Accuracy of ultrasonographic fatty liver index using point-of-care ultrasound in stratifying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing in the USA. Some of these patients develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis. Ultrasound imaging is one of the most used modalities for diagnosing hepatic steatosis. Primary care providers are increasingly using point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), which could increase the number of subjects diagnosed with NAFLD. This study evaluates the accuracy of POCUS in identifying patients with NASH.

METHODS

Patients with hepatic steatosis without excess alcohol intake or other liver diseases undergoing liver biopsy were included in this study. These patients underwent POCUS and vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) evaluations within 3 months of a liver biopsy. A comparison of POCUS data with liver histology and VCTE were made to assess the validity of POCUS evaluation in diagnosing NAFLD and NASH.

RESULTS

The steatosis score from the liver histology had a low correlation with the controlled attenuation parameter score from VCTE ( r  = 0.27) and a moderate correlation with the grade of steatosis detected by the POCUS exam ( r  = 0.57). The NAFLD activity score on histology was found to correlate with the ultrasonographic fatty liver index (USFLI) from the POCUS exam ( r  = 0.59). A USFLI ≥ 6 diagnosed NASH with a sensitivity of 81%, and a value of ≤3 ruled out the diagnosis of NASH with a sensitivity of 100%.

CONCLUSION

The provider can use the POCUS exam in clinical practice to diagnose NAFLD and reliably stratify patients who have NASH.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis recurrence and rate of fibrosis progression following liver transplantation

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is known to recur following liver transplantation (LT). Metabolic risk factors increase with immunosuppression. However, the rate of fibrosis progression following LT for NASH while on immunosuppression is less clear.

AIM

The incidences of steatosis, NASH, and fibrosis following LT for NASH were quantified and compared with those transplanted for alcoholic liver disease (ALD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Records of all NASH patients and 1 : 2 match with ALD transplant recipients between 2001 and 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients without liver biopsies beyond 2 months following LT were excluded.

RESULTS

NASH patients (n=77) were older (P=0.0006) and less likely male (P<0.001) than ALD patients (n=108). The incidence of steatosis, NASH, and fibrosis stage increased at 1, 3, and 5 years in both groups. Although steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores were higher, fibrosis was lower in NASH compared with ALD (0.43 vs. 1.0 stage/year; P=0.0045). The incremental increase in the rate of fibrosis was faster in the first year compared with 4-5 years (0.8 vs. 0.04 stage/year) following LT. The rate of fibrosis progression during 4-5 years was decreased in NASH compared with ALD recipients (0.04 vs. 0.33 stage/year; P=0.015). NASH etiology was associated with reduced rate of fibrosis progression (odds ratio=0.67) on multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

Despite having more steatosis and inflammation, progression of fibrosis was slower in NASH compared with ALD recipients. Fibrosis progression slows with time following LT on immunosuppression and approximates the pretransplant progression rate by year 5.

Renal dysfunction in cirrhosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management

The development of decompensation in patients with cirrhosis is associated with increased mortality. Renal function gradually deteriorates with significant hemodynamic changes associated with decompensated liver disease, but may also rapidly decrease in response to precipitating events. Newer definitions of renal dysfunction may result in early diagnosis, this along with the use of sensitive markers helps in accurate determination of renal function in cirrhosis. Although renal dysfunction progresses slowly in cirrhotic patients, it is associated with increased mortality. Prompt intervention with appropriate management reduces the risk of renal dysfunction, as well as improving survival and quality of life. Appropriate management may include the removal of precipitating causes and use of pharmacological agents supporting circulatory dysfunction. Outcomes following treatment of this condition remain a major concern, especially in patients who develop hepatorenal syndrome. Transplantation of the liver or kidney and liver may be the only option when other modalities of treatment fail. Early transplantation may benefit these patients.

The development of a non-invasive model to predict the presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced and aggressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which remains difficult to diagnose without a liver biopsy. Hyperferritinemia has increasingly been associated with the presence of NASH. Hence, we sought to explore the relationship between ferritin and NASH and to develop a composite model based on ferritin to predict the presence of NASH.

METHODS

A total of 405 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD were enrolled in the study. Comparison was explored to assess differences between patients with and without NASH, upon which a scoring model was established using variables found to be independent predictors of NASH.

RESULTS

Among all patients with NAFLD, 291 (72%) had biopsy-proven NASH, and 114 (28%) had non-NASH. Mean age was 48 ± 12 years, and 56% were female. Ferritin was significantly higher in NASH compared with non-NASH patients (184 vs 126, respectively; P < 0.001) but lacked diagnostic accuracy for predicting NASH alone (area under the curve [AUC 0.62]). The addition of other significant variables such as aspartate aminotransferase, body mass index, platelet count, diabetes, and hypertension to ferritin improved the prediction of NASH with an AUC 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.86). Internal validation of the model using imputed data sets demonstrated that AUC did not change materially.

CONCLUSIONS

While higher ferritin was significantly associated with NASH, ferritin alone lacked diagnostic accuracy to predict NASH. However, incorporating several easily obtainable variables with ferritin allowed the construction of a novel scoring system that can be easily applied in the clinical setting to guide management of NAFLD.

A prospective analysis of factors associated with decreased physical activity in patients with cirrhosis undergoing transplant evaluation

BACKGROUND

Physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved recovery time after transplantation. Handgrip strength has been related to post-transplant outcomes.

AIM

To evaluate predictors of PA and grip strength in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplant evaluation.

METHODS

Single-center, prospective analysis.

RESULTS

One hundred patients were evaluated (54% male, mean age 53 ± 9). Common etiologies of liver disease were non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (27%), hepatitis C (22%) and alcoholic liver disease (21%). Mean model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 13.5. Forty-one percent had a history of smoking. Ninety-three patients completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The median total PA score was 33 metabolic equivalent (MET)-min/wk. The mean total grip strength was 62.1 ± 22 lb. Total grip strength was found to be an independent predictor of low-moderate PA (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.4-16.2, p = 0.038), and smoking was the only significant factor associated with reduced grip strength (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8, p = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver transplant evaluation have reduced total PA by IPAQ. Total grip strength was found to be a significant predictor of low-moderate PA in patients with cirrhosis. Smoking is a risk factor for reduced grip strength, an important indicator of muscle wasting in cirrhotics.

Role of transplantation in the treatment of benign solid tumors of the liver: a review of the United Network of Organ Sharing data set

IMPORTANCE

The role of orthotopic liver transplantation for the treatment of benign solid liver tumors (BSLT) is not well defined.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze outcomes in the United Network of Organ Sharing data set of patients with a diagnosis of BSLT who underwent transplantation.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

A retrospective analysis of the United Network of Organ Sharing data set was performed for all (N = 87,280) patients who underwent transplantation for BSLT in the United States from October 1, 1988, through January 31, 2013.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Demographics, clinicopathological characteristics, distribution of the procedures by region and state, and overall survival rates.

RESULTS

During the study period, 147 liver transplants (0.17%) were to treat BSLT. Sixty-two patients (42.2%) had adenomas, 29 (19.7%) had focal nodular hyperplasia, 25 (17.0%) had hemangiomas, 11 (7.5%) had hepatic epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas, and 20 (13.6%) were classified as having unknown benign tumors. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 90.9%, 85.2%, and 81.8%, respectively. Using multivariable analysis, we found that age was the only independent factor associated with patient survival. The overall 5-year survival rate for patients older than 50 years was 88% compared with 91% in younger individuals (95% CI, 148-384; P = .005). Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Puerto Rico) contributed the maximum number (33 [22.4%]) of these transplants.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Although liver transplantation cannot be considered a first-line treatment, it is a valid therapeutic option in selected patients who are not amenable to resection. Only 0.17% of the transplants in the United States are performed for this indication, with satisfying long-term results. Age was an independent predictor of patient survival. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of liver transplantation in the treatment of BSLT.

Renin-angiotensin system and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Therapeutic options are limited for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). One promising approach is the attenuation of necroinflammation and fibrosis by inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We explored whether the risk of fibrosis was associated with the use of commonly used medications in NAFLD patients with hypertension. Specifically, we sought to determine the association between RAS blocking agents and severity of hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD patients with hypertension.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study where clinical information including demographics, anthropometry, medical history, concomitant medication use, biochemical and histological features were ascertained in 290 hypertensive patients with biopsy proven NAFLD followed at two hepatology outpatient clinics. Stage of hepatic fibrosis was compared in patients with and without RAS blocker use. Other risk factors for fibrosis were evaluated from the electronic medical records and patient follow-up.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics of hypertensive patients treated with and without RAS blockers were similar except for less ballooning (1.02 vs. 1.31, P = 0.001) and lower fibrosis stage (1.63 vs. 2.16, P = 0.002) in patients on RAS blockers On multivariate analysis, advancing age (OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 1.01-1.06, P = 0.012) and presence of diabetes (OR: 2.55; 95%CI: 1.28-5.09, P = 0.008) had an independent positive association, while use of RAS blockers (OR: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.21-0.65, P = 0.001) and statins (OR: 0.52; 95%CI: 0.29-0.93, P = 0.029) had a negative association with advanced fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

Hypertensive patients with NAFLD on baseline RAS blockers had less advanced hepatic fibrosis suggesting a beneficial effect of RAS blockers in NAFLD.

Liver transplantation arrests and reverses muscle wasting

Muscle wasting, sarcopenia, is common in advanced cirrhosis and predicts adverse outcomes while awaiting and following liver transplantation. Frequent post-transplant worsening of sarcopenia has attracted recent interest. It is unknown whether this serious problem is an expected metabolic consequence of transplantation or results from confounding conditions such as recurrent allograft liver disease or avoidable post-transplant complications. To clarify this question, we studied pre- and post-transplant muscle mass in a retrospective cohort of 40 patients transplanted for three diseases - alcoholic cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis cirrhosis - in whom allograft disease recurrence was monitored and excluded, and who lacked common post-transplant muscle wasting complications such as sepsis, renal failure, ischemia, and cholestasis. We measured skeletal muscle index (SMI) using computed tomography before and 12-48 months after transplant. SMI as a categorical variable significantly improved, from 18 patients above the normal cutoff pre-transplant to 28 post-transplant (p = 0.008). SMI increases were greatest in patients with the lowest pre-transplant SMI (p < 0.01). As a continuous variable, mean SMI remained stable, with a non-significant trend toward improvement. We conclude that after liver transplantation sarcopenia does not progress but is arrested and frequently improves in the absence of confounding conditions.

Clinical spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients

BACKGROUND

While non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been well characterised in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), less is known about NAFLD in non-DM patients. We investigated the clinical characteristics of NAFLD patients with and without DM and accuracy of the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) in these two NAFLD groups.

METHODS

Clinical, biochemical and histological variables were evaluated in this prospective cross-sectional study of 503 patients with biopsy proven NAFLD. Comparisons between patients with and without DM were analysed. NFS was correlated with liver histology to assess its robustness in patients with and without DM.

RESULTS

There were 503 biopsy proven NAFLD patients with 48% of the cohort being diabetic. Relative to patients without DM, patients with DM were older (52 vs. 46 years, p < 0.001), with higher proportion of females (70% vs. 54%, p < 0.001), higher BMI (37 vs. 35, p = 0.009), higher prevalence of hypertension (73% vs. 44%, p < 0.001), higher prevalence of NASH (80.2% vs. 64.4%; p < 0.001) and advanced fibrosis (40.3% vs. 17.0%; p < 0.001). A considerable amount of patients without DM still had NASH (64%) and advanced fibrosis (17%). The clinical utility of the NFS differed between NAFLD patients with and without DM, with sensitivity to exclude advanced fibrosis being 90% of NAFLD patients with DM but only 58% of patients without DM.

CONCLUSION

Patients with DM have more severe NAFLD based on histology. However, NASH and advanced fibrosis also occur in a considerable proportion of NAFLD patients without DM. The lower utility of the NFS in NAFLD patients without DM emphasises the heterogeneous nature of the NAFLD phenotype.

Risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND

Metabolic risk factors are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but they are less frequent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

AIM

This study evaluates the frequency of NAFLD and its risk factors among IBD patients including anti-TNF-α therapy.

METHODS

IBD patients who underwent abdominal imaging from January, 2009 to December, 2010 were analyzed in this nested, case-controlled study. IBD patients with NAFLD by imaging were compared with those who had no evidence of NAFLD (control).

RESULTS

Among 928 IBD patients, 76 (8.2%) had evidence of NAFLD by imaging, and were compared to 141 patients without NAFLD evaluated (study: control ratio=~1:2). NAFLD patients were older (46.0 ± 13.3 vs. 42.0 ±14.1 years; p=0.018) and had a later onset of IBD compared to the control group (37.2 ± 15.3 vs. 28.7 ± 23.8 years; p=0.002). Metabolic syndrome was present in 29.0% of NAFLD patients, with a median Adult Treatment Panel risk factor of 2 [Interquartile range 1,3]. Patients not receiving anti-TNF-α therapy had a higher occurrence of NAFLD (p=0.048). In multivariate analysis, hypertension (OR=3.5), obesity (OR=2.1), small bowel surgeries (OR=3.7), and use of steroids at the time of imaging (OR=3.7) were independent factors associated with NAFLD.

CONCLUSION

NAFLD occurred in 8.2% of the IBD population. NAFLD patients were older and had a later onset of IBD disease. IBD patients develop NAFLD with fewer metabolic risk factors than non-IBD NAFLD patients. It is also less common among patients who received anti-TNF-α therapy.

Management and outcome in hepatorenal syndrome: need for renal replacement therapy in non-transplanted patients

PURPOSE

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type I is a devastating complication of decompensated cirrhosis. Liver transplantation (LT) offers an excellent survival, and renal replacement therapy (RRT) may be useful until transplantation is available. The survival benefit of RRT in the absence of LT is thought to be short and its benefit in these patients is unknown. To investigate this, we studied the outcome of different therapies (pharmacological, RRT, and LT) in patients with type 1 HRS.

METHODS

Medical records (2005-2009) of all cirrhotic patients admitted to our facility with abnormal renal function were reviewed. Patients with preexisting renal disease, diagnosis other than type I HRS, or those without long-term follow-up were excluded.

RESULTS

Of 380 patients reviewed, 30 were studied. Nineteen (63.3 %) patients underwent liver transplantation. No difference in baseline liver or renal parameters was noted between those who were or were not transplanted. A decreased mortality was noted (5.3 vs. 64.6 %; p = 0.0005) compared to patients who were not transplanted during the study follow-up median period of 7.8 [CI 1.9-34] months. Among non-transplanted patients, no differences in median survival (8.8 vs. 6.5 months; p = 0.62) or in other parameters studied were found in those patients who received RRT compared to those who did not. Similarly, no survival difference was found comparing those who did or did not receive pharmacological therapy without transplant.

CONCLUSION

In type I HRS, LT offers better survival. Among patients who do not receive LT, RRT does not provide an improved survival benefit.

Management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent chronic liver disease in the United States. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most severe form of NAFLD, has an increased risk for progression to cirrhosis and associated comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome (MS) including insulin resistance and obesity is central to the development of NASH. Currently there is no definitive treatment for NASH and most of the available treatment options are targeted towards improving various parameters of MS. Treatment of NAFLD includes diet and lifestyle modification, pharmacological interventions and surgical therapies, or a combination of these interventions. This review focuses on the available current and potential future therapies for treating NASH.

Radiologic-histological correlation of hepatocellular carcinoma treated via pre-liver transplant locoregional therapies

BACKGROUND

Locoregional therapies (LRTs) are treatments to achieve local control of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Correlation between radiologic response to LRT and degree of induced tumor necrosis is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate different levels of radiologic response after pre-liver transplant (LT) LRT and its correlation with percentage of tumor necrosis on explanted histopathology.

METHODS

Institutional Review Board approved LT database was queried for treated HCC in patients undergoing LT. Radiologic response was evaluated to predict tumor necrosis in the explanted liver. Tumor response was evaluated 1 to 3 months after LRT with computed tomography or MRI via Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) guidelines. LRT was repeated as needed until time of LT. Histological tumor necrosis was graded as complete (100%), partial (50%-99%), or poor (<50%).

RESULTS

Between 2002 and 2011, 128 patients (97 men and 31 women) received pre-LT LRT including transarterial therapy (93), radiofrequency ablation (20), or combination of both (15). The mean age of the patients was 58+/-9 years. Their mean follow-up was 35+/-27 months. The median waitlist time was 55 days. One hundred (78%) patients had HCC within the Milan criteria at the initial radiologic diagnosis. Nineteen (15%) of the patients had complete tumor necrosis on histopathology analysis. Fifty (39%) of the patients exhibited partial necrosis, 52 (41%) showed poor or no necrosis and 7 (5%) showed progressive disease. The overall pre-LT radiologic staging was correlated with explant pathology in 73 (57%) of the patients. Underestimated tumor stage was noted in 49 (38%) patients, and overestimated tumor stage in 6 (5%) patients. The post-LT 3-year overall survival and disease free survival were 82% and 80%, and the rates for complete and partial tumor necrosis were 100% vs 78% (P=0.02) and 100% vs 75% (P=0.03), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In the current era, interpretation of radiologic response after LRT for HCC does not correlate accurately with histologic tumor necrosis. Total tumor necrosis is the goal of LRT; therefore, evolution in its performance is needed. Similarly, ways to predict therapy induced tumor necrosis via radiological investigation need to be improved.

Loco-regional therapy in patients with Milan Criteria-compliant hepatocellular carcinoma and short waitlist time to transplant: an outcome analysis

OBJECTIVES

Liver transplantation (LT) in Milan Criteria (MC) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has excellent outcomes. Pre-transplant loco-regional therapy (LRT) has been used to downstage HCC to meet the MC. However, its benefit in patients with a brief waiting time to transplant remains unclear. This study evaluated outcomes in patients with short waitlist times to LT for MC-compliant HCC.

METHODS

Patients undergoing LT for MC HCC at either of two transplant centres between 2002 and 2009 were retrospectively evaluated for outcome. Patients for whom post-transplant follow-up amounted to <12 months were excluded.

RESULTS

A total of 225 patients were included, 93 (41.3%) of whom received neoadjuvant LRT. The median waiting time to transplant was 48 days. Mean post-transplant follow-up was 32.2 months. Overall and disease-free survival at 1 year, 3 years and 5 years were 93.1%, 82.4% and 72.6%, and 91.3%, 79.3% and 70.6%, respectively. There was no difference in overall (P= 0.94) and disease-free survival (P= 0.94) between groups who received and did not receive pre-LT LRT. There were also no disparities in survival or tumour recurrence among categories of patients (with single tumours measuring <3 cm, with single tumours measuring 3-5 cm, with multiple tumours).

CONCLUSIONS

Loco-regional therapy followed by rapid transplantation in MC HCC appears not to have an impact on post-transplant outcome.

Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma among African Americans in the United States

BACKGROUND

There is increased prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among African Americans (AA). Multicenter studies have shown advanced presentation, underutilization of treatment and decreased survival following liver transplantation (LT) among AA. However outcomes from single centers are not well reported.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the outcome of AA undergoing LT for HCC at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, between May 2007 and December 2009.

METHODS

245 consecutive patients undergoing evaluation and treatment for HCC within the mentioned time frame were studied, retrospectively.

RESULTS

80% of patients were male, 75.5% were Caucasian, 16.7% were AA and 7.8% were other ethnic groups. Compared to other ethnicities, AA subjects with HCC were more commonly female and were more likely to have hepatitis C virus (HCV) (83% vs. 51%, p<0.001). There were higher occurrence of HCV genotype 1 among AA compared to others among patients with this information (100% vs. 65%, p<0.001). In contrast to previous reports, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of clinical presentation or management. 27% of AA underwent liver transplantation compared to 28% of the rest (p=0.88). Of the 68 patients who had LT, 9% died with no difference in post-LT survival between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

HCV (and genotype 1) is a significant risk factor for HCC in the AA population. LT results in similar survival compared to other ethnicities. AA patients with HCC benefit equally from LT compared to other ethnicities.