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Dalebout R, Barberis L, Visser NL, van der Hoeven JES, van der Eerden AMJ, Stewart JA, Meirer F, de Jong KP, de Jongh PE. Manganese Oxide as a Promoter for Copper Catalysts in CO 2 and CO Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200451. [PMID: 36605570 PMCID: PMC9804442 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we discuss the role of manganese oxide as a promoter in Cu catalysts supported on graphitic carbon during hydrogenation of CO2 and CO. MnOx is a selectivity modifier in an H2/CO2 feed and is a highly effective activity promoter in an H2/CO feed. Interestingly, the presence of MnOx suppresses the methanol formation from CO2 (TOF of 0.7 ⋅ 10-3 s-1 at 533 K and 40 bar) and enhances the low-temperature reverse water-gas shift reaction (TOF of 5.7 ⋅ 10-3 s-1) with a selectivity to CO of 87 %C. Using time-resolved XAS at high temperatures and pressures, we find significant absorption of CO2 to the MnO, which is reversed if CO2 is removed from the feed. This work reveals fundamental differences in the promoting effect of MnOx and ZnOx and contributes to a better understanding of the role of reducible oxide promoters in Cu-based hydrogenation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Dalebout
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Barberis
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Nienke L. Visser
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jessi E. S. van der Hoeven
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joseph A. Stewart
- TotalEnergies OneTech BelgiumZone industrielle CB-7181SeneffeBelgium
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Krijn P. de Jong
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Materials Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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2
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Dalebout R, Barberis L, Totarella G, Turner SJ, La Fontaine C, de Groot FMF, Carrier X, van der Eerden AMJ, Meirer F, de Jongh PE. Insight into the Nature of the ZnO x Promoter during Methanol Synthesis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:6628-6639. [PMID: 35692251 PMCID: PMC9171830 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great commercial relevance of zinc-promoted copper catalysts for methanol synthesis, the nature of the Cu-ZnO x synergy and the nature of the active Zn-based promoter species under industrially relevant conditions are still a topic of vivid debate. Detailed characterization of the chemical speciation of any promoter under high-pressure working conditions is challenging but specifically hampered by the large fraction of Zn spectator species bound to the oxidic catalyst support. We present the use of weakly interacting graphitic carbon supports as a tool to study the active speciation of the Zn promoter phase that is in close contact with the Cu nanoparticles using time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy under working conditions. Without an oxidic support, much fewer Zn species need to be added for maximum catalyst activity. A 5-15 min exposure to 1 bar H2 at 543 K only slightly reduces the Zn(II), but exposure for several hours to 20 bar H2/CO and/or H2/CO/CO2 leads to an average Zn oxidation number of +(0.5-0.6), only slightly increasing to +0.8 in a 20 bar H2/CO2 feed. This means that most of the added Zn is in a zerovalent oxidation state during methanol synthesis conditions. The Zn average coordination number is 8, showing that this phase is not at the surface but surrounded by other metal atoms (whether Zn or Cu), and indicating that the Zn diffuses into the Cu nanoparticles under reaction conditions. The time scale of this process corresponds to that of the generally observed activation period for these catalysts. These results reveal the speciation of the relevant Zn promoter species under methanol synthesis conditions and, more generally, present the use of weakly interacting graphitic supports as an important strategy to avoid excessive spectator species, thereby allowing us to study the nature of relevant promoter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Dalebout
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Barberis
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Totarella
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Savannah J. Turner
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Camille La Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette 91192 CEDEX, France
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Carrier
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR CNRS 7197, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75252 CEDEX 05, France
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Moya-Cancino JG, Honkanen AP, van der Eerden AMJ, Oord R, Monai M, ten Have I, Sahle CJ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF, Huotari S. In Situ X-ray Raman Scattering Spectroscopy of the Formation of Cobalt Carbides in a Co/TiO2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Moya-Cancino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ari-Pekka Honkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris ten Have
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J. Sahle
- Beamline ID20, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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al Samarai M, van Oversteeg CHM, Delgado-Jaime MU, Weng TC, Sokaras D, Liu B, van der Linden M, van der Eerden AMJ, Vogt ETC, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF. Nature of cobalt species during the in situ sulfurization of Co(Ni)Mo/Al 2O 3 hydrodesulfurization catalysts. J Synchrotron Radiat 2019; 26:811-818. [PMID: 31074446 PMCID: PMC6510205 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The evolution in local structure and electronic properties of cobalt was investigated during in situ sulfurization. Using a combination of 1s X-ray absorption (XAS) and 1s3p resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), the valence, coordination and symmetry of cobalt ions were tracked in two cobalt-promoted molybdenum oxide precursors of the hydrodesulfurization catalyst system, namely Co-Mo/Al2O3 and Co-Ni-Mo/Al2O3. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure shows that the Co-O bonds were replaced with Co-S bonds as a function of reaction temperature. The cobalt K pre-edge intensity shows that the symmetry of cobalt was modified from Co3+ Oh and Co2+ Oh to a Co2+ ion where the inversion symmetry is broken, in agreement with a square-pyramidal site. The 1s3p RIXS data revealed the presence of an intermediate cobalt oxy-sulfide species. This species was not detected from XAS and was determined from the increased information obtained from the 1s3p RIXS data. The cobalt XAS and RIXS data show that nickel has a significant influence on the formation of the cobalt oxy-sulfide intermediate species prior to achieving the fully sulfided state at T > 400°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa al Samarai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christa H. M. van Oversteeg
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Ulises Delgado-Jaime
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Laboratory, 2575 Sandhill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Laboratory, 2575 Sandhill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Boyang Liu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marte van der Linden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- ID26, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Angelici C, Meirer F, van der Eerden AMJ, Schaink HL, Goryachev A, Hofmann JP, Hensen EJM, Weckhuysen BM, Bruijnincx PCA. Ex Situ and Operando Studies on the Role of Copper in Cu-Promoted SiO2–MgO Catalysts for the Lebedev Ethanol-to-Butadiene Process. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Angelici
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herrick L. Schaink
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrey Goryachev
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Miedema PS, Ngene P, van der Eerden AMJ, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Nordlund D, Au YS, de Groot FMF. In situ X-ray Raman spectroscopy study of the hydrogen sorption properties of lithium borohydride nanocomposites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22651-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfined LiBH4 has been studied in situ with X-ray Raman spectroscopy. With 1 bar of hydrogen, partial re-hydrogenation can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piter S. Miedema
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ngene
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park, USA
| | - Yuen S. Au
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Zečević J, van der Eerden AMJ, Friedrich H, de Jongh PE, de Jong KP. Heterogeneities of the nanostructure of platinum/zeolite y catalysts revealed by electron tomography. ACS Nano 2013; 7:3698-3705. [PMID: 23521107 DOI: 10.1021/nn400707p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To develop structure-performance relationships for important catalysts, a detailed characterization of their morphology is essential. Using electron tomography, we determined in three dimensions the structure of Pt/zeolite Y bifunctional catalysts. Optimum experimental conditions enabled for the first time high-resolution 3D imaging of Pt particles as small as 1 nm located inside zeolite micropores. Semiautomated image analysis of 3D reconstructions provided an efficient study of numbers, size distributions, and interparticle distances of thousands of Pt particles within individual zeolite crystals. Upon extending this approach to a number of zeolite crystals of one batch of Pt/zeolite Y catalyst, heterogeneities were revealed. The Pt loading, an important parameter for catalyst performance, varied between zeolite crystals up to a factor of 35. This discovery calls for re-evaluation of catalyst preparation methods and suggests potential for lowering the nominal loading with noble metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Zečević
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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van Schooneveld MM, Suljoti E, Campos-Cuerva C, Gosselink RW, van der Eerden AMJ, Schlappa J, Zhou KJ, Monney C, Schmitt T, de Groot FMF. Transition-Metal Nanoparticle Oxidation in a Chemically Nonhomogenous Environment Revealed by 2p3d Resonant X-ray Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1161-1166. [PMID: 26282036 DOI: 10.1021/jz4002696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is often employed in fields such as catalysis to determine whether transition-metal nanoparticles are oxidized. Here we show 2p3/2 XAS and 2p3d resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) data of oleate-coated cobalt nanoparticles with average diameters of 4.0, 4.2, 5.0, 8.4, and 15.2 nm. Two particle batches were exposed to air for different periods of time, whereas the others were measured as synthesized. In the colloidal nanoparticles, the cobalt sites can have different chemical environments (metallic/oxidized/surface-coordinated), and it is shown that most XAS data cannot distinguish whether the nanoparticles are oxidized or surface-coated. In contrast, the high-energy resolution RXES spectra reveal whether more than the first metal layer is oxidized based on the unique energetic separation of spectral features related to the formal metal (X-ray fluorescence) or to a metal oxide (d-d excitations). This is the first demonstration of metal 2p3d RXES as a novel surface science tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Justine Schlappa
- ‡Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Kejin J Zhou
- ‡Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Claude Monney
- ‡Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Schmitt
- ‡Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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9
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Cats KH, Gonzalez-Jimenez ID, Liu Y, Nelson J, van Campen D, Meirer F, van der Eerden AMJ, de Groot FMF, Andrews JC, Weckhuysen BM. X-ray nanoscopy of cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalysts at work. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4622-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Bosgra J, Zoethout E, van der Eerden AMJ, Verhoeven J, van de Kruijs RWE, Yakshin AE, Bijkerk F. Structural properties of subnanometer thick Y layers in extreme ultraviolet multilayer mirrors. Appl Opt 2012; 51:8541-8548. [PMID: 23262592 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.008541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the structure and optical properties of B(4)C/Mo/Y/Si multilayer systems. Using extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements at the Y and Mo K-edge, the structure of the subnanometer thick Y layer and the underlying Mo layer were analyzed. It was found that even a 0.2 nm thick Y layer significantly reduced silicon diffusion toward Mo, thus reducing Mo silicide formation. Hard x-ray reflectometry showed that the difference in average interface roughness of the B(4)C/Mo/Y/Si multilayer structure compared to Mo/Si and B(4)C/Mo/B(4)C/Si multilayer structures was negligible. Soft x-ray reflectometry showed optical improvement of B(4)C/Mo/Y/Si with respect to Mo/Si and B(4)C/Mo/B(4)C/Si multilayer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bosgra
- Fundamental Research on Matter Institute, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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11
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Miedema PS, Ngene P, van der Eerden AMJ, Weng TC, Nordlund D, Sokaras D, Alonso-Mori R, Juhin A, de Jongh PE, de Groot FMF. In situ X-ray Raman spectroscopy of LiBH4. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5581-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp24025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Tromp M, van Strijdonck GPF, van Berkel SS, van den Hoogenband A, Feiters MC, de Bruin B, Fiddy SG, van der Eerden AMJ, van Bokhoven JA, van Leeuwen PWNM, Koningsberger DC. Multitechnique Approach to Reveal the Mechanism of Copper(II)-Catalyzed Arylation Reactions. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om9010643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Tromp
- Debye Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander S. van Berkel
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martinus C. Feiters
- IMM, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- IMM, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Debye Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Nikitenko S, Beale AM, van der Eerden AMJ, Jacques SDM, Leynaud O, O'Brien MG, Detollenaere D, Kaptein R, Weckhuysen BM, Bras W. Implementation of a combined SAXS/WAXS/QEXAFS set-up for time-resolved in situexperiments. J Synchrotron Radiat 2008; 15:632-40. [PMID: 18955771 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049508023327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that there are many benefits to be obtained in combining several techniques in one in situ set-up to study chemical processes in action. Many of these combined set-ups make use of two techniques, but in some cases it is possible and useful to combine even more. A set-up has recently been developed that combines three X-ray-based techniques, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and quick-scanning EXAFS (QEXAFS), for the study of dynamical chemical processes. The set-up is able to probe the same part of the sample during the synthesis process and is thus able to follow changes at the nanometre to micrometre scale during, for example, materials self-assembly, with a time resolution of the order of a few minutes. The practicality of this kind of experiment has been illustrated by studying zeotype crystallization processes and revealed important new insights into the interplay of the various stages of ZnAPO-34 formation. The flexibility of this set-up for studying other processes and for incorporating other additional non-X-ray-based experimental techniques has also been explored and demonstrated for studying the stability/activity of iron molybdate catalysts for the anaerobic decomposition of methanol.
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14
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Visser T, Nijhuis TA, van der Eerden AMJ, Jenken K, Ji Y, Bras W, Nikitenko S, Ikeda Y, Lepage M, Weckhuysen BM. Promotion effects in the oxidation of CO over zeolite-supported Pt nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:3822-31. [PMID: 16851431 DOI: 10.1021/jp044767f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined Pt-nanoparticles with an average diameter of 1 nm supported on a series of zeolite Y samples containing different monovalent (H+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) and divalent (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) cations have been used as model systems to investigate the effect of promotor elements in the oxidation of CO in excess oxygen. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy measurements allowed us to study the temperature-programmed desorption of CO from supported Pt nanoparticles to monitor the electronic changes in the local environment of adsorbed CO. It was found that the red shift of the linear Pt-coordinated CO vibration compared to that of gas-phase CO increases with an increasing cation radius-to-charge ratio. In addition, a systematic shift from linear (L) to bridge (B) bonded CO was observed for decreasing Lewis acidity, as expressed by the Kamlet-Taft parameter alpha. A decreasing alpha results in an increasing electron charge on the framework oxygen atoms and therefore an increasing electron charge on the supported Pt nanoparticles. This observation was confirmed with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and the intensity of the experimental Pt atomic XAFS correlates with the Lewis acidity of the cation introduced. Furthermore, it was found that the CO coverage increases with increasing electron density on the Pt nanoparticles. This increasing electron density was found to result in an increased CO oxidation activity; i.e., the T(50%) for CO oxidation decreases with decreasing alpha. In other words, basic promotors facilitate the chemisorption of CO on the Pt particles. The most promoted CO oxidation catalyst is a Pt/K-Y sample, which has a T(50%) of 390 K and a L:B intensity ratio of 2.7. The obtained results provide guidelines to design improved CO oxidation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Visser
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Beale AM, van der Eerden AMJ, Grandjean D, Petukhov AV, Smith AD, Weckhuysen BM. Monitoring the coordination of aluminium during microporous oxide crystallisation by in situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:4410-2. [PMID: 17057860 DOI: 10.1039/b610080e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An in situ cell, which is capable of obtaining time resolved soft X-ray data (200 eV < E < 3000 eV) under hydrothermal conditions has been developed and used to study the self-assembly processes occurring during microporous aluminophosphate crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beale
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Beale AM, van der Eerden AMJ, Jacques SDM, Leynaud O, O'Brien MG, Meneau F, Nikitenko S, Bras W, Weckhuysen BM. A Combined SAXS/WAXS/XAFS Setup Capable of Observing Concurrent Changes Across the Nano-to-Micrometer Size Range in Inorganic Solid Crystallization Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:12386-7. [PMID: 16984167 DOI: 10.1021/ja062580r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel combined SAXS/WAXS/XAFS setup for studying the self-assembly processes occurring during the crystallization of porous materials, such as ZnAlPO-34, is described. In a single experiment, it has been possible to obtain congruent and time-resolved information on aggregation processes in the synthesis gel, the incorporation process of Zn2+ ions in the framework, and the formation of the crystalline material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beale
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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van der Eerden AMJ, Visser T, Nijhuis TA, Ikeda Y, Lepage M, Koningsberger DC, Weckhuysen BM. Atomic XAFS as a Tool to Probe the Electronic Properties of Supported Noble Metal Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3272-3. [PMID: 15755132 DOI: 10.1021/ja043107l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atomic XAFS is a very attractive technique for probing electronic properties of supported metal nanoclusters. For platinum nanoparticles on different supports, the technique is found to be in good agreement with infrared CO adsorption measurements. The advantages of AXAFS, however, are that no probe molecule is required and that real-time measurements under reaction conditions are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad M J van der Eerden
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Mesu JG, van der Eerden AMJ, de Groot FMF, Weckhuysen BM. Synchrotron Radiation Effects on Catalytic Systems As Probed with a Combined In-Situ UV−Vis/XAFS Spectroscopic Setup. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:4042-7. [PMID: 16851461 DOI: 10.1021/jp045206r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UV-vis spectroscopy was used in a combined in-situ UV-vis/XAFS spectroscopic setup to study the synchrotron radiation effect on aqueous homogeneous copper solutions. Two different systems were studied. In the first study, the focus was on a copper bipyridine-catalyzed oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with 2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy and base as cocatalysts. It was found that when the reaction mixture is exposed to the X-ray beam, the features present in the in-situ UV-vis spectrum develop differently compared to the situation when the reaction mixture is not exposed to the X-ray beam. Besides a temperature effect of the X-ray beam, both the UV-vis analysis and the XAFS analysis showed a reducing influence of the X-ray beam on the sample. To investigate this in more detail, we studied a series of dilute aqueous copper solutions from different precursor salts, viz., Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, CuSO4.5H2O, CuCl2, and CuBr2. It was found that the different aqueous copper solutions have different stabilities under the influence of the X-ray beam. Especially the solution from the CuCl2 precursor salt was found to be unstable and to be subjected to reduction. These examples illustrate the need for a second technique, such as in-situ UV-vis spectroscopy, to evaluate the effect of synchrotron radiation used to measure in-situ XAFS on catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerbrand Mesu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Beale AM, van der Eerden AMJ, Kervinen K, Newton MA, Weckhuysen BM. Adding a third dimension to operando spectroscopy: a combined UV-Vis, Raman and XAFS setup to study heterogeneous catalysts under working conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:3015-7. [PMID: 15959569 DOI: 10.1039/b504027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential of combined operando UV-Vis/Raman/XAFS has been explored by studying the active site and deactivation mechanism of silica- and alumina-supported molybdenum oxide catalysts under propane dehydrogenation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beale
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
The structural changes of the catalytic active site that occur during catalytic reaction in an acidic zeolite are detected. The local structure of the zeolitic Brønsted active site is a distorted tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum that has three short and one long aluminum-oxygen bond. Using in situ Al K edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the adsorption of a reactive intermediate in the oligomerization of ethene changed the local structure of the catalytic active site; the long aluminum oxygen bond is partially relaxed. At increasingly higher temperature, extensive coking of the catalyst frees the Brønsted acid site from the reactive intermediate, restoring the asymmetric coordination. These measurements show that application of in situ Al K edge spectroscopy provides fundamental insight into the structure of zeolitic catalytically active sites during catalytic action.
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van Bokhoven JA, van der Eerden AMJ, Koningsberger DC. Three-coordinate aluminum in zeolites observed with in situ x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy at the Al K-edge: flexibility of aluminum coordinations in zeolites. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:7435-42. [PMID: 12797818 DOI: 10.1021/ja0292905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Application of in situ X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) at the Al K-edge provides unique insight into the flexibilty of the aluminum coordinations in zeolites as a function of treatment or during true reaction conditions. A unique, previously not observed, pre-edge feature is detected in zeolites H-Mordenite and steamed and unsteamed H-Beta at temperatures above 675 K. Spectra simulations using the full multiple scattering code Feff8 identify the unique pre-edge feature as three-coordinate aluminum. The amount of three-fold coordinated aluminum is a function of temperature and pretreatment of a zeolite: a steamed zeolite Beta contains more three-coordinate aluminum than an unsteamed sample. No clear differences between zeolites H-Mordenite and H-Beta were observed. Octahedrally coordinated aluminum forms in zeolites H-Mordenite and H-Beta at room temperature in a stream of wet helium. This octahedrally coordinated aluminum is unstable at temperatures higher than 395 K, where it quantitatively reverts to the tetrahedral coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Tromp M, Sietsma JRA, van Bokhoven JA, van Strijdonck GPF, van Haaren RJ, van der Eerden AMJ, van Leeuwen PWNM, Koningsberger DC. Deactivation processes of homogeneous Pd catalysts using in situ time resolved spectroscopic techniques. Chem Commun (Camb) 2003:128-9. [PMID: 12610999 DOI: 10.1039/b206758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV-Vis, combined with ED-XAFS shows, for the first time, the evolution of inactive Pd dimers and trimers, that are a possible first stage in the deactivation process of important palladium catalysed reactions, leading to larger palladium clusters and eventually palladium black.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Tromp
- Debye Institute, Dept. Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, P.O. Box 80083, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tromp M, van Bokhoven JA, van Haaren RJ, van Strijdonck GPF, van der Eerden AMJ, van Leeuwen PWNM, Koningsberger DC. Structure-performance relations in homogeneous Pd catalysis by in situ EXAFS spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:14814-5. [PMID: 12475300 DOI: 10.1021/ja026604f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is used to unravel the structure of homogeneous catalysts in their catalytically active phase (solution), for which other characterization techniques failed in providing detailed structural information. Application of in situ EXAFS shows that the conformation of the allylic fragment of (P-P)Pd(1,1-dimethylallyl) catalytic intermediate complexes in solution (i.e., reaction medium) differs from that in the solid state, dependent on the bidentate ligand. The change in orientation directly explains differences in regioselectivity in the allylic alkylation reaction, displayed by the distinct complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Tromp
- Debye Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80083, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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