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Sarwar MF, Zahra A, Awan MF, Ali S, Shafiq M, Muzammil K. Assessing the efficacy of cinnamon compounds against H. pylori through molecular docking, MD Simulations and ADMET analyses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299378. [PMID: 38466698 PMCID: PMC10927141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are the drugs that are used for the management of microbial diseases. However, these conventional synthetic drugs can harmfully affect the human health. Since phytochemicals are extracted from natural sources and, are hence relatively safer for human health, they are the enticing alternatives in this regard. Cinnamon is also one of those plants which is being employed as herbal medication for centuries against certain microbial infections due its significant therapeutic effectiveness. A well-known pathogenic bacterium called H. pylori causes a wide range of illnesses in human body. This pathogen's pathogenicity is determined by certain virulent proteins. In this study, some of such proteins, which included virB4, virB8, and virB9 were selected to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of cinnamon compounds. These proteins were identified in different isolates of H. pylori. The structural modelling of all these proteins were performed initially in order to proceed them for molecular docking analysis. While, the docking studies illustrated that one of the cinnamon compounds, cinnamyl acetate, showed significant binding interactions with virB4 and virB9. However, benzyl benzoate which is another cinnamon compound, docked well with virB8. Afterwards, the MD simulations were incorporated to explore the interaction motions and structural stability of all the docked complexes. In this regard, the resultant maps of Bfactor, eigenvalues and elastic network model, among other factors ensured the structural stabilities of all the respective complexes. After these crucial estimations, benzyl benzoate and cinnamyl acetate underwent the ADMET investigation to assess their pharmacokinetic characteristics. SwissADME and ADMETLab 2.0 server were employed for this investigation. The compiled findings these servers revealed that both, benzyl benzoate and cinnamyl acetate, exhibited a significant level of pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness conformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farhan Sarwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Knowledge Unit of Science (KUSC), University of Management and Technology Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Afnan Zahra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College for Women University Sialkot (GCWUS), Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Mudassar Fareed Awan
- Department of Biotechnology, Knowledge Unit of Science (KUSC), University of Management and Technology Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Sajed Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Knowledge Unit of Science (KUSC), University of Management and Technology Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Biotechnology, Knowledge Unit of Science (KUSC), University of Management and Technology Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
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Rehman H, Ali Z, Qadir A, H. Farooq M, Shuaib A, Zahra A, Shahzady T, Hussain H. Synthesis of CuO-NPS by simple wet chemical method using various dicarboxylic acid salts as precursors: Spectral characterization and in-vitro biological evaluation. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2020. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v34i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a simple chemical reduction method was employed to synthesize CuO-NPs. Various dicarboxylic acids were converted into Cu(II) salt of dicarboxylic acid which were used as precursors. NPs were produced by reducing precursors with NaBH4. Characteristics of synthesized NPs were investigated by using important analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Developed NPs were investigated for their antibacterial activity against a range of bacterial strains by employing agar well diffusion method. CuO-NPs exhibited good to moderate activity against E-Coli, B. Subtilis and poor activity against K. pneumonia and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It was found that amongst all experienced compounds sample 2 showed good activity with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) 10 µg/mL (zone of inhibition: 22± 0.12 mm) while sample 3 showed poor activity with MIC 40 µg/mL (zone of inhibition: 8.0 ± 0.18 mm).
KEY WORDS: CuO-NPs, Dicarboxylic acids, Sodium borohydride, Antibacterial study
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(2), 323-334
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i2.10
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Hayat K, Rabbani AH, Qamar AG, H. Gardezi SF, Waheed A, Adil MF, Haider MU, Raza AI, Afzal H, Zahra A, Waqas M. The comparative efficacy of nalbuphine and tramadol in controlling postoperative shivering in rabbits. Matrix Sci Med 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/mtsm.mtsm_25_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Rehman H, Ali Z, G. Shahzady T, A. Abid M, Nazir S, Hussain H, Zahra A, Hussain I. Synthesis, X-ray analysis and antibacterial study of silver complex with ethyl-5-hydroxy- 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2019. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v33i3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Rehman H, Qadir A, Ali Z, Nazir S, Zahra A, G. Shahzady T. Synthesis and characterization of novel sulfonamides derivatives and their antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity evaluation. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2018. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v31i3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zahra A, Madelénat A, Gautier R, Marcellin-Little DJ, Hulse D, Guénégo L. Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in large and giant dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1616587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryForty-two dogs weighing between 30 and 87 kg (mean body weight of 49 kg) with cranial cruciate ligament ruptures (CCLR) were treated with a modified lateral extra-capsular stabilization using braided polyester prosthetic ligament-suture anchor technique. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of 48 stifles were retrospectively evaluated with a mean follow-up of 18 months. Ten dogs had pulled out their bone anchors with no clinical relevance. Draining tracts did not appear. Despite mild radiographic progression of osteoarthritis, all of the dogs regained acceptable function of the operated limb.
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Zahra A, Plichta K, Smith M, Menezes A, Buatti J. Residual Tumor Volume Impacts Progression Free Survival in Intracranial Ependymoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sperduto P, Deegan B, Li J, Jethwa K, Brown P, Lockney N, Beal K, Rana N, Attia A, Shanley R, Lou E, Zahra A, Buatti J, Molitoris J, Yu J, Chiang V, Masucci G, Roberge D, Olson A, Kirkpatrick J, Braunstein S, Sneed P, Shi D, Shih H, Mehta M. Prognostic Factors in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma and Brain Metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rountree C, Zahra A, Russo J, O'Keefe J, Andresen N, Mott S, Herr D, Allen B, Sharma A, Bhatia S, Buatti J, Watkins J. Once- (QD) Versus Twice-Daily (BID) Radiation Therapy (RT) Plus Concurrent Chemotherapy for Limited-Stage (LS) Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): A Comparative Outcomes Analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sun LY, Lee EW, Zahra A, Park JH. Should non-citizens have access to publicly funded health care? Public Health 2015; 129:1157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zahra A, Lee EW, Sun LY, Park JH. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes mortality, and their relation to socio-economical, environmental, and health behavioural factors in worldwide view. Public Health 2015; 129:385-95. [PMID: 25724438 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, non-communicable diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, represent a leading threat to human health and development. This study observed mortality trends in all income group countries in relation to a wide variety of related factors like economical and environmental factors, health behaviour and health risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Ecological study. METHOD Data were analysed for 72 countries using the ecological study method. Data were collected from various sources including WHO, World Bank and previous studies. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes mortality rates for males and females were used as the dependent variables. GDP, GINI, literacy rate, urbanization, health expenditure, the number of physicians and the number of beds, BMI, western diet, blood glucose, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, physical inactivity, alcohol, and smoking were used as the independent variables initially. The final model was decided on the basis of availability of complete data and result of co-linearity test. Correlation test and linear regression were employed to identify the affecting factors for the dependent variables. RESULT Analysis showed that cardiovascular disease and diabetes mortality was more concentrated in middle- and low-income countries and was negatively associated with GDP, GINI, and western diet. Countries with high average blood pressure had higher mortality rates showing a positive relationship. CONCLUSION Non-communicable disease mortality rate is strongly associated with many economical, social, environmental, and behavioural factors. More comprehensive preventive and diagnostic strategies are needed to decrease mortality especially in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zahra
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - E-W Lee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - L-Y Sun
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Park
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
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Saljooque F, Ho A, Wu B, Zahra A, U HS. Induction of pancreatic phenotypes in central nervous system derived pluripotential progenitor cells. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2010; 119:101-10. [PMID: 20827659 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1255105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal rat brain stem cells (RSCs) have been induced to express pituitary properties when exposed to pituitary cells (U et al., 2002). In this study, we explored whether these RSCs could also be influenced to acquire properties characteristic of the pancreas. To this end, RSCs in culture were exposed to media conditioned by rat islet tumor cells and media containing Exendin-4 and nicotinamide since both have been shown to induce pancreatic phenotypes in embryonic stem cells. Lastly, an expression construct for pdx-1 was introduced into RSCs. The expression of pancreatic markers was analyzed using RT-PRC and immunocytochemistry. When RSCs were exposed to rat islet tumor cell conditioned media and media containing Exendin-4 and nicotinamide, the expression of pdx-1, insulin and somatostatin were observed. They also acquired a spherical shape typical of pancreatic cells in culture. Under these varied conditions, transcriptional factors essential to pancreatic development such as pdx-1 and Isl-1 were induced. The critical role of pdx-1 in stimulating certain endocrine pancreatic properties in RSCs was further confirmed upon the introduction of an expression construct for pdx-1 which markedly induced insulin and somatostatin. Taken together, these findings suggests that fetal brain stem cells are pluripotent and can be reprogrammed to acquire pancreatic properties through pathways which involved the transcription factor Pdx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saljooque
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Veterans Administration San Diego Health Care System and The University of California - San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Collignon C, Zahra A, Guenego L, Gautier R, Madelenat A. Polyarthrite associée à une leishmaniose chez un jeune chien. Pratique Médicale et Chirurgicale de l'Animal de Compagnie 2009. [PMCID: PMC7147862 DOI: 10.1016/j.anicom.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Un chien de race Cane corso, mâle, âgé de deux ans, est examiné en consultation pour abattement et dysorexie. Il présente également une boiterie d’appui persistante du membre postérieur gauche depuis plusieurs semaines. À l’examen clinique, le chien est en hyperthermie (39,3 °C) ; il a des saignements spontanés des babines, une polyadénomégalie périphérique, notamment des nœuds lymphatiques poplités, ainsi qu’une splénomégalie. Par ailleurs, l’examen orthopédique montre que les tarses sont gonflés et chauds. Cela laisse suspecter une synovite bilatérale. L’examen cytologique des nœuds lymphatiques et du liquide synovial permet de diagnostiquer avec certitude une leishmaniose. En effet, de très nombreuses formes amastigotes sont visualisées dans les macrophages. Une analyse par PCR sur sang, liquide synovial, suc ganglionnaire et ponction de moelle osseuse écarte l’ehrlichiose et la borréliose. Une PCR leishmaniose sur sang est également effectuée pour suivre la réponse au traitement. Malgré une forte infestation, une anémie non régénérative, une leucopénie, des signes de néphropathie et l’apparition d’une épistaxis, le chien est traité avec succès principalement à l’aide d’antimoniate de méglumine, d’allopurinol, de corticostéroïdes, associés à des antibiotiques.
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Guénégo L, Zahra A, Madelénat A, Gautier R, Marcellin-Little DJ, Hulse D. Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in large and giant dogs. A retrospective evaluation of a modified lateral extracapsular stabilization. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2007; 20:43-50. [PMID: 17364096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Forty-two dogs weighing between 30 and 87 kg (mean body weight of 49 kg) with cranial cruciate ligament ruptures (CCLR) were treated with a modified lateral extra-capsular stabilization using braided polyester prosthetic ligament-suture anchor technique. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of 48 stifles were retrospectively evaluated with a mean follow-up of 18 months. Ten dogs had pulled out their bone anchors with no clinical relevance. Draining tracts did not appear. Despite mild radiographic progression of osteoarthritis, all of the dogs regained acceptable function of the operated limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guénégo
- Clinique Vétérinaire du Vernet, 366 Avenue de Labarthe, 31810 Le Vernet, France.
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Conti M, Zahra A, Antoine J, Rop PP, Viala A. [Some analytical aspects of mescaline]. J Toxicol Clin Exp 1990; 10:385-94. [PMID: 2130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mescaline was extracted from a vegetal powder, seazed on the "Côte d'Azur", then analyzed by several techniques (thin layer chromatography, infra-red spectrometry, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) and determined by high performance liquid chromatography with methyl-amphetamine as internal standard. The powder contained 0.76% of mescaline. The presence of a possible isomer was noted in the powder as well as in a "old" sample of mescaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conti
- Laboratoire Interrégional de Police Scientifique, Marseille
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Rop PP, Spinazzola J, Zahra A, Bresson M, Quicke J, Viala A. Column liquid chromatographic analysis of barbiturates in biological fluids. J Chromatogr 1988; 427:172-80. [PMID: 3410899 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(88)80118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P P Rop
- Laboratoire Interrégional de Police Scientifique de Marseille, France
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Affiliation(s)
- V Somasundaram
- Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College, India
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Affiliation(s)
- V Somasundaram
- Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College, India
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Krishnaram AS, Razack EM, Zahra A. Immunocyte derived amyloidosis. J Dermatol 1987; 14:175-7. [PMID: 3301965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1987.tb03554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Somasundaram V, Premalatha S, Rao NR, Abdul Razack EM, Zahra A. Deep angiomatous nevus with ipsilateral cataract. Int J Dermatol 1987; 26:108-9. [PMID: 3570580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1987.tb00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Acanthosis palmaris, a recently described dermatologic entity, is often associated with internal malignancy. We report the development, disappearance, and reappearance of this condition in a patient with bullous pemphigoid. Relevant screening tests did not reveal any internal malignant neoplasm. The significance of the appearance and disappearance of the condition is discussed.
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Abstract
One hundred probands of vitiligo were studied for palmar dermatoglyphics, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and were compared with those of 100 phenotypically normal control subjects. Ulnar loop pattern was the most common digital pattern observed in both probands and controls. An increased incidence of whorls and arches in men and women probands, respectively, was found to be statistically significant when compared with those of controls. Simian crease and Sydney line also have been observed in the present study, which has not been previously reported. A statistically highly significant reduction has been observed in total finger ridge count (TFRC) and a-b ridge count in both sexes of vitiligo cases when compared with those of controls. No significant changes was observed in the values of atd angle and position of axial triradius.
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Abstract
A summary is presented of yaws control programs, from their initiation up to the present, in India, Indonesia, and Thailand. In all three countries, the prevalence was spectacularly reduced. From 1950 to 1961, in Java and Bali the rates fell from 11.34% to 0.72%, and comparable results were achieved in India and Thailand. In all programs, resurveys were carried out after the original mass treatment campaigns, and quite successful efforts were made to integrate the yaws control activities into more general health services. Although a small number of active cases of yaws in localized foci are still found, with the rapid expansion of primary health services and continuing surveillance for yaws and the appropriate use of selective or juvenile mass treatment approaches, it should be possible to achieve eradication in the foreseeable future.
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Kumar PM, Ranganathan C, Premalatha S, Rao NR, Abdul Razack EM, Zahra A. Papillon-Lefevre syndrome. Indian Pediatr 1985; 22:244-6. [PMID: 3161827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sarveswari KN, Sumitra S, Yesudian P, Zahra A. De Sanctis and Cacchione's syndrome. Indian Pediatr 1984; 21:497-500. [PMID: 6511079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ranjini G, Janaki C, Premalatha S, Zahra A. Blepharochalasis--a case report. Indian J Dermatol 1984; 29:35-8. [PMID: 6545239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Razack EM, Zahra A. Multi-drug treatment for reactions in leprosy. Lepr India 1981; 53:204-12. [PMID: 7253572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thirty three leprosy patients in reaction were treated with a combination of Metronidazole--Diethyl carbamazine citrate--Chloroquin which was reinforced either with prednisolone and/or Clofazimine in some, depending on the clinical state. The results were quite encouraging as to recommend the combination alone to be the first choice while encountering leprosy patients in reaction early during the maiden spell--at no time in any case was Dapsone withdrawn.
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Zahra A. Diarrheal diseases. Trop Doct 1979; 9:1-2. [PMID: 419556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zahra A, Strudwick R. The role of the World Health Organization in health related aspects of family planning. Int J Health Serv 1973; 3:701-7. [PMID: 4150926 DOI: 10.2190/jled-7eqd-4j3f-9wlf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As part of its mandate and in answer to requests from governments, the World Health Organization works in three main areas relating to human reproduction, family planning, and population dynamics: the introduction of family planning into health services, provision of appropriate education and training for health personnel at all levels, and research in human reproduction, both biomedical and operational. The underlying strategy of the organization is to assist the strengthening of national health services, family planning being included as an integral part of health care. To help administrations to meet the demands posed by the increased scope and multidisciplinary nature of family planning, WHO pays particular attention to the planning, administration, and evaluation of projects, emphasizing the use of modern managerial techniques and the importance of operational research. WHO sponsors scientific and technical meetings in human reproduction, family planning, and population dynamics, to provide an international forum for collaborative efforts and to emphasize the importance of national and international coordination of efforts and resources.
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