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Cano I, Blaker E, Hartnell D, Farbos A, Moore KA, Cobb A, Santos EM, van Aerle R. Transcriptomic Responses to Koi Herpesvirus in Isolated Blood Leukocytes from Infected Common Carp. Viruses 2024; 16:380. [PMID: 38543746 PMCID: PMC10974277 DOI: 10.3390/v16030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV, CyHV-3) causes severe economic losses in carp farms. Its eradication is challenging due to the establishment of latency in blood leukocytes and other tissues. To understand the molecular mechanisms leading to KHV infection in leukocytes, common carp were bath-exposed to KHV at 17 °C. After confirming the presence of viral transcripts in blood leukocytes at ten days post infection, RNA-Seq was performed on peripheral blood leukocytes on the Illumina NovaSeq. KHV infection triggered a robust immune response mediated by pattern recognition receptors, mainly toll-like receptors (tlr2, tlr5, tlr7, and tlr13), urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor-like, galectin proteins, and lipid mediators such as leukotriene B4 receptor 1. Enriched pathways showed increased mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and the activation of signalling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). KHV-infected leukocytes showed low production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione metabolism, high iron export and phagocytosis activity, and low autophagy. Macrophage polarization was deduced from the up-regulation of genes such as arginase non-hepatic 1-like, macrophage mannose receptor-1, crem, il-10, and il-13 receptors, while markers for cytotoxic T cells were observed to be down-regulated. Further work is required to characterise these leukocyte subsets and the molecular events leading to KHV latency in blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
| | - Ellen Blaker
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - David Hartnell
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - Audrey Farbos
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Karen A. Moore
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Adele Cobb
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
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Natesan D, Thomas S, Eclov N, Dalal N, Stephens S, Malicki M, Shields S, Cobb A, Mowery Y, Niedzwiecki D, Tenenbaum J, Palta M, Hong J. Machine Learning Algorithm Prospectively Predicts Survival for High-Risk Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy: A Survival Analysis of SHIELD-RT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Walker T, Kelly R, Frezzini C, Cereceda-Monteoliva N, Clark R, Cobb A, Ayliffe P. The rose trellis mucoperiosteal scoring technique improves flap stretch for alveolar cleft and oro antral fistula repair. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.03.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Walker T, Frezzini C, Wu E, Haria N, Sahjir G, Cobb A. Cleft LIP & palate and photosharing social media platforms (instagram). Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.03.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pellatt
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Bristol Dental Hospital Bristol UK
| | - S. Bhola
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Bristol Dental Hospital Bristol UK
| | - J. Collin
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Bristol Dental Hospital Bristol UK
| | - A. Cobb
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Bristol Dental Hospital Bristol UK
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Eilers W, Gadd A, Foster H, Cobb A, Foster K. Stabilised alpha helical peptides: A novel platform for enhanced antisense oligonucleotide delivery. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Warren DT, Tajsic T, Porter LJ, Minaisah RM, Cobb A, Jacob A, Rajgor D, Zhang QP, Shanahan CM. Nesprin-2-dependent ERK1/2 compartmentalisation regulates the DNA damage response in vascular smooth muscle cell ageing. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1540-50. [PMID: 25744025 PMCID: PMC4532777 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prelamin A accumulation and persistent DNA damage response (DDR) are hallmarks of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) ageing and dysfunction. Although prelamin A is proposed to interfere with DNA repair, our understanding of the crosstalk between prelamin A and the repair process remains limited. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) have emerged as key players in the DDR and are known to enhance ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM) activity at DNA lesions, and in this study, we identified a novel relationship between prelamin A accumulation and ERK1/2 nuclear compartmentalisation during VSMC ageing. We show both prelamin A accumulation and increased DNA damage occur concomitantly, before VSMC replicative senescence, and induce the localisation of ERK1/2 to promyelocytic leukaemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs) at the sites of DNA damage via nesprin-2 and lamin A interactions. Importantly, VSMCs treated with DNA damaging agents also displayed prelamin A accumulation and ERK compartmentalisation at PML NBs, suggesting that prelamin A and nesprin-2 are novel components of the DDR. In support of this, disruption of ERK compartmentalisation at PML NBs, by either depletion of nesprin-2 or lamins A/C, resulted in the loss of ATM from DNA lesions. However, ATM signalling and DNA repair remained intact after lamins A/C depletion, whereas nesprin-2 disruption ablated downstream Chk2 activation and induced genomic instability. We conclude that lamins A/C and PML act as scaffolds to organise DNA-repair foci and compartmentalise nesprin-2/ERK signalling. However, nesprin-2/ERK signalling fidelity, but not their compartmentalisation at PML NBs, is essential for efficient DDR in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Warren
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - T Tajsic
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - L J Porter
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - R M Minaisah
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - A Cobb
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - A Jacob
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - D Rajgor
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Q P Zhang
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - C M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
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Abstract
Background Classic teaching suggests that diminished availability of oxygen leads to increased tissue oxygen extraction yet evidence to support this notion in the context of hypoxaemia, as opposed to anaemia or cardiac failure, is limited. Methods At 75 m above sea level, and after 7–8 days of acclimatization to 4559 m, systemic oxygen extraction [C(a−v)O2] was calculated in five participants at rest and at peak exercise. Absolute [C(a−v)O2] was calculated by subtracting central venous oxygen content (CcvO2) from arterial oxygen content (CaO2) in blood sampled from central venous and peripheral arterial catheters, respectively. Oxygen uptake (V˙O2) was determined from expired gas analysis during exercise. Results Ascent to altitude resulted in significant hypoxaemia; median (range) SpO2 87.1 (82.5–90.7)% and PaO2 6.6 (5.7–6.8) kPa. While absolute C(a−v)O2 was reduced at maximum exercise at 4559 m [83.9 (67.5–120.9) ml litre−1vs 99.6 (88.0–151.3) ml litre−1 at 75 m, P=0.043], there was no change in oxygen extraction ratio (OER) [C(a−v)O2/CaO2] between the two altitudes [0.52 (0.48–0.71) at 4559 m and 0.53 (0.49–0.73) at 75 m, P=0.500]. Comparison of C(a−v)O2 at peak V˙O2 at 4559 m and the equivalent V˙O2 at sea level for each participant also revealed no significant difference [83.9 (67.5–120.9) ml litre1vs 81.2 (73.0–120.7) ml litre−1, respectively, P=0.225]. Conclusion In acclimatized individuals at 4559 m, there was a decline in maximum absolute C(a−v)O2 during exercise but no alteration in OER calculated using central venous oxygen measurements. This suggests that oxygen extraction may have become limited after exposure to 7–8 days of hypoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK
| | - A Cobb
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK
| | - P Meale
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK
| | - K Mitchell
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 810, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Unit, GICU, Mailpoint 27, Level D, Centre Block, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, UK
| | - M Edsell
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK Department of Anaesthesia, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - M G Mythen
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK
| | - M P W Grocott
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 810, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Unit, GICU, Mailpoint 27, Level D, Centre Block, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, UK
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Mirza T, Cobb A, Lee N, Messiha A, Walsh S, Bater M, Ayliffe P, Hyde N. The morbid consequences of delayed mandibular fracture fixation. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cobb A, Boavida P, Saunders D, Hayward R. 38 Frontal lobe imaging changes following monobloc/bipartition surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0266-4356(10)60039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Loof N, Montes M, Flamar A, Zurawski G, Cobb A, Plants J, King B, Zurawski S, Sloan L, Levy Y, Banchereau J. S04-04 OA. HIV-specific responses induced by anti-CD40 targeting antibodies. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767569 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-o46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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12
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Flamar A, Zurawski S, Cobb A, King B, Sloan L, Levy Y, Banchereau J, Zurawski G. P17-04. Targeting HIV peptides to human dendritic cells via CD40 elicits expansion of multi-epitope polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HIV patients. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767788 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Banchereau J, Harrod C, Cobb A, Chene G, Sloan L, Palucka K, Levy Y. P18-11. DALIA: dendritic cell and lipopeptide-induced immunity against AIDS: a phase I trial. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767827 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Bousdras V, Cobb A, Lalabekyan B, Karavidas K, Kalavrezos N. Distraction of a fibula flap reconstructed mandible with a novel distractor for optimal implant rehabilitation. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2009.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Montes M, Loof N, Cobb A, Jutras D, Quinn C, Plants J, Zurawski S, King B, Sloan L, Levy Y, Banchereau J. P16-49. Broad types of cytokines secreted by Gag-specific T cells from HIV infected patients on HAART. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767779 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Montes M, Loof N, Cobb A, Jutras D, Queen C, Plants J, King B, Zurawski S, Sloan L, Levy Y, Banchereau J. P16-29. HIV Nef-specific T cells: Th1/CTL, Th2 and Th17 responses. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767757 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The oculovagal reflex is well described in ophthalmic surgery, but may be caused by any manner of pressure on the globe. Children with orbital blowout fractures present in a different manner from adults. The classic presentation in children is a white eye injury (ie, no subconjunctival haemorrhage) with upgaze diplopia and general malaise. METHODS A retrospective audit is presented of paediatric and young adult patients referred to the Orbital Service at St George's Hospital who required surgical intervention. RESULTS One-third of children with orbital blowout fractures are admitted for head injury observations, while the true cause for the symptoms goes unrecognised and uninvestigated. CONCLUSIONS Orbital blowout fractures in children require more swift intervention than in adults if muscle ischaemia and permanent impairment of the vision is to be avoided. The delay for head injury observation may therefore compromise the surgical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cobb
- Maxillofacial Unit, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
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Isnard S, Cobb A, Dumais J, Zwieniecki M, Holbrook N. Pulvinus-induced tightening plays an important role in the generation of squeezing forces in the monocotyledonous twiner, Dioscorea bulbifera. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Youd PL, Cobb A, Heymann TD. Resistant ascites: a high price to pay. Hosp Med 2004; 65:440. [PMID: 15287354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Cobb A, Moore L, Godfrey HP, Gordonov N, Heilman E, Sizemore RC. The use of hairless (IAF/HA-HO) guinea pigs for the determination of delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:349-53. [PMID: 11360935 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pigs are a classic animal model for studying delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. However, skin irritation due to hair removal can interfere with the evaluation of the modulation of these responses by various mediators. A DTH model using hairless (IAF/HA-HO) guinea pigs, sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant and repeatedly skin tested with tuberculin, purified protein derivative, (PPD) has therefore been developed. At 10 weeks after sensitization, intradermal PPD elicited minimal erythema at 6 h, which increased over the next 18 h to a maximum at 24 h, and declined by 48 h. The response could be quantified by bioassay using graded doses of PPD. Reactions at 24 h were characterized by predominantly mononuclear cell deep and superficial dermal infiltrates. Dermal DTH in hairless guinea pigs is thus, grossly and histologically similar to that seen in Hartley guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, MS 39096, USA
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Walker PS, Sathasivam S, Cobb A, Learmonth ID, Grobler GP, Pinder IM, Marchetti N, Spinelli MD, Welsby A. A comparison between cemented, press-fit, and HA-coated interfaces in Kinemax total knee replacement. Knee 2000; 7:71-78. [PMID: 10788768 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0160(99)00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There are possible advantages of using uncemented fixation in total knee replacement. In this prospective randomised multi-centre study, a comparison was made between cemented and two types of uncemented fixation for the Kinemax design. There were 12-14 cases in each group. Beads were inserted in the bones from which component migration was measured at time intervals up to 2 years. The axial migrations were significantly less for cemented and HA-coating, compared with press-fit, at all time intervals. The clinical data showed no differences at 2 years except for more cases of pain in the uncemented groups. Radiographically, the cemented interfaces showed the least change, press-fit showed a radiolucent line and a radiodense line, and HA showed a diffuse radiodensity adjacent to the components. It was concluded that for the Kinemax design of tibial component, press-fit was inferior to cemented, but that there was the potential for designing a special component for uncemented fixation for which HA-coating would be an advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- PS Walker
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Brockley Hill, HA7 4LP, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
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Abstract
CONTEXT Surveillance is a key component of the core public health function of health assessment. Systematic reporting by health care professionals and laboratories, which may vary by state law, statute, or regulation, continues to provide essential data for assessing public health. OBJECTIVE To describe the state and territorial reporting requirements for diseases and conditions recommended for national public health surveillance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Between May and August 1997, the state and territorial epidemiologists from all 50 states, in addition to New York City, Puerto Rico, and Guam, completed questionnaires indicating which diseases and conditions were reportable by health care professionals and laboratories in their jurisdictions. The surveys were subsequently updated to reflect reporting requirements current as of January 1, 1999. The overall response rate for the survey was 100% for US states and 90% overall, including the territories. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE State and territorial reporting requirements for diseases and conditions of public health concern. RESULTS Of the 58 diseases and conditions recommended for national reporting, 35 (60%) were reportable in greater than 90% of the states and territories, 15 (26%) were reportable in 75% to 90%, and 8 (14%) were reportable in less than 75%. Nineteen of the infectious diseases were reportable in all of the states and territories that responded. CONCLUSIONS Required reporting varies substantially by state or territory. Health care professionals are integral to public health efforts at the local, state, and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roush
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Meister K, Cobb A, Bentley G. Treatment of painful articular cartilage defects of the patella by carbon-fibre implants. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998; 80:965-70. [PMID: 9853486 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.80b6.8194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Between 1989 and 1993 we implanted a matrix support prosthesis made of carbon fibre for the treatment of chronic painful articular defects of the patella in 27 patients. The mean period of follow-up was 33 months (11 to 54) with clinical and arthroscopic evaluation of the implant. Overall, there were four excellent, three good, seven fair and 13 poor results. Nine patients subsequently had a patellectomy for persistent pain at a mean of 27 months after surgery (14 to 47). The mean visual analogue pain scores in those who retained their patella were 7.6 before operation and 5.5 at the time of the latest follow-up. Patient satisfaction for the entire group was 41%. There appeared to be good incorporation of the prosthesis and a satisfactory ingrowth of fibrocartilage, but the poor results in 48% and low patient satisfaction discourage us from recommending the procedure for lesions of the articular cartilage of the patella. The consistent seeding of the joint with carbon-fibre debris and a histiocytic giant-cell reaction in the synovium are also a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Meister
- University College London and the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, England
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Abstract
Between 1989 and 1993 we implanted a matrix support prosthesis made of carbon fibre for the treatment of chronic painful articular defects of the patella in 27 patients. The mean period of follow-up was 33 months (11 to 54) with clinical and arthroscopic evaluation of the implant. Overall, there were four excellent, three good, seven fair and 13 poor results. Nine patients subsequently had a patellectomy for persistent pain at a mean of 27 months after surgery (14 to 47). The mean visual analogue pain scores in those who retained their patella were 7.6 before operation and 5.5 at the time of the latest follow-up. Patient satisfaction for the entire group was 41%. There appeared to be good incorporation of the prosthesis and a satisfactory ingrowth of fibrocartilage, but the poor results in 48% and low patient satisfaction discourage us from recommending the procedure for lesions of the articular cartilage of the patella. The consistent seeding of the joint with carbon-fibre debris and a histiocytic giant-cell reaction in the synovium are also a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Meister
- Institute of Orthopaedics, University College London and Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
| | - A. Cobb
- Institute of Orthopaedics, University College London and Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
| | - G. Bentley
- Institute of Orthopaedics, University College London and Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
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Cobb A. Making sense of the process and effects of ECT. Nurs Times 1996; 92:32-3. [PMID: 8710539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 20,000 people are treated with electroconvulsive therapy every year. This paper provides an overview of what is involved and some of the issues arising from this controversial treatment.
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Wintz H, Chen HC, Sutton CA, Conley CA, Cobb A, Ruth D, Hanson MR. Expression of the CMS-associated urfS sequence in transgenic petunia and tobacco. Plant Mol Biol 1995; 28:83-92. [PMID: 7787190 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The expression of a 25 kDa protein, encoded by the fused mitochondrial pcf gene, is associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in petunia. To investigate the role of the 25 kDa protein in CMS we have transformed petunia and tobacco plants with constructs expressing a portion of the urfS sequence of the pcf cDNA which encodes the 25 kDa protein. The urfS sequence was fused with two different mitochondrial targeting sequences. The chimeric gene coding region was placed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter or a tapetum-specific promoter. Expression of the PCF protein was obtained in mitochondria of transgenic petunia and tobacco plants, yet fertility of the plants was not affected. Analysis of the location of the urfS-encoded protein revealed that it fractionates primarily into the soluble fraction in the transgenic plants whereas the genuine 25 kDa protein is found primarily in the soluble fraction but also in the membrane portion of immature buds from CMS petunia plants. Fertile transgenic plants were obtained which expressed the 25 kDa protein in the tapetal layer of post-meiotic anthers, while CMS plants express the endogenous 25 kDa protein in both the tapetal layer and sporogenous tissue of pre-meiotic anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wintz
- Section of Genetics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Cobb A. Mental health. Crisis? What crisis? Health Serv J 1995; 105:22-3. [PMID: 10140482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Walker PS, Ambarek MS, Morris JR, Olanlokun K, Cobb A. Anterior-posterior stability in partially conforming condylar knee replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995:87-97. [PMID: 7641465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to estimate the anterior-posterior displacements that would occur with total knee prosthetic designs of different sagittal radii under functional conditions. A key question was whether some designs provided excessive constraint. Patients who had different total knee prosthetic designs were tested in a special rig where the AP drawer was measured under loaded and unloaded conditions. These same designs of total knee prostheses were then tested in a rig under different conditions of compressive and shear loads. Using these experiments as verification, a theoretical treatment was developed to predict the AP displacement for different activities. It was concluded that designs with low to moderate conformity required soft tissue restraint under more strenuous activities, or where high shear forces occurred under low compressive loads. Designs of moderate to high conformity could be fully self-stabilizing under all realistic conditions. However, for all designs, the AP displacement was only a few millimeters under functional loads, indicating that special care must be taken during surgery to avoid conflict between the condylar surfaces and the retained cruciate ligaments so that restriction of motion and excessive wear do not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Orthopaedics, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The psychiatric case registers for the hospital catchment area were examined to determine the use of psychiatric services over a 14-year period by a 4-year cohort of consecutive inpatient referrals to the consultation-liaison service of a British general hospital. Two-thirds of the subjects had no other psychiatric care during the survey period, but a third made considerable use of a wide range of specialist psychiatric services. Alcohol problems and dementia were notably associated with complex history of psychiatric management. Management of patients with repeated episodes of psychiatric care requires close collaboration with other services.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mayou
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Cobb A. Four ways for nurses to enhance their creativity. Kans Nurse 1989; 64:1-2. [PMID: 2689747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Schorfheide A, Cobb A. Down and out in their own hometown: assessing health of soupkitchen users. Kans Nurse 1989; 64:10-1. [PMID: 2585951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hamera E, Cobb A. Nurse anthropologist as humanist-in-residence. Kans Nurse 1982; 57:19-20. [PMID: 6921422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Pettitt CA, Davidson VL, Cobb A, Knaff DB. Sodium-dependent alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport by the photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium vinosum. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 216:306-13. [PMID: 7103510 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abu-Zinada AA, Cobb A, Boulter D. An electron-microscopic study of the effects of parasite interaction between Vicia faba L. and Uromyces fabae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(75)90014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bailey CJ, Cobb A, Boulter D. A cotyledon slice system for the electron autoradiographic study of the synthesis and intracellular transport of the seed storage protein of Vicia faba. Planta 1970; 95:103-118. [PMID: 24497060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/1970] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultured slices of cotyledon tissue from 60-day broad bean have been shown to synthesise globulin protein extensively. About 80% of the (3)H-leucine incorporated into protein was incorporated into globulin protein; (35)S-sulphate was also incorporated by the slices.The rate and dependence of the incorporation on the quantity of radiochemical added and the volume of culture medium were also demonstrated. It was concluded that the cotyledon slices maintained the in vivo behaviour during the period of the experiments.The slice system was used in an electron autoradiographic experiment. It was shown that grain counts were associated initially with the endoplasmic reticulum then moved to the protein bodies. It was concluded that globulin protein is synthesised by the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum and then moves to the protein bodies; it was suggested that the process takes 25 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bailey
- Department of Botany, University of Durham, England
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