1 : 2 and 1 : 3 (M : L). The ligand chelates by the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the amino and carbonyl groups of the hydrazide moiety in the neutral keto form. The coordination compounds were converted to metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) through solid state thermal decomposition as monocular source precursors. The obtained MONPs were investigated via XRD, TEM and UV-Vis spectra. As a representative, CeO₂ was utilized as a nanophotocatalyst to examine the photocatalytic activity of the MONPs for methylene blue (MB) photodegradation. CeO₂ showed high removal of MB dye by 90.1% after UV illumination for 220 min. The reported method provides a generalized and systematic method for the preparation of many metal oxide nanoparticles with manageable and reproducible features.

A series of metal complexes were prepared from separate reactions of lanthanide nitrate salts (La(iii), Ce(iii), Sm(iii), Gd(iii) and Ho(iii)) with 4-methylbenzoylhydrazide.

A study of the influence of plasmonic resonance of gold nanoparticle doped PEDOT: PSS on the performance of organic solar cells based on CuPc/C60

This work studied the role of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with different spherical sizes mixed with poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) as a hole transfer layer to enhance the efficiency (ITO/PEDOT:PSS (AuNPs)/CuPc/C₆₀/Al) organic photovoltaic cell (OPV). AuNPs were synthesized using the thermochemical method and the results of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed that the gold nanoparticles mostly dominated by spherical shapes and sizes were calculated in the range (12–23 nm). Measurements of UV-VIS spectra for AuNPs have shown that the surface plasmon resonance shifted to a higher wavelength with decreasing the particle size. Surface morphology and absorption spectra of OPV cells were studied using atomic force microscope and UV-VIS spectrometer techniques. The efficiency of the OPV cell was calculated without and with AuNPs. Efficiency was increased from 0.78% to 1.02% due to the embedded of AuNPs with (12 nm) in PEDOT/PSS. The increase in the light absorption in CuPc is due to the good transparent conducting of PEDOT:PSS and the increase in the electric field around AuNPs embedded in PEDOT:PSS and inbuilt electric field at the interfacial between CuPc and C₆₀ is due to the surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs. The increase in these two factors increase the exciton generation in CuPc, dissociation at the interfacial layer, and charge carrier transfer which increases the collection of electrons and holes at cathode and anode.

Insights into pathological and molecular characterization of avipoxviruses circulating in Egypt

1. Avipoxvirus (APV) infections are one of many threats inflicting economic losses within the poultry industry, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. A proper and comprehensive study for APVs is needed to increase the knowledge concerning the diversity and evolution of the virus.2. For this purpose, 136 bird flocks of different species and breeding types were examined for APV infection between October 2016 and November 2017. One hundred and thirty samples had visible pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) which were designated as fowl pox-like viruses via amplification of 578 bp from the P4b gene and 1800 bp from the fpv140 locus.4. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of fpv167 locus (P4b), fpv140 locus (fpv139 and fpv140) and fpv94 (DNA polymerase) revealed that all the analysed strains belong to fowl pox-like viruses (clade A; subclade A1 and A2). Based on the fpv140 locus full nucleotide sequence, three turkey originated strains were seen to be divergent from chicken originated sequences and branched into novel subclade A1.b.5. Trees comparison, within the term of speculation of virus-host specificity, clearly highlighted a high order specific subgrouping among subclades in the case of the fpv140 locus (including fpv139 and fpv140). Hence, the fowl poxvirus, turkey poxvirus and pigeon poxvirus strains clustered into distinct host-specific subclades A1a, A1.b and A2, respectively, which could not be seen in the FWPV-P4b and DNA polymerase phylogeny.

Characterization of the 3Dimension optical, geometrical, and mechanical profiles of iPP fiber with necking deformation

We present a method for evaluating the 3D refractive indices and 3D true stress and/or 3D true strain profiles of "isotactic polypropylene iPP" fibers during necking deformation. Observing the changes in geometrical shape during the deformation process is necessary to understand the mechanical performance of iPP fibers. 3D geometric shape profile and actual stress and strain profiles were measured for iPP fibers during the propagation of neck deformation. These measurements were performed with the aid of an in-situ opto- mechanical device to dynamically characterize different properties of fibers at different strain rates. A software image analysis program was used to calculate the 3D opto-mechanical properties of iPP fibers. The obtained results show that the used dynamic stretching device can be easily used to monitor the deformation process with high accuracy. The effective stress and strain can be determined from the filaments profile. For illustration microinterferograms are given.

Hyperextension injuries of the knee: do patterns of bone bruising predict soft tissue injury?

OBJECTIVE

To establish whether patterns of soft tissue injury following knee hyperextension are associated with post-traumatic 'bone bruise' distribution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with a knee MRI within one year of hyperextension injury were identified at our institution over a 7 year period. MRIs, plain radiographs and clinical details of these patients were reviewed.

RESULTS

Twenty-five patients were identified (median time from injury to MRI = 24 days). The most common sites of bone bruising were the anteromedial tibial plateau (48%) and anterolateral tibial plateau (44%). There were high rates of injury to the posterior capsule (52%), ACL (40%) and PCL (40%) but lower rates of injury to the menisci (20%), medial and lateral collateral ligaments (16%) and posterolateral corner (16%). Anterior tibial plateau oedema and rupture of the posterior capsule predicted cruciate ligament injury [OR = 10.5 (p = 0.02) and 24.0 (p = 0.001) respectively]. Whilst anterolateral tibial plateau oedema strongly predicted PCL injury [OR = 26.0, p = 0.003], ACL injury was associated with a variable pattern of bone bruising. Meniscal injury was unrelated to the extent or pattern of bone bruising. 5 out of 8 patients with a 'double sulcus' on the lateral radiograph had ACL injury. The presence of a double sulcus showed significant association with anteromedial kissing contusions (OR = 7.8, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Following knee hyperextension, bone bruising patterns may be associated with cruciate ligament injury. Other structures are injured less frequently and have weaker associations with bone bruise distribution. The double sulcus sign is a radiographic marker that confers a high probability of ACL injury.

Bioinspired dynamic microcapsules

There is an increasing interest in bioinspired dynamic materials. Abundant illustrations of protein domains exist in nature, with remarkable ligand binding characteristics and structures that undergo conformational changes. For example, calmodulin (CaM) can have three conformational states, which are the unstructured Apo-state, Ca²⁺-bound ligand-exposed binding state, and compact ligand-bound state. CaM's mechanical response to biological cues is highly suitable for engineering dynamic materials. The distance between CaM globular terminals in the Ca²⁺-bound state is 5 nm and in the ligand-bound state is 1.5 nm. CaM's nanoscale conformational changes have been used to develop dynamic hydrogel microspheres that undergo reversible volume changes. The current work presents the fabrication and preliminary results of layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled Dynamic MicroCapsules (DynaMicCaps) whose multilayered shell walls are composed of polyelectrolytes and CaM. Quasi-dynamic perfusion results show that the DynaMicCaps undergo drastic volume changes, with up to ∼1500% increase, when exposed to a biochemical ligand trifluoperazine (TFP) at pH 6.3. Under similar test conditions, microcapsules without CaM also underwent volume changes, with only up to ∼290% increase, indicating that CaM's bio-responsiveness was retained within the shell walls of the DynaMicCaps. Furthermore, DynaMicCaps exposed to 0.1 M NaOH underwent volume changes, with only up to ∼580% volume increase. Therefore, DynaMicCaps represent a new class of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) capsules that can potentially be used to release their payload at near physiological pH. With over 200 proteins that undergo marked, well-characterized conformational changes in response to specific biochemical triggers, several other versions of DynaMicCaps can potentially be developed.

The effect of short heat treatment on different properties of PET fiber using double beam interference microscopy

Pluta microscope used to throw light on the effect of heat treatment time on the different properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate) PET fibers. PET fibers were annealed at times ranged from 5 to 30 min at different temperatures (150, 170, 190, 210°C) using two different processes (fast cooling and slow cooling processes) in air. The refractive indices, the shrinkage, orientation factor and crystallinity of PET fibers were determined for different annealing temperature during the short time treatment. The shrinkage percentage and degree of crystallinity increased with increasing the temperature and time of annealing. Microinterferograms are given for illustration.

The effect of implant position on bone strain following lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A Biomechanical Model Using Digital Image Correlation

Objectives

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a demanding procedure, with tibial component subsidence or pain from high tibial strain being potential causes of revision. The optimal position in terms of load transfer has not been documented for lateral UKA. Our aim was to determine the effect of tibial component position on proximal tibial strain.

Methods

A total of 16 composite tibias were implanted with an Oxford Domed Lateral Partial Knee implant using cutting guides to define tibial slope and resection depth. Four implant positions were assessed: standard (5° posterior slope); 10° posterior slope; 5° reverse tibial slope; and 4 mm increased tibial resection. Using an electrodynamic axial-torsional materials testing machine (Instron 5565), a compressive load of 1.5 kN was applied at 60 N/s on a meniscal bearing via a matching femoral component. Tibial strain beneath the implant was measured using a calibrated Digital Image Correlation system.

Results

A 5° increase in tibial component posterior slope resulted in a 53% increase in mean major principal strain in the posterior tibial zone adjacent to the implant (p = 0.003). The highest strains for all implant positions were recorded in the anterior cortex 2 cm to 3 cm distal to the implant. Posteriorly, strain tended to decrease with increasing distance from the implant. Lateral cortical strain showed no significant relationship with implant position.

Conclusion

Relatively small changes in implant position and orientation may significantly affect tibial cortical strain. Avoidance of excessive posterior tibial slope may be advisable during lateral UKA.

Cite this article: A. M. Ali, S. D. S. Newman, P. A. Hooper, C. M. Davies, J. P. Cobb. The effect of implant position on bone strain following lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A Biomechanical Model Using Digital Image Correlation. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:522–529. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.68.BJR-2017-0067.R1.

Semi-automatic software based detection of atrial fibrillation in acute ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is often asymptomatic and increases the risk of ischaemic stroke. Detection of PAF is challenging but crucial because a change of treatment decreases the risk of ischaemic stroke. Post-stroke investigations recommend at least 24-h continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring. Extended monitoring detects more PAF but is limited by costs due to manual analysis. Interpretive software might be a reasonable screening tool. The aim was to validate the performance and utility of Pathfinder SL software compared to manual analysis.

METHODS

In all, 135 ischaemic stroke patients with no prior history of PAF or atrial fibrillation and who had done a 7-day continuous electrocardiogram monitoring (Holter) were included. Manual analysis was compared with Pathfinder SL software including a systematic control of registered events.

RESULTS

Seventeen (12.6%) patients were diagnosed with PAF (atrial fibrillation > 30 s). Pathfinder SL software including a systematic control of events registered 16 (94.1%) patients with PAF. Manually 15 (88.2%) patients were detected with PAF. Pathfinder SL had a negative predictive value of 99% and sensitivity of 94%.

CONCLUSIONS

Pathfinder SL software including a systematic evaluation of events is an acceptable alternative compared to manual analysis in PAF detection following ischaemic stroke. It is less time consuming and therefore a reliable, cheaper alternative compared to manual analysis.

CD133+ brain tumor-initiating cells are dependent on STAT3 signaling to drive medulloblastoma recurrence

Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant paediatric brain tumor, is currently treated using a combination of surgery, craniospinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Owing to MB stem cells (MBSCs), a subset of MB patients remains untreatable despite standard therapy. CD133 is used to identify MBSCs although its functional role in tumorigenesis has yet to be determined. In this work, we showed enrichment of CD133 in Group 3 MB is associated with increased rate of metastasis and poor clinical outcome. The signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3) pathway are selectively activated in CD133⁺ MBSCs and promote tumorigenesis through regulation of c-MYC, a key genetic driver of Group 3 MB. We screened compound libraries for STAT3 inhibitors and treatment with the selected STAT3 inhibitors resulted in tumor size reduction in vivo. We propose that inhibition of STAT3 signaling in MBSCs may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to treat patients with recurrent MB.

Metronomic chemotherapy and radiotherapy as salvage treatment in refractory or relapsed pediatric solid tumours

BACKGROUND

Metronomic chemotherapy (mctx) combined with radiation therapy (rt) is an emerging anticancer strategy. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of mctx combined with rt as salvage treatment in children with refractory or relapsed solid malignancies.

METHODS

This prospective study enrolled patients with refractory or relapsed pediatric solid tumours from January 2013 to January 2015. Treatment consisted of 3-12 courses of mctx in all patients, followed by rt in patients who experienced local recurrence, distant metastases, or both. Each course of mctx consisted of oral celecoxib 100-400 mg twice daily (days 1-42), intravenous vinblastine 3 mg/m(2) weekly (weeks 1-6), oral cyclophosphamide 2.5 mg/m(2) daily (days 1-21), and oral methotrexate 15 mg/m(2) twice weekly (days 21-42). Statistical methods used were the log-rank test and binary logistic regression.

RESULTS

A favourable disease response (partial response or stable disease) was seen in 49 of 64 patients (76.6%), with mild acute toxicity occurring in 41 (64%). After a median follow-up of 14 months, 1-year overall survival was 62%. Pattern of disease relapse (p < 0.0001), time from initial treatment to relapse (p = 0.0002), and response to treatment (p < 0.0001) significantly affected survival. Age was the only factor that significantly correlated with treatment toxicity (p = 0.002; hazard ratio: 3.37; 95% confidence interval: 1.53 to 7.35).

CONCLUSIONS

Combining mctx with rt resulted in a favourable response rate, minimal toxicity, and 62% 1-year overall survival in patients with heavily pretreated recurrent disease. Patients with localized late recurrence or disease progression are the most likely to benefit from this regimen.

Functional and prognostic relevance of -173 G/C gene polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in sepsis patients in Egyptian intensive care units

This study aimed to evaluate the association of plasma MIF level and -173 G/C single nucleotide polymorphism of the MIF gene with the occurrence, severity and mortality of sepsis patients. A study was conducted in adult surgical intensive care units of Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt on 25 patients with sepsis, 27 with severe sepsis and 28 controls. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common isolates in both severe sepsis (63.0%) and sepsis (56.0%) patients. A highly statistically significant difference was found in MIF levels between sepsis cases and controls and a statistically significant difference as regards MIF level in different genotypes of the studied groups. MIF level was significantly associated with mortality in sepsis cases. High MIF levels and MIF -173G/C gene polymorphism are powerful predictors of the severity of sepsis and its outcome.

Experience of managing open fractures of the lower limb at a major trauma centre

INTRODUCTION

In April 2012 the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford became a major trauma centre (MTC). The British Orthopaedic Association and British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons joint standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb (BOAST 4) require system-wide changes in referral practice that may be facilitated by the MTC and its associated major trauma network.

METHODS

From 2008 to 2013 a multistep audit of compliance with BOAST 4 was conducted to assess referral patterns, timing of surgery and outcomes (surgical site infection rates), to determine changes following local intervention and the establishment of the MTC.

RESULTS

Over the study period, 50 patients had soft tissue cover for an open lower limb fracture and there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients receiving definitive fixation in our centre (p=0.036). The median time from injury to soft tissue cover fell from 6.0 days to 3.5 days (p=0.051) and the median time from definitive fixation to soft tissue cover fell from 5.0 days to 2.0 days (p=0.003). The deep infection rate fell from 27% to 8% (p=0.247). However, in 2013 many patients still experienced a delay of >72 hours between injury and soft tissue cover, primarily owing to a lack of capacity for providing soft tissue cover.

CONCLUSIONS

Our experience may be relevant to other MTCs seeking to identify barriers to optimising the management of patients with these injuries.

Photo-control of DNA binding by an engrailed homeodomain-photoactive yellow protein hybrid

A photo-controlled version of the engrailed homeodomain (zENG) was created by inserting the homeodomain into a surface loop of a circularly permuted version of the photoactive yellow protein (cPYP). The two proteins fold independently as judged by NMR and fluorescence denaturation measurements. In the dark, the affinity of the zENG domain for its cognate DNA is inhibited >100-fold compared to wild-type zENG. Blue-light irradiation of the hybrid protein leads to enhanced conformational dynamics of the cPYP portion and a two-fold enhancement of the DNA binding affinity of the zENG domain. These results suggest that insertion into a surface loop of cPYP can be a general approach for conferring an initial level of photo-control on a given target protein. Focussed mutation/selection strategies may then be used to enhance the degree of photo-control.

What is the effect of the weather on trauma workload? A systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Hospital admission rates for a number of conditions have been linked to variations in the weather. It is well established that trauma workload displays significant seasonal variation. A reliable predictive model might enable targeting of high-risk groups for intervention and planning of hospital staff levels. To our knowledge there have been no systematic reviews of the literature on the relationship between weather and trauma workload, and predictive models have thus far been informed by the results of single studies.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of bibliographic databases and reference lists up to June 2014 to identify primary research papers assessing the effect of specified weather conditions including temperature, rainfall, snow, fog, hail, humidity and wind speed on trauma workload, defined as admission to hospital, fracture or a Road Traffic Accident (RTA) resulting in a seriously injured casualty or fatality.

RESULTS

11,083 papers were found through electronic and reference search. 83 full papers were assessed for eligibility. 28 met inclusion criteria and were included in the final review; 6 of these related to the effect of the weather on trauma admissions, one to ambulance call out for trauma, 13 to fracture rate and 8 to RTAs. Increased temperature is positively correlated with trauma admissions. The rate of distal radius fractures is more sensitive to adverse weather than the rate of hip fractures. Paediatric trauma, both in respect of trauma admissions and fracture rate, is more sensitive to the weather than adult trauma. Adverse weather influences both RTA frequency and severity, but the nature of the relationship is dependent upon the timecourse of the weather event and the population studied. Important methodological differences between studies limit the value of the existing literature in building consensus for a generalisable predictive model.

CONCLUSIONS

Weather conditions may have a substantial effect on trauma workload independent of the effects of seasonal variation; the population studied and timecourse of weather events appear critical in determining this relationship. Methodological differences between studies limit the validity of conclusions drawn from analysis of the literature, and we identify a number of areas that future research might address.

The use of robotics in surgery: a review

IMPORTANCE

There is an ever-increasing drive to improve surgical patient outcomes. Given the benefits which robotics has bestowed upon a wide range of industries, from vehicle manufacturing to space exploration, robots have been highlighted by many as essential for continued improvements in surgery.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this review is to outline the history of robotic surgery, and detail the key studies which have investigated its effects on surgical outcomes. Issues of cost-effectiveness and patient acceptability will also be discussed.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Robotic surgery has been shown to shorten hospital stays, decrease complication rates and allow surgeons to perform finer tasks, when compared to the traditional laparoscopic and open approaches. These benefits, however, must be balanced against increased intraoperative times, vast financial costs and the increased training burden associated with robotic techniques. The outcome of such a cost-benefit analysis appears to vary depending on the procedure being conducted; indeed the strongest evidence in favour of its use comes from the fields of urology and gynaecology. It is hoped that with the large-scale, randomised, prospective clinical trials underway, and an ever-expanding research base, many of the outstanding questions surrounding robotic surgery will be answered in the near future.

Effect of butyrate, clopidol and their combination on the performance of broilers infected with Eimeria maxima

1. The effect of butyric acid glycerides (BAGs) with and without clopidol (CLP) on Eimeria maxima on growth and associated biochemical variables was investigated in broiler chickens. 2. One-day-old chicks were divided into 6 equal groups (Gps) of 30 chicks each; each group was subdivided into 6 equal subgroups. Gp 1 was not infected and not treated. Chicks in Gp 2 were not infected and fed on a ration mixed with 4 g BAGs/kg for 6 successive weeks. Chicks of the other groups were directly inoculated intra-crop with 1 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of E. maxima at 14 d of age. Gp 3 was infected and not treated. Chicks in the remaining three groups were given diets mixed with the tested drugs for 6 successive weeks. Gp 4 was fed on a diet mixed with CLP (125 g/kg). Gp 5 was given a diet mixed with BAGs (4 g/kg diet). Gp 6 was fed on a diet mixed with both BAGs (4 g/kg diet) and CLP (125 g/kg). 3. Birds in Gps 5 and 6 showed a reduction in the mean oocyst count, lesion scores and developmental stages in the lamina propria and improved growth and biochemical variables. BAG supplementation enhanced growth and production of healthy broilers. 4. It was concluded that BAGs were a useful supplement in broiler diets as an alternative to growth promoters and antimicrobial drugs.

[Radiation therapy of cardiac sarcomas]

PURPOSE

Primary cardiac sarcomas represent less than 10 yearly cases in France. Their median survival is approximately 18 months. The treatment consists of surgery when possible. The role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy is controversial, especially with respect to limiting cardiac radiation dose that is theoretically incompatible with the requirement of a tumoricidal dose for sarcoma. A recent series of 124 cases of the French Sarcoma Group suggested a benefit of radiation therapy on progression-free survival.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The dosimetric data of 12 patients were analyzed.

RESULTS

There was variety in radiotherapy modalities and definition of target volumes, doses and techniques are evolving more conformal plans. Irradiation appeared feasible with conventional fractionation with respect to toxicities (although probably underestimated due to short follow-up and dismal prognosis) and previously demonstrated benefit of radiotherapy for primitive cardiac sarcomas.

CONCLUSION

A scheme of 45Gy in 1.8Gy per fraction to a preoperative volume with an additional dose of 14Gy in 7 fractions on areas at risk or residual disease and margins 1cm, may be proposed based on the preliminary data of this study. Intensity modulated radiotherapy with daily cone-beam CT-scanner should be evaluated.

Alteration of cell cytoskeleton and functions of cell recovery of normal human osteoblast cells caused by factors associated with real space flight

Experiments involving short-term space flight have shown an adverse effect on the physiology, morphology and functions of cells investigated. The causes for this effect on cells are: microgravity, temperature fluctuations, mechanical stress, hypergravity, nutrient restriction and others. However, the extent to which these adverse effects can be repaired by short-term space flown cells when recultured in conditions of normal gravity remains unclear. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term spaceflight on cytoskeleton distribution and recovery of cell functions of normal human osteoblast cells. The ultrastructure was evaluated using ESEM. Fluorescent staining was done using Hoechst, Mito Tracker CMXRos and Tubulin Tracker Green for cytoskeleton. Gene expression of cell functions was quantified using qPCR. As a result, recovered cells did not show any apoptotic markers when compared with control. Tubulin volume density (p<0.001) was decreased significantly when compared to control, while mitochondria volume density was insignificantly elevated. Gene expression for IL-6 (p<0.05) and sVCAM-1 (p<0.001) was significantly decreased while alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001), osteocalcin and sICAM (p<0.05) were significantly increased in the recovered cells compared to the control ones. The changes in gene and protein expression of collagen 1A, osteonectin, osteoprotegerin and beta-actin, caused by short-term spaceflight, were statistically not significant. These data indicate that short term space flight causes morphological changes in osteoblast cells which are consistent with hypertrophy, reduced cell differentiation and increased release of monocyte attracting proteins. The long-term effect of these changes on bone density and remodeling requires more detailed studies.

Interleukin-6 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression remains elevated in revived live endothelial cells following spaceflight

The effects of spaceflight on cardiovascular health are not necessarily seen immediately after astronauts have returned but can be delayed. It is important to investigate the long term effects of spaceflight on protein and gene expression of inflammation and endothelial activation as a predictor for the development of atherosclerosis and potential cardiovascular problems. The objectives of this study were to investigate the (a) protein and gene expression of inflammation and endothelial activation, (b) expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) 3 months post-space flight travel compared to ground controls. HUVEC cultured on microcarriers in fluid processing apparatus were flown to the International Space Station (ISS) by the Soyuz TMA-11 rocket. After landing, the cells were detached from microcarriers and recultured in T-25 cm(2) culture flasks (Revived HUVEC). Soluble protein expression of IL-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and e-selectin were measured by ELISA. Gene expression of these markers and in addition NFκB, STAT-3 and eNOS were measured. Spaceflight induced IL-6 and ICAM-1 remain elevated even after 3 months post spaceflight travel and this is mediated via STAT-3 pathway. The downregulation of eNOS expression in revived HUVEC cells suggests a reduced protection of the cells and the surrounding vessels against future insults that may lead to atherosclerosis. It would be crucial to explore preventive measures, in relation to atherosclerosis and its related complications.

Construction of single-chain variable fragment antibodies against MCF-7 breast cancer cells

A phage display library of single chain variable fragment (scFv) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was constructed from C3A8 hybridoma cells. RNA from the C3A8 was isolated, cDNA was constructed, and variable heavy and light immunoglobulin chain gene region were amplified using PCR. The variable heavy and light chain gene regions were combined with flexible linker, linked to a pCANTAB 5E phagemid vector and electrophoresed into supE strain of Escherichia coli TG1 cells. Forty-eight clones demonstrated positive binding activity to MCF-7 breast cancer cell membrane fragments and the strongest of 48 clones was selected for analysis. The anti-MCF-7 library evaluated by SfiI and NotI digests demonstrated that anti-MCF-7 scFv antibodies possess individual patterns that should be able to recognize distinct human breast cancer cells. The C3A8 scFv, with an apparent molecular weight of 32 kDa, showed high homology (99%) with single chain antibody against rice stripe virus protein P20. In summary, the anti MCF-7 scFv antibody can be used for pretargeting breast cancer for clinical diagnosis of patients; it also has potential for therapeutic applications.

Real space flight travel is associated with ultrastructural changes, cytoskeletal disruption and premature senescence of HUVEC

Microgravity, hypergravity, vibration, ionizing radiation and temperature fluctuations are major factors of outer space flight affecting human organs and tissues. There are several reports on the effect of space flight on different human cell types of mesenchymal origin while information regarding changes to vascular endothelial cells is scarce. Ultrastructural and cytophysiological features of macrovascular endothelial cells in outer space flight and their persistence during subsequent culturing were demonstrated in the present investigation. At the end of the space flight, endothelial cells displayed profound changes indicating cytoskeletal lesions and increased cell membrane permeability. Readapted cells of subsequent passages exhibited persisting cytoskeletal changes, decreased metabolism and cell growth indicating cellular senescence.

Transplant of kidneys with small renal cell carcinoma in incompatible, heavily immunosuppressed recipients

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered a contraindication for transplant. However, an increasing number of cases of transplant kidneys with RCC have been reported with encouraging results. We present our experience of two cases of transplanting kidneys with small RCCs. Donors and recipients were aware of the presence and possible consequences of RCC in the transplanted kidney before transplantation. Cases were discussed in the multidisciplinary team meetings. Regular, 6-12 monthly follow-up of donors and recipients was carried out with ultrasonography and/or computed tomography to detect recurrence of RCC or new tumours in the recipients' transplant kidneys or the donors' native kidneys. The outcome was recorded. There were no suspicious masses in the any of the kidneys during the follow-up period. The transplant kidneys are functioning.

Naturally occurring infections of cattle with Theileria lestoquardi and sheep with Theileria annulata in the Sudan

Theileria annulata is endemic in northern Sudan, hindering all efforts at upgrading cattle for milk production. T. lestoquardi clinical cases occur throughout the year and causes annual outbreaks that result in substantial losses in sheep. In the northern Sudan both cattle and small ruminants are frequently raised together and/or share common grazing grounds at river banks. In an attempt to evaluate field cross infectivity of Theileria lestoquardi and T. annulata in cattle and sheep respectively, a PCR analysis was carried out on samples collected from closely reared sheep and cattle using both T. annulata and T. lestoquardi specific primers. A total of 19 sheep out of 51 (37.3%) were positive for T. lestoquardi while four sheep (7.8%) showed T. annulata specific amplicons. A total of 38 out of 52 (73.1%) surveyed cattle were PCR positive for T. annulata and only two (3.8%) showed T. lestoquardi specific bands. These findings indicate complex epidemiology of both infections in areas where both parasites are transmitted by the same vector and call for further investigations of this phenomenon.

The cost-benefit of biosecurity measures on infectious diseases in the Egyptian household poultry

Increased animal intensification presents with increasing risks of animal diseases. The Egyptian household poultry is peculiar in its management style and housing and this present with particular challenges of risk of infection to both the flock and humans. Biosecurity remains one of the most important means of reducing risks of infection in the household poultry, however not much information is available to support its feasibility at the household level of production. In this study financial feasibilities of biosecurity were modeled and evaluated based on certain production parameters. Risks of particular importance to the household poultry were categorized and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 was the most risky disease while people-related risk was the most important risk category. It was observed that basic biosecurity measures were applicable in the household poultry and it would be 8.45 times better to implement biosecurity than to do nothing against HPAI H5N1; 4.88 times better against Newcastle disease and 1.49 times better against coccidiosis. Sensitivity analyses proved that the household poultry project was robust and would withstand various uncertainties. An uptake pathway for basic biosecurity was suggested. The outcome of this work should support decisions to implement biosecurity at the household sector of poultry production.

Newcastle diseases virus strain V4UPM displayed oncolytic ability against experimental human malignant glioma

INTRODUCTION

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a virus of paramyxovirus family and lately has been studied for the treatment of cancer in human. In this study, we successfully determined the oncolysis potential of NDV vaccine, V4UPM tested on the human glioblastoma multiform cell line (DBTRG.05MG) and human glioblastoma astrocytoma cell line (U-87MG) in vitro and in vivo. The V4UPM strain is a modified V4 strain developed as thermostable feed pellet vaccine for poultry.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this study were mainly to evaluate the cytolytic effect and subsequently determine the brain tumor regression potential induced by this strain in athymic mice model.

METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS

V4UPM, the avirulent strain of NDV, was propagate and screened for the cytolytic activity towards DBTRG.05MG and U-87MG using MTT assay. The inhibition concentration 50% (IC(50)) values by monolayer method measured at hour 72 were 23 and 9 HAU/ml, respectively. Further study was carried out to observe an apoptosis of the infected cells by AO/PI staining and revealed the apoptosis features of the treated cells. Subcutaneous human brain tumors grown on the nude mice were treated by V4UPM at IC(80) and complete regression of U-87MG-bearing tumor mice was observed. TUNEL assay analysis of treated tumor tissues from treated mice showed an occurrence of apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

From this study, NDV strain V4UPM inhibits the proliferation of experimental human gliomas in tissue culture and IC(80) at 520 HAU V4UPM gives potent effect to induced tumor regression and apoptosis in malignant gliomas.

Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosis of tropical theileriosis

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and evaluated for diagnosis of tropical theileriosis. A set of six primers was designed based on the unique gene of Theileria annulata (Theileria annulata strain Ankara hypothetical protein (GeneDB TA04795). The protocol for the reaction was setup and the specificity and sensitivity of the assay were established. The specificity experiment showed that LAMP primers amplified T. annulata DNA successfully, while no amplification was seen for Theileria parva, Theileria mutans, Theileria sergenti, Theileria sinensis, Babesia bovis as well as bovine genomic DNA and water control. When the sensitivity of LAMP assay was compared with that of conventional PCR a 10-fold higher sensitivity was found, with a detection limit of 10 pg/microl of genomic DNA isolated from a T. annulata-infected cell line. The LAMP product was confirmed by restriction digestion and staining with SYBR Green I. Furthermore, the LAMP assay was applied for the diagnosis of T. annulata in field samples and compared with reverse line blot (RLB), demonstrating that results of the LAMP assay corresponded to those of RLB. These results indicate that the LAMP assay is rapid and simple to run, cost-effective, sensitive and specific and has potential usefulness for application in epidemiological studies on T. annulata infection of cattle.

Effect of Rhaphidophora korthalsii methanol extract on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and cytolytic activity toward HepG2

The study of bioactivity of natural product is one of the major researches for drug discovery. The aim of this finding was to study the proliferation effect of Rhaphidophora korthalsii methanol extract on human PBMC and subsequently the cytotoxic effect of activated PBMC toward HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma. In this present study, MTT assay, cell cycle study and Annexin 5 binding assay were used to study the immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects. In vitro cytotoxic screening of Rhaphidophora korthalsii methanol extract showed that the extract was non-toxic against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). In contrast, the extract was able to stimulate the proliferation of human PBMC at 48 h and 72 h in MTT assay and cell cycle progress study. The application of immunomodulator in tumor research was studied by using MTT microcytotoxicity assay and flow cytometric Annexin V. Results indicated that pre-treated PBMC with Rhaphidophora korthalsii methanol extract induced the highest cytotoxicity (44.87+/-6.06% for MTT microcytotoxicity assay and 51.51+/-3.85% for Annexin V) toward HepG2. This finding demonstrates that Rhaphidophora korthalsii methanol extract are potent to stimulate the cytotoxic effect of immune cells toward HepG2.