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Hanna KS, Song R, Slaff S, Zanardo E, Huynh L, Mohan M, Pinaire M, Tang D, Yenikomshian M, Barghout V, Makinde AY, Patel K. HSR24-133: Real-World (RW) Effectiveness of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs) After Luspatercept in Patients (pts) With Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS): A Retrospective Analysis of a Large Healthcare Claims Database in the United States. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2024; 22:HSR24-133. [PMID: 38579800 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2023.7178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Song
- 2Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kashyap Patel
- 6Carolina Blood and Cancer Care Associates, Rock Hill, SC
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Mukherjee S, Brown‐Bickerstaff C, Falkenstein A, Makinde AY, Bland E, Laney J, Garretson M, Huggar D, McBride A. Treatment patterns and outcomes with luspatercept in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: A retrospective US cohort analysis. Hemasphere 2024; 8:e38. [PMID: 38434524 PMCID: PMC10878180 DOI: 10.1002/hem3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Mukherjee
- Department of Hematology and Medical OncologyTaussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
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Patel JL, Erba HP, Savona MR, Grinblatt DL, Clark M, Clive TC, Smart TB, Makinde AY, DeGutis IS, Yu E, Eggington JM, George TI. Genomic Data Heterogeneity across Molecular Diagnostic Laboratories: A Real-World Connect Myeloid Disease Registry Perspective on Variabilities in Genomic Assay Methodology and Reporting. J Mol Diagn 2023; 25:611-618. [PMID: 37517825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic data variability from laboratory reports can impact clinical decisions and population-level analyses; however, the extent of this variability and the impact on the data's value are not well characterized. This pilot study used anonymized genetic and genomic test reports from the Connect Myeloid Disease Registry (NCT01688011), a multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed myelodysplastic syndromes, acute myeloid leukemia, or idiopathic cytopenia of undetermined significance, to analyze laboratory test variabilities and limitations. Results for 56 randomly selected patients enrolled in the Registry were independently extracted and evaluated (data cutoff, January 2020). Ninety-five reports describing 113 assay results from these 56 patients were analyzed for discrepancies. Almost all assay results [101 (89%)] identified the sequencing technology applied, and 94 (83%) described the test limitations; 95 (84%) described the limits of detection, but none described the limit of blank for detecting false positives. RNA transcript identifiers were not provided for 20 (43%) variants analyzed by next-generation sequencing and reported by the same laboratory. Of 42 variants with variant allele frequencies ≥30%, 16 (38%) of the variants did not have report text indicating that the variants might be germline. Variabilities and lack of standardization present challenges for incorporating this information into clinical care and render data collation ineffective and unreliable for large-scale use in centralized databases for therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay L Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Harry P Erba
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael R Savona
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David L Grinblatt
- NorthShore Medical Group, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Maria Clark
- Center for Genomic Interpretation, Sandy, Utah
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward Yu
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Tracy I George
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Eke I, Aryankalayil MJ, Bylicky MA, Makinde AY, Liotta L, Calvert V, Petricoin EF, Graves EE, Coleman CN. Radiotherapy alters expression of molecular targets in prostate cancer in a fractionation- and time-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3500. [PMID: 35241721 PMCID: PMC8894377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of molecular targeted therapy depends on expression and enzymatic activity of the target molecules. As radiotherapy modulates gene expression and protein phosphorylation dependent on dose and fractionation, we analyzed the long-term effects of irradiation on the post-radiation efficacy of molecular targeted drugs. We irradiated prostate cancer cells either with a single dose (SD) of 10 Gy x-ray or a multifractionated (MF) regimen with 10 fractions of 1 Gy. Whole genome arrays and reverse phase protein microarrays were used to determine gene expression and protein phosphorylation. Additionally, we evaluated radiation-induced pathway activation with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. To measure cell survival and sensitivity to clinically used molecular targeted drugs, we performed colony formation assays. We found increased activation of several pathways regulating important cell functions such as cell migration and cell survival at 24 h after MF irradiation or at 2 months after SD irradiation. Further, cells which survived a SD of 10 Gy showed a long-term upregulation and increased activity of multiple molecular targets including AKT, IGF-1R, VEGFR2, or MET, while HDAC expression was decreased. In line with this, 10 Gy SD cells were more sensitive to target inhibition with Capivasertib or Ipatasertib (AKTi), BMS-754807 (IGF-1Ri), or Foretinib (VEGFR2/METi), but less sensitive to Panobinostat or Vorinostat (HDACi). In summary, understanding the molecular short- and long-term changes after irradiation can aid in optimizing the efficacy of multimodal radiation oncology in combination with post-irradiation molecularly-targeted drug treatment and improving the outcome of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., Room 1260, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michelle A Bylicky
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adeola Y Makinde
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Valerie Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research (CCSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., Room 1260, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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Revicki DA, Grinblatt DL, Komrokji RS, Garcia-Manero G, Savona MR, Scott BL, Sekeres MA, Flick ED, Makinde AY, Kiselev P, Louis CU, Nifenecker M, DeGutis IS, Cogle CR. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients (pts) with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in the Connect Myeloid Disease Registry. J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.7040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
7040 Background: At diagnosis, disease risk and transfusion burden (TB) can impact HRQoL in pts with MDS. The impact of disease status and higher transfusion requirements on HRQoL has not been well studied. We used data from the Connect Myeloid Disease Registry, an ongoing, prospective, observational cohort study that includes adult pts with lower-risk (LR) and higher-risk (HR) MDS, to investigate factors influencing baseline (BL) and subsequent HRQoL. Methods: BL and Month 6 (M6) data from pts enrolled from Dec 12, 2013 to Mar 6, 2020 (data cutoff) were analyzed. Pts were stratified by International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) risk (LR, HR), treatment (Tx) within 45 days post-enrollment (no Tx, best supportive care [BSC], active Tx), and TB 16 weeks post-BL (non-transfusion dependent [NTD], low TB [LTB]; 1−3 transfusions, high TB [HTB]: ≥4 transfusions). Pts completed EQ-5D, FACT-An trial outcome index (TOI), and FACT-Fatigue (FACT-F) questionnaires at BL and quarterly thereafter. Clinically meaningful change, based on minimally important differences, was defined as a change of ±0.07 for EQ-5D, ±6 for FACT-An TOI, and ±3 for FACT-F. Results: At data cutoff, 830 (489 LR, 341 HR) pts were enrolled. Median age was 74 years. 278 pts received no initial Tx, 161 BSC, and 378 active Tx. At BL, 470 were NTD, 197 LTB, and 163 HTB. Of 670 pts still on-study at M6, 462 completed the questionnaires at both BL and M6. At BL , clinically meaningful differences were observed in FACT-An TOI and FACT-F scores, but not EQ-5D, between LR- and HR-MDS and the Tx subgroups . From BL to M6, no clinically meaningful changes were observed in mean scores for each questionnaire. For the TB subgroups, meaningful differences were observed at BL in FACT-An TOI and FACT-F scores, but not EQ-5D (Table). From BL to M6, meaningful decreases in scores were reported by 26%, 30%, and 35% of NTD, LTB, and HTB pts in EQ-5D, 41%, 43%, and 48% for FACT-An TOI, and 40%, 42%, and 48% for FACT-F; increases were reported by 19%, 19%, and 20% pts for EQ-5D, 31%, 32%, and 39% for FACT-An TOI, and 30%, 39%, and 40% for FACT-F. Conclusions: This preliminary analysis suggests that pts with HR-MDS, and transfusion-dependent pts, generally had worse HRQoL at BL, providing further support to initiating active Tx in pts with TB. Possible limitations of the analysis are lower completion rates in pts with more severe disease, and EQ-5D may not capture changes in these subgroups at M6. A longer follow-up may help delineate the impact of Tx on HRQoL assessments in pts with MDS. Clinical trial information: NCT01688011. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael R. Savona
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Mikkael A. Sekeres
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL
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Coleman CN, Eke I, Makinde AY, Chopra S, Demaria S, Formenti SC, Martello S, Bylicky M, Mitchell JB, Aryankalayil MJ. Radiation-induced Adaptive Response: New Potential for Cancer Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5781-5790. [PMID: 32554542 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is highly effective due to its ability to physically focus the treatment to target the tumor while sparing normal tissue and its ability to be combined with systemic therapy. This systemic therapy can be utilized before radiotherapy as an adjuvant or induction treatment, during radiotherapy as a radiation "sensitizer," or following radiotherapy as a part of combined modality therapy. As part of a unique concept of using radiation as "focused biology," we investigated how tumors and normal tissues adapt to clinically relevant multifraction (MF) and single-dose (SD) radiation to observe whether the adaptations can induce susceptibility to cell killing by available drugs or by immune enhancement. We identified an adaptation occurring after MF (3 × 2 Gy) that induced cell killing when AKT-mTOR inhibitors were delivered following cessation of radiotherapy. In addition, we identified inducible changes in integrin expression 2 months following cessation of radiotherapy that differ between MF (1 Gy × 10) and SD (10 Gy) that remain targetable compared with preradiotherapy. Adaptation is reflected across different "omics" studies, and thus the range of possible molecular targets is not only broad but also time, dose, and schedule dependent. While much remains to be studied about the radiation adaptive response, radiation should be characterized by its molecular perturbations in addition to physical dose. Consideration of the adaptive effects should result in the design of a tailored radiotherapy treatment plan that accounts for specific molecular changes to be targeted as part of precision multimodality cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch and Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch and Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Adeola Y Makinde
- Radiation Oncology Branch and Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sunita Chopra
- Radiation Oncology Branch and Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Radiation Oncology and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Shannon Martello
- Radiation Oncology Branch and Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michelle Bylicky
- Radiation Oncology Branch and Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Oncology Branch and Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch and Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Eke I, Makinde AY, Aryankalayil MJ, Reedy JL, Citrin DE, Chopra S, Ahmed MM, Coleman CN. Long-term Tumor Adaptation after Radiotherapy: Therapeutic Implications for Targeting Integrins in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1855-1864. [PMID: 30042176 PMCID: PMC6279542 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of tumor cells to radiotherapy induces changes that are actionable by molecular targeted agents and immunotherapy. This report demonstrates that radiation-induced changes in integrin expression can be targeted 2 months later. Integrins are transmembrane cell adhesion molecules that are essential for cancer cell survival and proliferation. To analyze the short- and long-term effects of radiation on the integrin expression, prostate cancer cells (DU145, PC3, and LNCaP) were cultured in a 3D extracellular matrix and irradiated with either a single dose of radiation (2-10 Gy) or a multifractionated regimen (2-10 fractions of 1 Gy). Whole human genome microarrays, immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation assays, and immunofluorescence staining of integrins were performed. The results were confirmed in a prostate cancer xenograft model system. Interestingly, β1 and β4 integrins (ITGB1 and ITGB4) were upregulated after radiation in vitro and in vivo. This overexpression lasted for more than 2 months and was dose dependent. Moreover, radiation-induced upregulation of β1 and β4 integrin resulted in significantly increased tumor cell death after treatment with inhibitory antibodies. Combined, these findings indicate that long-term tumor adaptation to radiation can result in an increased susceptibility of surviving cancer cells to molecular targeted therapy due to a radiation-induced overexpression of the target. IMPLICATIONS: Radiation induces dose- and schedule-dependent adaptive changes that are targetable for an extended time; thus suggesting radiotherapy as a unique strategy to orchestrate molecular processes, thereby providing new radiation-drug treatment options within precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Adeola Y Makinde
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jessica L Reedy
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah E Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sunita Chopra
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mansoor M Ahmed
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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Eke I, Makinde AY, Aryankalayil MJ, Sandfort V, Palayoor ST, Rath BH, Liotta L, Pierobon M, Petricoin EF, Brown MF, Stommel JM, Ahmed MM, Coleman CN. Exploiting Radiation-Induced Signaling to Increase the Susceptibility of Resistant Cancer Cells to Targeted Drugs: AKT and mTOR Inhibitors as an Example. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:355-367. [PMID: 28802252 PMCID: PMC5805592 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Implementing targeted drug therapy in radio-oncologic treatment regimens has greatly improved the outcome of cancer patients. However, the efficacy of molecular targeted drugs such as inhibitory antibodies or small molecule inhibitors essentially depends on target expression and activity, which both can change during the course of treatment. Radiotherapy has previously been shown to activate prosurvival pathways, which can help tumor cells to adapt and thereby survive treatment. Therefore, we aimed to identify changes in signaling induced by radiation and evaluate the potential of targeting these changes with small molecules to increase the therapeutic efficacy on cancer cell survival. Analysis of "The Cancer Genome Atlas" database disclosed a significant overexpression of AKT1, AKT2, and MTOR genes in human prostate cancer samples compared with normal prostate gland tissue. Multifractionated radiation of three-dimensional-cultured prostate cancer cell lines with a dose of 2 Gy/day as a clinically relevant schedule resulted in an increased protein phosphorylation and enhanced protein-protein interaction between AKT and mTOR, whereas gene expression of AKT, MTOR, and related kinases was not altered by radiation. Similar results were found in a xenograft model of prostate cancer. Pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR/AKT signaling after activation by multifractionated radiation was more effective than treatment prior to radiotherapy. Taken together, our findings provide a proof-of-concept that targeting signaling molecules after activation by radiotherapy may be a novel and promising treatment strategy for cancers treated with multifractionated radiation regimens such as prostate cancer to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to molecular targeted drugs. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 355-67. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this MCT Focus section, "Developmental Therapeutics in Radiation Oncology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Adeola Y Makinde
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Veit Sandfort
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sanjeewani T Palayoor
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara H Rath
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Matthew F Brown
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jayne M Stommel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mansoor M Ahmed
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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Makinde AY, Eke I, Aryankalayil MJ, Ahmed MM, Coleman CN. Exploiting Gene Expression Kinetics in Conventional Radiotherapy, Hyperfractionation, and Hypofractionation for Targeted Therapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2016; 26:254-60. [PMID: 27619247 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic changes in the technological delivery of radiation therapy, the repertoire of molecular targets for which pathway inhibitors are available, and the cellular and immunologic responses that can alter long-term clinical outcome provide a potentially unique role for using the radiation-inducible changes as therapeutic targets. Various mathematical models of dose and fractionation are extraordinarily useful in guiding treatment regimens. However, although the model may fit the clinical outcome, a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular effect of the individual dose size and the adaptation to repeated exposure, called multifraction (MF) adaptation, may provide new therapeutic targets for use in combined modality treatments using radiochemotherapy and radioimmunotherapy. We discuss the potential of using different radiation doses and MF adaptation for targeting transcription factors, immune and inflammatory response, and cell "stemness." Given the complex genetic composition of tumors before treatment and their adaptation to drug treatment, innovative combinations using both the pretreatment molecular data and also the MF-adaptive response to radiation may provide an important role for focused radiation therapy as an integral part of precision medicine and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Y Makinde
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mansoor M Ahmed
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Eke I, Makinde AY, Aryankalayil MJ, Ahmed MM, Coleman CN. Comprehensive molecular tumor profiling in radiation oncology: How it could be used for precision medicine. Cancer Lett 2016; 382:118-126. [PMID: 26828133 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New technologies enabling the analysis of various molecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins and small metabolites, can aid in understanding the complex molecular processes in cancer cells. In particular, for the use of novel targeted therapeutics, elucidation of the mechanisms leading to cell death or survival is crucial to eliminate tumor resistance and optimize therapeutic efficacy. While some techniques, such as genomic analysis for identifying specific gene mutations or epigenetic testing of promoter methylation, are already in clinical use, other "omics-based" assays are still evolving. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of molecular profiling methods, including promising research strategies, as well as possible challenges, and their emerging role in radiation oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Adeola Y Makinde
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mansoor M Ahmed
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Makinde AY, Eke I, Aryankalayil MJ, Ahmed M, Coleman CN. Abstract C146: Radiation-inducible molecular targets in a human prostate cancer mouse model. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-c146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: In order to understand the changes induced in tumor cells following multi-fraction (MF) radiation therapy, we have previously studied molecular changes using prostate cancer cells and endothelial cells treated in vitro with MF doses of 0.5 Gy/1 Gy x 10 and 2 Gy x 5 and single-dose (SD) of 5 Gy and 10 Gy. The hypothesis being tested is that the response and adaptation to radiation-induced stress will produce a druggable phenotype. This might increase the utility of molecularly targeted therapeutics and also help address tumor cell heterogeneity. The data indicate more genes and pathways are induced by MF compared to SD and that the change in phenotype is more stable following MF. In this report, the focus is on new data from PC-3 cells irradiated in vivo and comparing it to MF and SD in vitro using MF 1 Gy x 10 and SD 10 Gy.
Methods: PC-3 prostate cancer cells were implanted subcutaneously into the lateral aspect of rear leg of nude mice. Mice were divided into three groups (n = 3), based on radiation dose/schedule- control, SD, and MF. SD and MF employed similar dose/schedule as used for the in vitro studies, 10 Gy x 1 and 1 Gy x 10 respectively. RNA was isolated 24 h after radiation treatment. mRNA microarray analysis was performed using Agilent Technologies Human Gene Expression 4 × 44 K V2 microarrays. The data was generated and analyzed with GeneSpring® software (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) and IPA software (IPA, QIAGEN, Redwood City, CA).
Results: 6,374 genes were significantly altered by MF, with a cohort of genes, based on the > 250 gene ontology categories, involved in DNA response to stimulus, DNA repair, mitosis, cell cycle, and metabolism. In contrast, only 453 genes were significantly altered by SD, with ontological categories associated with cell morphology, assembly and organization such as actin filament-based process, extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis, fibril organization and biogenesis and collagen catabolism. Further bioinformatics analysis of the gene expression data with IPA, identified multiple pathways with functions correlated with the ontological categories. Significantly altered MF-induced genes are members of pathways which play a central role in DNA replication, recombination, and repair, cell proliferation and metabolism such as HIPPO Signaling, Protein Ubiquitination Pathway, JNK/SAPK Signaling, ERK/MAPK Signaling, G2/M DNA Damage Checkpoint Regulation, ATM Signaling, PI3K/AKT Signaling and Oxidative Phosphorylation. These pathways were uniquely up-regulated by MF treatment, as none of these changes were identified with SD radiation exposure.
Conclusion: Our result show the differential expression pattern between SD and MF, with MF inducing changes in “targetable” molecular pathways.
Ongoing studies: Currently we are in the process of evaluating radiation-induced targets in ATM signaling, DNA damage and repair, and multiple metabolic targets, and their potential for using radiation to prime cells for molecular-targeted drug therapy.
Citation Format: Adeola Y. Makinde, Iris Eke, Molykutty J. Aryankalayil, Mansoor Ahmed, C. Norman Coleman. Radiation-inducible molecular targets in a human prostate cancer mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C146.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Eke
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Aryankalayil MJ, Makinde AY, Gameiro SR, Hodge JW, Rivera-Solis PP, Palayoor ST, Ahmed MM, Coleman CN. Defining molecular signature of pro-immunogenic radiotherapy targets in human prostate cancer cells. Radiat Res 2014; 182:139-48. [PMID: 25003313 DOI: 10.1667/rr13731.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand the impact of clinically relevant radiation therapy (RT) on tumor immune gene expression and to utilize the changes that occur during treatment to improve cancer treatment outcome, we examined how immune response genes are modulated in prostate cancer cells of varying p53 status. LNCaP (p53 wild-type), PC3 (p53 null) and DU145 (p53 mutant) cells received a 10 Gy single dose or 1 Gy × 10 multifractionated radiation dose to simulate hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated prostate radiotherapy. Total RNA was isolated 24 h after multifractionated radiation treatment and single-dose treatments and subjected to microarray analysis and later validated by RT-PCR. RT-PCR was utilized to identify total-dose inflection points for significantly upregulated genes in response to multifractionated radiation therapy. Radiation-induced damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) and cytokine analyses were performed using bioluminescence and ELISA. Multifractionated doses activated immune response genes more robustly than single-dose treatment, with a relatively larger number of immune genes upregulated in PC3 compared to DU145 and LNCaP cells. The inflection point of multifractionated radiation-induced immune genes in PC3 cells was observed in the range of 8-10 Gy total radiation dose. Although both multifractionated and single-dose radiation-induced proinflammatory DAMPs and positively modulated the cytokine environment, the changes were of higher magnitude with multifractionated therapy. The findings of this study together with the gene expression data suggest that cells subjected to multifractionated radiation treatment would promote productive immune cell-tumor cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- a Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Palayoor ST, John-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN. Differential expression of stress and immune response pathway transcripts and miRNAs in normal human endothelial cells subjected to fractionated or single-dose radiation. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1002-15. [PMID: 24784841 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although modern radiotherapy technologies can precisely deliver higher doses of radiation to tumors, thus, reducing overall radiation exposure to normal tissues, moderate dose, and normal tissue toxicity still remains a significant limitation. The present study profiled the global effects on transcript and miR expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells using single-dose irradiation (SD, 10 Gy) or multifractionated irradiation (MF, 2 Gy × 5) regimens. Longitudinal time points were collected after an SD or final dose of MF irradiation for analysis using Agilent Human Gene Expression and miRNA microarray platforms. Compared with SD, the exposure to MF resulted in robust transcript and miR expression changes in terms of the number and magnitude. For data analysis, statistically significant mRNAs (2-fold) and miRs (1.5-fold) were processed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to uncover miRs associated with target transcripts from several cellular pathways after irradiation. Interestingly, MF radiation induced a cohort of mRNAs and miRs that coordinate the induction of immune response pathway under tight regulation. In addition, mRNAs and miRs associated with DNA replication, recombination and repair, apoptosis, cardiovascular events, and angiogenesis were revealed. IMPLICATIONS Radiation-induced alterations in stress and immune response genes in endothelial cells contribute to changes in normal tissue and tumor microenvironment, and affect the outcome of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeewani T Palayoor
- Authors' Affiliations: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Molykutty John-Aryankalayil
- Authors' Affiliations: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Adeola Y Makinde
- Authors' Affiliations: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | | | | | - C Norman Coleman
- Authors' Affiliations: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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Coleman CN, John-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Palayoor ST. Abstract 425: Fractionated radiation-induced tumor suppressor microRNAs in human prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To understand the role of microRNAs (miRNA) in regulation of radiation-induced gene expression and to help define potential radiation-inducible targets, miRNA expression was studied in wild type p53 LNCaP and p53-mutated PC3 and DU145 cells. We have previously investigated the changes in the molecular profiles of tumor cells that were exposed to single dose (SD) versus fractionated radiation (MF) in vitro, and identified immune and stress response pathways that were induced by fractionated but not single dose radiation. Methods: Cells were exposed to 5Gy and 10Gy either as SD or MF radiation radiation. Microarray analyses were done using human Agilent miRNA Microarray Kit (V2). Data were analyzed using Gene Spring software. Validation of the miRNA expression and gene expression of miRNA targets was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Target filter analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs (>1.5 fold change and p value<0.05) and their mRNA targets were done. Results: Microarray analyses revealed that radiation differentially expressed 84, 68 and 8 miRNAs with high confidence (>1.5fold change, p<0.05) in LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 cells, respectively. MF radiation affected more miRNAs than SD radiation in all cell lines. In LNCaP and PC3 cells, MF radiation upregulated tumor suppressor microRNAs miR-34a, miR-200, miR-135, miR-221 and let7. Baseline expression of miR-34a was markedly reduced in PC3 cells and DU145 cells compared to LNCaP cells. However, miR-34a was upregulated by fractionated irradiation in LNCaP and PC3 cells, but not in DU145 cells. RT_PCR analysis of 22 experimentally verified miR-34a targets, showed distinct expression patterns in PC3 and LNCaP cells 6 and 24 hours after radiation. An inverse correlation of NOTCH1, E2F5 and MDM4 expression was observed in PC3 cells 6 and 24 hours after MF but not in LNCaP cells. On the other hand, IFNB1 showed an inverse correlation only in LNCaP cells. Majority of the differences in the expression patterns of miR-34a targets were at 24 hours after MF. Conclusion: Differences in the miRNA expression exist between cell lines and after varying radiation regimens. Among the three prostate carcinoma cell lines, tumor suppressor miRNAs are upregulated after MF radiation in LNCaP and PC3 cells. Currently, we are in the process of modulating miRNAs and their targets to examine their effects on radio sensitivity.
This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NCI, CCR.
Citation Format: C. Norman Coleman, Molykutty John-Aryankalayil, Adeola Y. Makinde, Sanjeewani T. Palayoor. Fractionated radiation-induced tumor suppressor microRNAs in human prostate carcinoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 425. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-425
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Makinde AY, John-Aryankalayil M, Palayoor ST, Cerna D, Coleman CN. Radiation survivors: understanding and exploiting the phenotype following fractionated radiation therapy. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 11:5-12. [PMID: 23175523 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation oncology modalities such as intensity-modulated and image-guided radiation therapy can reduce the high dose to normal tissue and deliver a heterogeneous dose to tumors, focusing on areas deemed at highest risk for tumor persistence. Clinical radiation oncology produces daily doses ranging from 1 to 20 Gy, with tissues being exposed to 30 or more daily fractions. Hypothesizing the cells that survive fractionated radiation therapy have a substantially different phenotype than the untreated cells, which might be exploitable for targeting with molecular therapeutics or immunotherapy, three prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) and normal endothelial cells were studied to understand the biology of differential effects of multifraction (MF) radiation of 0.5, 1, and/or 2 Gy fraction to 10 Gy total dose, and a single dose of 5 and 10 Gy. The resulting changes in mRNA, miRNA, and phosphoproteome were analyzed. Significant differences were observed in the MF radiation exposures including those from the 0.5 Gy MF that produces little cell killing. As expected, p53 function played a major role in response. Pathways modified by MF include immune response, DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest, TGF-β, survival, and apoptotic signal transduction. The radiation-induced stress response will set forth a unique platform for exploiting the effects of radiation therapy as "focused biology" for cancer treatment in conjunction with molecular targeted or immunologically directed therapy. Given that more normal tissue is treated, albeit to lower doses with these newer techniques, the response of the normal tissue may also influence long-term treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Y Makinde
- National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 10, B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gridley DS, Rizvi A, Makinde AY, Luo-Owen X, Mao XW, Tian J, Slater JM, Pecaut MJ. Space-relevant radiation modifies cytokine profiles, signaling proteins and Foxp3+T cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 89:26-35. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.715792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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John-Aryankalayil M, Palayoor ST, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Simone CB, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN. Fractionated radiation alters oncomir and tumor suppressor miRNAs in human prostate cancer cells. Radiat Res 2012; 178:105-17. [PMID: 22827214 DOI: 10.1667/rr2703.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that prostate carcinoma cells exposed to fractionated radiation differentially expressed more genes compared to single-dose radiation. To understand the role of miRNA in regulation of radiation-induced gene expression, we analyzed miRNA expression in LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells treated with single-dose radiation and fractionated radiation by microarray. Selected miRNAs were studied in RWPE-1 normal prostate epithelial cells by RT-PCR. Fractionated radiation significantly altered more miRNAs as compared to single-dose radiation. Downregulation of oncomiR-17-92 cluster was observed only in the p53 positive LNCaP and RWPE-1 cells treated with single-dose radiation and fractionated radiation. Comparison of miRNA and mRNA data by IPA target filter analysis revealed an inverse correlation between miR-17-92 cluster and several targets including TP53INP1 in p53 signaling pathway. The base level expressions of these miRNAs were significantly different among the cell lines and did not predict the radiation outcome. Tumor suppressor miR-34a and let-7 miRNAs were upregulated by fractionated radiation in radiosensitive LNCaP (p53 positive) and PC3 (p53-null) cells indicating that radiation-induced miRNA expression may not be regulated by p53 alone. Our data support the potential for using fractionated radiation to induce molecular targets and radiation-induced miRNAs may have a significant role in predicting radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molykutty John-Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Gridley DS, Freeman TL, Makinde AY, Wroe AJ, Luo-Owen X, Tian J, Mao XW, Rightnar S, Kennedy AR, Slater JM, Pecaut MJ. Comparison of proton and electron radiation effects on biological responses in liver, spleen and blood. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:1173-81. [PMID: 22035456 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.624393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether differences exist between proton and electron radiations on biological responses after total-body exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice (n=45) were irradiated to 2 Gray (Gy) using fully modulated 70 MeV protons (0.5 Gy/min) and 21 MeV electrons (3 Gy/min). At 36 h post-irradiation liver gene expression, white blood cell (WBC), natural killer (NK) cell and other analyses were performed. RESULTS Oxidative stress-related gene expression patterns were strikingly different for irradiated groups compared to 0 Gy (P<0.05). Proton radiation up-regulated 15 genes (Ctsb, Dnm2, Gpx5, Il19, Il22, Kif9, Lpo, Nox4, Park7, Prdx4, Prdx6, Rag2, Sod3, Srxn1, Xpa) and down-regulated 2 genes (Apoe, Prdx1). After electron irradiation, 20 genes were up-regulated (Aass, Ctsb, Dnm2, Gpx1, Gpx4, Gpx5, Gpx6, Gstk1, Il22, Kif9, Lpo, Nox4, Park7, Prdx3, Prdx4, Prdx5, Rag2, Sod1, Txnrd3, Xpa) and 1 was down-regulated (Mpp4). Of the modified genes, only 11 were common to both forms of radiation. Comparison between the two irradiated groups showed that electrons significantly up-regulated three genes (Gstk1, Prdx3, Scd1). Numbers of WBC and major leukocyte types were low in the irradiated groups (P<0.001 vs. 0 Gy). Hemoglobin and platelet counts were low in the electron-irradiated group (P<0.05 vs. 0 Gy). However, spleens from electron-irradiated mice had higher WBC and lymphocyte counts, as well as enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity, compared to animals exposed to protons (P<0.05). There were no differences between the two irradiated groups in body mass, organ masses, and other assessed parameters, although some differences were noted compared to 0 Gy. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data demonstrate that at least some biological effects induced by electrons may not be directly extrapolated to protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Gridley DS, Luo-Owen X, Rizvi A, Makinde AY, Pecaut MJ, Mao XW, Slater JM. Low-dose Photon and Simulated Solar Particle Event Proton Effects on Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells and other Leukocytes. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2010; 9:637-49. [DOI: 10.1177/153303461000900612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation is a major factor in the spaceflight environment that has carcinogenic potential. Astronauts on missions are continuously exposed to low-dose/low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation and may receive relatively high doses during a solar particle event (SPE) that consists primarily of protons. However, there are very few reports in which LDR photons were combined with protons. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 1.7 Gy simulated SPE (sSPE) protons over 36 h, both with and without pre-exposure to 0.01 Gray (Gy) LDR γ-rays at 0.018 cGy/h. Apoptosis in skin samples was determined by immunohistochemistry immediately post-irradiation (day 0). Spleen mass relative to body mass, white blood cells (WBC), major leukocyte populations, lymphocyte subsets (T, Th, Tc, B, NK), and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells were analyzed on days 4 and 21. Apoptosis in skin samples was evident in all irradiated groups; the LDR+sSPE mice had the greatest expression of activated caspase-3. On day 4 post-irradiation, the sSPE and LDR+sSPE groups had significantly lower WBC counts in blood and spleen compared to non-irradiated controls ( p < 0.05 vs. 0 Gy). CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cell numbers in spleen were decreased at day 4, but proportions were increased in the sSPE and LDR+sSPE groups ( p < 0.05 vs. 0 Gy). By day 21, lymphocyte counts were still low in blood from the LDR+sSPE mice, especially due to reductions in B, NK, and CD8+ T cytotoxic cells. The data demonstrate, for the first time, that pre-exposure to LDR photons did not protect against the adverse effects of radiation mimicking a large solar storm. The increased proportion of immunosuppressive CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg and persistent reduction in circulating lymphocytes may adversely impact immune defenses that include removal of sub-lethally damaged cells with carcinogenic potential, at least for a period of time post-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S. Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
| | - Xian Luo-Owen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
| | - Asma Rizvi
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
| | - Adeola Y. Makinde
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
| | - James M. Slater
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
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Makinde AY, Rizvi A, Crapo JD, Pearlstein RD, Slater JM, Gridley DS. A Metalloporphyrin Antioxidant Alters Cytokine Responses after Irradiation in a Prostate Tumor Model. Radiat Res 2010; 173:441-52. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1765.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gridley DS, Pecaut MJ, Rizvi A, Coutrakon GB, Luo-Owen X, Makinde AY, Slater JM. Low-dose, low-dose-rate proton radiation modulates CD4(+) T cell gene expression. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:250-61. [PMID: 19296339 DOI: 10.1080/09553000902748609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cluster of differentiation 4(+) (CD4(+)) T cell gene expression and related parameters after whole-body exposure to proton radiation as it occurs in the spaceflight environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were irradiated to total doses of 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 gray (Gy) at 0.1 cGy/h. On day 0 spleens were harvested from a subset in the 0, 0.01 and 0.1 Gy groups; (CD4(+)) T cells were isolated; and expression of 84 genes relevant to T helper (Th) cell function was determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Remaining mice were euthanized on days 0, 4, and 21 for additional analyses. RESULTS Genes with >2-fold difference and p < 0.05 compared to 0 Gy were noted. After 0.01 Gy, five genes were up-regulated (Ccr5, Cd40, Cebpb, Igsf6, Tnfsf4) and three were down-regulated (Il4ra, Mapk8, Nfkb1). After 0.1 Gy there were nine up-regulated genes (Ccr4, Cd40, Cebpb, Cxcr3, Socs5, Stat4, Tbx21, Tnfrsf4, Tnfsf4); none were down-regulated. On day 0 after 0.01 Gy, CD4(+) T cell counts and CD4:CD8 ratio were low in the spleen (p < 0.05). Spontaneous DNA synthesis in both spleen and blood was lowest in the 0.01 Gy group on day 0; on days 4 and 21 all p values were >0.1. CONCLUSION The data show that the pattern of gene expression in CD4(+) T cells after protracted low-dose proton irradiation was significantly modified and highly dependent upon total dose. The findings also suggest that low-dose radiation, especially 0.01 Gy, may enhance CD4(+) T cell responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA.
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Gridley DS, Rizvi A, Luo-Owen X, Makinde AY, Pecaut MJ. Low dose, low dose rate photon radiation modifies leukocyte distribution and gene expression in CD4(+) T cells. J Radiat Res 2009; 50:139-50. [PMID: 19346678 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of low dose radiation effects is needed to accurately estimate health risks. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were gamma-irradiated to total doses of 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 Gy ((57)Co; ~0.02 cGy/h). Subsets per group were euthanized at the end of irradiation (day 0) and on days 4 and 21 thereafter. Relative spleen mass and splenic white blood cell (WBC) counts, major leukocyte populations, and spontaneous DNA synthesis were consistently higher in the irradiated groups on day 0 compared to 0 Gy controls, although significance was not always obtained. In the spleen, all three major leukocyte types were significantly elevated on day 0 (P < 0.05). By day 21 post-irradiation the T, B, and natural killer (NK) cell counts, as well as CD4(+) T cells and CD4:CD8 T cell ratio, were low especially in the 0.01 Gy group. Although blood analyses showed no significant differences in leukocyte counts or red blood cell and platelet characteristics, the total T cells, CD4(+) T cells, and NK cells were increased by day 21 after 0.01 Gy (P < 0.05). Gene analysis of CD4(+) T cells negatively isolated from spleens on day 0 after 0.1 Gy showed significantly enhanced expression of Il27 and Tcfcp2, whereas Inha and Socs5 were down-regulated by 0.01 Gy and 0.1 Gy, respectively (P < 0.05). A trend for enhancement was noted in two additional genes (Il1r1 and Tbx21) in the 0.1 Gy group (P < 0.1). The data show that protracted low dose photons had dose- and time-dependent effects on CD4(+) T cells after whole-body exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, CA 92354, USA.
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Makinde AY, Luo-Owen X, Rizvi A, Crapo JD, Pearlstein RD, Slater JM, Gridley DS. Effect of a metalloporphyrin antioxidant (MnTE-2-PyP) on the response of a mouse prostate cancer model to radiation. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:107-118. [PMID: 19331139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metalloporphyrin antioxidants can protect tissues against radiation-induced damage. However, for effective use in radiotherapy as normal tissue radioprotectants, they must not protect the cancer. The major objectives were to evaluate the effects of Mn (III) tetrakis (N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP) on tumor response to radiation and to explore mechanisms responsible for the observed effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with RM-9 prostate tumor cells on day 0 and grouped according to treatment with MnTE-2-PyP (s.c. 6 mg/kg/day beginning on day 1 for 16 maximum days), 10 Gray (Gy) single fraction radiation on day 7, a combination of both or neither. Subsets per group and non-tumor bearing controls were evaluated for leukocyte populations, red blood cell (RBC) and platelet characteristics and cytokines on day 12; the remaining mice were followed for tumor growth. RESULTS Although radiation alone significantly slowed tumor growth and the addition of MnTE-2-PyP resulted in slightly slower tumor progression, the difference between radiation and radiation plus drug was not statistically significant. However, the treatment with drug alone significantly elevated T (helper, Th and cyotoxic, Tc) and natural killer (NK) cells in the spleen, B-cells in the blood and spleen, and the capacity to produce interleukin-2. The addition of the drug to radiation did not ameliorate the depression seen in all the major leukocyte types, but did protect against radiation-induced decreases in RBC counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increased in the plasma from both the irradiated groups and a trend for increased transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) was noted with radiation alone. CONCLUSION MnTE-2-PyP did not protect RM-9 prostate tumors against radiation damage and was not toxic under the conditions used. The drug-induced enhancement of certain immune parameters suggests that MnTE-2-PyP may be beneficial not only as a normal tissue radioprotectant, but also as a facilitator of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Y Makinde
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Gridley DS, Coutrakon GB, Rizvi A, Bayeta EJM, Luo-Owen X, Makinde AY, Baqai F, Koss P, Slater JM, Pecaut MJ. Low-Dose Photons Modify Liver Response to Simulated Solar Particle Event Protons. Radiat Res 2008; 169:280-7. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1155.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Gridley DS, Rizvi A, Luo-Owen X, Makinde AY, Coutrakon GB, Koss P, Slater JM, Pecaut MJ. Variable hematopoietic responses to acute photons, protons and simulated solar particle event protons. In Vivo 2008; 22:159-169. [PMID: 18468399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The goal of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the response of bone marrow-derived cell populations to protons mimicking a space radiation environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 2 Gray (Gy) simulated solar particle event protons (sSPE) over 36 h; energies ranged from 15 to 215 MeV/n and were administered in 10 MeV increments. Acute 2 Gy irradiation with photons (gamma-rays) and protons were administered to different groups at 0.7 Gy/min and 0.9 Gy/min, respectively, for comparison with sSPE. The animals were euthanized on days 4 and 21 post-exposure for analyses. RESULTS Exposure to radiation, regardless of regimen, resulted in immune depression and other abnormalities in cell populations residing in the blood and spleen; the extent of the radiation damage was somewhat dependent upon body compartment and time postexposure. However, variations were also noted among the three radiation regimens in a number of measurements: relative spleen mass, basal DNA synthesis by leukocytes, white blood cell counts and three-part differentials (lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes-macrophages), lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B and NK cells) and erythrocyte and thrombocyte characteristics. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that exposure to proton radiation mimicking a solar explosion induces abnormalities in leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets that may have adverse health consequences. However, the damaging effects of sSPE on leukocytes and platelets were generally less pronounced compared to the other radiation regimens. Results obtained with photons (gamma-rays, X-rays) and monoenergetic protons at space-relevant total doses may not necessarily predict biological responses after exposure to a solar particle event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Gridley DS, Makinde AY, Luo X, Rizvi A, Crapo JD, Dewhirst MW, Moeller BJ, Pearlstein RD, Slater JM. Radiation and a metalloporphyrin radioprotectant in a mouse prostate tumor model. Anticancer Res 2007; 27:3101-3109. [PMID: 17970050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants have the potential to protect normal tissues against radiation-induced damage, but must not protect tumor cells during radiotherapy. The major objectives were to determine whether a metalloporphyrin antioxidant affects prostate tumor response to radiation and identify possible mechanisms of interaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice with RM-9 tumor were treated with manganese (III) meso-tetrakis (1,3-diethylimidazolium-2-yl) porphyrin (MnTDE-2-ImP) and 10 gray (Gy) radiation. Tumor volume was quantified and a subset/group was evaluated for hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), bone marrow-derived cell populations and cytokines. RESULTS The addition of MnTDE-2-ImP transiently increased tumor response compared to radiation alone. The group receiving drug plus radiation had reduced intratumoral HIF-1alpha and decreased capacity to secrete TNF-alpha, whereas production of IL-4 was increased. There were no toxicities associated with combination treatment. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that MnTDE-2-ImP did not protect the RM-9 prostate tumor against radiation; instead, radiation effectiveness was modestly increased. Possible mechanisms include reduction of radiation-induced HIF-1alpha and an altered cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Departments of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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