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Sutor-Świeży K, Górska R, Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Dziedzic E, Bieniasz M, Mielczarek P, Popenda Ł, Pasternak K, Tyszka-Czochara M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Stefańska M, Błyszczuk P, Wybraniec S. Basella alba L. (Malabar Spinach) as an Abundant Source of Betacyanins: Identification, Stability, and Bioactivity Studies on Natural and Processed Fruit Pigments. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:2943-2962. [PMID: 38301126 PMCID: PMC10870984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of acylated and decarboxylated gomphrenins, as well as Basella alba L. fruit extract, were investigated in relation to gomphrenin, known for its high biological potential. The most abundant natural acylated gomphrenins, namely, 6'-O-E-caffeoyl-gomphrenin (malabarin) and 6'-O-E-4-coumaroyl-gomphrenin (globosin), were isolated from B. alba extract for the studies. In addition, controlled thermal decarboxylation of gomphrenin in the purified B. alba extract at 65-75 °C resulted in the formation of the most prevalent decarboxylated products, including 17-decarboxy-gomphrenin and 2,17-bidecarboxy-gomphrenin, along with their isoforms. The structures of the decarboxylated pigments were confirmed by NMR analyses. Exploring the matrix effect on pigment reactivity revealed a tremendous increase in the stability of all betacyanins after the initial stage of extract purification using a cation exchanger under various conditions. This indicates the removal of a substantial portion of the unfavorable matrix from the extract, which presumably contains reactive species that could otherwise degrade the pigments. Furthermore, the high concentration of citrates played a significant role in favoring the formation of 2-decarboxy-gomphrenin to a considerable extent. In vitro screening experiments revealed that the tested compounds demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory properties in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human macrophages. This effect encompassed the selective inhibition of cytokine and chemokine release from activated macrophages, modulation of the chemotactic activity of immune cells, and the regulation of tissue remodeling mediators' release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sutor-Świeży
- Department
C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Krakow 31-155, Poland
| | - Renata Górska
- Department
C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Krakow 31-155, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department
C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Krakow 31-155, Poland
- South
Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
- Faculty
of Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Ewa Dziedzic
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University
of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 54, Krakow 31-425, Poland
| | - Monika Bieniasz
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University
of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 54, Krakow 31-425, Poland
| | - Przemysław Mielczarek
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science
and Ceramics, AGH University of Science
and Technology, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
- Laboratory
of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical
Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Karol Pasternak
- Institute
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy
of Sciences, ul. Noskowskiego
12/14, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | | | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Faculty
of Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Monika Stefańska
- Faculty
of Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Faculty
of Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department
C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Krakow 31-155, Poland
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Górska R, Krok-Borkowicz M, Mielczarek P, Popenda Ł, Lystvan K, Pamuła E, Wybraniec S. Unveiling Alternative Oxidation Pathways and Antioxidant and Cardioprotective Potential of Amaranthin-Type Betacyanins from Spinach-like Atriplex hortensis var. ' Rubra'. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:15017-15034. [PMID: 37791532 PMCID: PMC10591473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive oxidation mechanism was investigated for amaranthin-type betacyanins with a specific glucuronosylglucosyl moiety isolated from Atriplex hortensis 'rubra' using liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) and LC-Quadrupole-Orbitrap-MS (LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). By employing one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, this study elucidates the chemical structures of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)-oxidized celosianins for the first time. These findings demonstrate alternative oxidation pathways for acylated betacyanins compared to well-known betanidin, betanin, and gomphrenin pigments. Contrary to previous research, we uncover the existence of 17-decarboxy-neo- and 2,17-bidecarboxy-xanneo-derivatives as the initial oxidation products without the expected 2-decarboxy-xan forms. These oxidized compounds demonstrated potent free radical scavenging properties. Celosianin (IC50 = 23 μg/mL) displayed slightly higher antioxidant activity compared to oxidized forms, 17-decarboxy-neocelosianin (IC50 = 34 μg/mL) and 2,17-bidecarboxy-xanneocelosianin (IC50 = 29 μg/mL). The oxidized compounds showed no cytotoxic effects on H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts (0.1-100 μg/mL). Additionally, treatment of H9c2 cells with the oxidized compounds (0.1-10 μg/mL) elevated glutathione levels and exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced cell death. These findings have significant implications for understanding the impact of oxidation processes on the structures and biological activities of acylated betalains, providing valuable insights for future studies of the bioavailability and biological mechanism of their action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department
of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Cracow University
of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- South
Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
- Faculty
of Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Renata Górska
- Department
of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Cracow University
of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz
- Department
of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Mielczarek
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science
and Ceramics, AGH University of Science
and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza
30, 30059 Cracow, Poland
- Laboratory
of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical
Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Kateryna Lystvan
- Department
of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Cell
Biology and Genetic Engineering of National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine (NASU), Academika
Zabolotnoho, 148, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elżbieta Pamuła
- Department
of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department
of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Cracow University
of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Górska R, Krok-Borkowicz M, Reczyńska-Kolman K, Mielczarek P, Popenda Ł, Spórna-Kucab A, Tekieli A, Pamuła E, Wybraniec S. Betalains isolated from underexploited wild plant Atriplex hortensis var. rubra L. exert antioxidant and cardioprotective activity against H9c2 cells. Food Chem 2023; 414:135641. [PMID: 36809729 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Atriplex hortensis var. rubra L. extracts prepared from leaves, seeds with sheaths, and stems were characterized for betalainic profiles by spectrophotometry, LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and LC-Orbitrap-MS techniques. The presence of 12 betacyanins in the extracts was strongly correlated with high antioxidant activity measured by ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC assays. Comparative assessment between samples indicated the highest potential for celosianin and amaranthin (IC50 21.5 and 32.2 μg/ml, respectively). The chemical structure of celosianin was elucidated for the first time by complete 1D and 2D NMR analysis. Our findings also demonstrate that betalain-rich A. hortensis extracts and purified pigments (amaranthin and celosianin) do not induce cytotoxicity in a wide concentration range in rat cardiomyocytes model (up to 100 μg/ml for extracts and 1 mg/ml for pigments). Furthermore, tested samples effectively protect H9c2 cells from H2O2-induced cell death and prevent from apoptosis induced by Paclitaxel. The effects were observed at sample concentrations between 0.1 and 10 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000 SA, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005 SA, Australia.
| | - Renata Górska
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Reczyńska-Kolman
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Mielczarek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Cracow, Poland; Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aneta Spórna-Kucab
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Tekieli
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pamuła
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Spórna-Kucab A, Jerz G, Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Tekieli A, Wybraniec S. High-speed countercurrent chromatography for isolation and enrichment of betacyanins from fresh and dried leaves of Atriplex hortensis L. var. "Rubra". J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4222-4236. [PMID: 34586718 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Betacyanins and their decarboxylated derivatives from fresh and dried edible leaves of Atriplex hortensis L. var. "Rubra" were fractionated for the first time by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Pigments present in fresh leaf extract were separated in systems: ethanol - acetonitrile - n-propanol - ammonium sulphate - water (0.5:0.5:0.5:1.2:1.0, v/v/v/v/v) (tail-to-head mode) and tert-butyl methyl ether - n-butanol - acetonitrile - water with 0.7% heptafluorobutyric acid (2:2:1:5, v/v/v/v) (head-to-tail mode). The mobile phase flow rate was 2 mL/min and the retention of the stationary phase was 79.8 and 75.2%, respectively. Pigments from dried leaves were separated in a similar ion-pair system with heptafluorobutyric acid in different volume proportions 1:3:1:5 (head-to-tail mode) and the flow rate of the mobile phase 3 mL/min. The stationary phase retention was 64.0%. The application of the countercurrent chromatography for the fractionation of betacyanins from leaves of Atriplex hortensis enabled to isolate and pre-concentrate the pigments for further low- and high-resolution liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric detection. This study revealed the presence of 10 betacyanins in fresh and 16 in dried leaves of Atriplex hortensis. Two compounds were not previously identified in the whole Amaranthaceae family. Additionally, instead of (iso)amaranthin, celosianin and its epimer were dominant betacyanins in the Atriplex hortensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Spórna-Kucab
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gerold Jerz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Tekieli
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Świergosz T, Sutor K, Spórna-Kucab A, Wybraniec S. Multi-colored shades of betalains: recent advances in betacyanin chemistry. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:2315-2346. [PMID: 34515277 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2001 to 2021Betacyanins cover a class of remarkable natural red-violet plant pigments with prospective chemical and biological properties for wide-ranging applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and the cosmetic industry. Betacyanins, forming the betalain pigment group together with yellow betaxanthins, have gained much attention due to the increasing social awareness of the positive impact of natural products on human health. Betalains are commercially recognized as natural food colorants with preliminarily ascertained, but to be further investigated, health-promoting properties. In addition, they exhibit a remarkable structural diversity based on glycosylated and acylated varieties. The main research directions for natural plant pigments are focused on their structure elucidation, methods of their separation and analysis, biological activities, bioavailability, factors affecting their stability, industrial applications as a plant-based food, natural colorants, drugs, and cosmetics as well as methods for high-yield production and stabilization. This review covers period of the last two decades of betacyanin research. In the first part of the review, we present an updated classification of all known betacyanins and their derivatives identified by chemical means as well as by mass spectrometric and NMR techniques. In the second part, we review the current research reports focused on the chemical properties of the pigments (decarboxylation, oxidation, conjugation, and chlorination reactions as well as the acyl group migration phenomenon) and describe the semi-synthesis of natural and artificial fluorescent betalamic acid conjugates, showing various prospective research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sutor
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Aneta Spórna-Kucab
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Popenda L, Wybraniec S. Identification of Novel Low-Weight Sulfhydryl Conjugates of Oxidized 5- O- and 6- O-Substituted Betanidin Pigments. ACS Omega 2020; 5:14955-14967. [PMID: 32637769 PMCID: PMC7330895 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of conjugates of oxidized betacyanin pigments with selected low-weight sulfhydryl scavengers was studied. Short-lived quinonoids, quinone methides, and aminochromes derived from oxidized betacyanins are able to form adducts with different efficiencies. In this report, mass spectrometric and NMR identifications of CS-linked conjugates of cysteine, cysteamine, N-acetylcysteine, and dl-dithiolthreitol with quinonoid forms generated through oxidation of betanidin, betanin, and gomphrenin is presented. An adduct that formed between cysteine and quinonoid generated from betanin by its oxidation and decarboxylation (2-decarboxy-xanbetanin) was detected and reported for the first time. The most stable gomphrenin CS-conjugate, N-acetylcysteinylated gomphrenin, was isolated by semipreparative chromatography and its structure was established by NMR analysis. This enabled to confirm the conjugation position at carbon C-4 and to indicate the presence of a dopachromic intermediate during oxidation of gomphrenin. Conjugation of betacyanins with thiol-bearing moieties may generate new molecules with modified chemical and biological properties. Obtained results confirm that gomphrenin is capable of forming CS-conjugates with higher efficiency than betanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland
| | - L̷ukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical
Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sl̷awomir Wybraniec
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland
- ; . Tel.: +48-12-628-3074. Fax: +48-12-628-2036
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Starzak K, Sutor K, Nemzer B, Pietrzkowski Z, Popenda Ł, Wybraniec S. Structural Study on Hypochlorous Acid-Mediated Chlorination of Betanin and Its Decarboxylated Derivatives from an Anti-Inflammatory Beta vulgaris L. Extract. Molecules 2020; 25:E378. [PMID: 31963358 PMCID: PMC7024289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced by neutrophils is a part of the natural innate immune response system in the human body, but excessive levels of HOCl can ultimately be detrimental to health. Recent reports suggest that betacyanin plant pigments can act as potent scavengers of inflammatory factors and are notably effective against HOCl. In this contribution, chlorination mechanism and position of the electrophilic substitution in betacyanins was studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry and further structural analyses by NMR techniques, which completed the identification of the chlorinated betacyanins. For the study on the influence of the position of decarboxylation on the chlorination mechanism, a comparison of the chlorination position between betanin as well as 17-, and 2,17-decarboxylated betanins was performed. The structural study confirmed that the chlorination position in betanin occurs within the dihydropyridinic moiety at carbon C-18. Therefore, out of the aqueous free chlorine equilibrium species: HOCl, OCl-, Cl2, and Cl2O, the most potent chlorinating agents are HOCl and Cl2O postulated previously and the attack of the Cl⁺ ion on the carbon C-18 with a cyclic intermediate version is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-J.); (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Karolina Starzak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-J.); (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Sutor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-J.); (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Boris Nemzer
- Chemistry Research, VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA;
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-J.); (K.S.); (K.S.)
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