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Al-Taher F, Nemzer B. Effect of Germination on Fatty Acid Composition in Cereal Grains. Foods 2023; 12:3306. [PMID: 37685238 PMCID: PMC10487171 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprouted grains are gaining popularity as functional food ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid and fatty acid composition of eight sprouted grains (millet, amaranth, quinoa, wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, and oat). The method used was germination for up to 72 h at temperatures ranging from 19-23 °C. In general, the lipid content increased in the various grains sprouted, providing a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The % oil yield ranged from 1.17 ± 0.02% in sprouted rye to 5.71 ± 0.26% in sprouted amaranth. Germinated oat showed the greatest increase in fat content, 54.3%, compared to the control. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were more prevalent in whole grains (46.9-75.6%) than saturated fatty acids (10.1-25.9%) and increased with sprouting. The primary fatty acids detected in the grains, in order of abundance, were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, linolenic, and stearic acids. Millet sprouts contained the lowest total saturated fatty acids and the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids. Amaranth had the highest amount of saturated fatty acids, while buckwheat contained the lowest quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lowest omega-6/omega-3 ratio was 7 to 1 in sprouted rye and 8 to 1 in sprouted barley.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Nemzer B, Al-Taher F. Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in Sprouted Grains. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091853. [PMID: 37174393 PMCID: PMC10178583 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A whole-grain diet is associated with the prevention of metabolic syndromes, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Sprouting improves the nutritional profile and bioactive properties of grains, which are important for use as raw ingredients in the food industry. The aim of this review was to examine the lipid and fatty acid composition of germinated grains. The methods discussed include germination and analytical procedures for determining fat and fatty acid contents of grains. The effects of sprouting on the fat content and storage stability of grains were also assessed. Lipid levels ranged from 1.43% to 6.66% in the sprouted grains. The individual fatty acid content of grains changed depending on the germination conditions (17-37 °C, 1-9 days). Limited findings showed that sprouting grains at higher temperatures (20-25 °C) and longer times generated a healthy balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which is beneficial to humans. Future studies are needed to determine the optimum incubation and germination periods specific to each grain to improve the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. Free fatty acids were produced more slowly and levels of oxidation products were lower in sprouted grains than in the raw ingredients when stored for a year. Additional studies are required to investigate the oxidative stability and shelf life of sprouted grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nemzer
- Research & Development, VDF/FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Fadwa Al-Taher
- Research & Development, VDF/FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA
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Nemzer B, Edwards J, Kalita D. Matrix-Specific Effects on Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid Complexation in a Novel Extract of Whole Coffea arabica Coffee Cherry by NMR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227803. [PMID: 36431907 PMCID: PMC9695207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coffee cherry is a rich source of caffeine and chlorogenic acids. In this study we investigate the structural analysis of caffeine-enriched whole coffee cherry extracts, CEWCCE by using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The changes in 1H chemical shift data in NMR spectra of CEWCCE compared to pure caffeine indicated the formation of complexes between caffeine and chlorogenic acids in aqueous solution. The effect of complexation on the peak position of caffeoylquinic acid and caffeine resonance with increasing addition of caffeine was investigated. 2D NOESY experiments show the presence of cross-peaks that are due to the proximity of chlorogenic acid and caffeine molecules in stable complexes in protic solvents. The quantification data of caffeine by 1H qNMR was found to be in close agreement with the data obtained by HPLC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - John Edwards
- Process NMR Associates, LLC, Poughkeepsie, NY 12603, USA
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Vargas L, Kapoor R, Nemzer B, Feng H. Application of different drying methods for evaluation of phytochemical content and physical properties of broccoli, kale, and spinach. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nemzer B, Kalita D, Abshiru N. Quantification of Major Bioactive Constituents, Antioxidant Activity, and Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of Whole Coffee Cherries ( Coffea arabica) and Their Extracts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144306. [PMID: 34299581 PMCID: PMC8305692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee cherry is a rich source of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and caffeine. In this study we examined the potential antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory effects of whole coffee cherries (WCC) and their two extracts on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, which are targets for the control of diabetes and Alzheimer’s diseases. Whole coffee cherry extract 40% (WCCE1) is rich in chlorogenic acid compounds, consisting of a minimum of 40% major isomers, namely 3-caffeoylquinic acids, 4-caffeoylquinic acids, 5-caffeoylquinic acids, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4-feruloylquinc acid, and 5-feruloylquinc acid. Whole coffee cherry extract 70% (WCCE2) is rich in caffeine, with a minimum of 70%. WCCE1 inhibited the activities of digestive enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and WCCE2 inhibited acetylcholinesterase activities with their IC50 values of 1.74, 2.42, and 0.09 mg/mL, respectively. Multiple antioxidant assays—including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC, HORAC, NORAC, and SORAC—demonstrated that WCCE1 has strong antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA; (D.K.); (N.A.)
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Diganta Kalita
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA; (D.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Nebiyu Abshiru
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA; (D.K.); (N.A.)
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Nemzer B, Abshiru N, Al-Taher F. Identification of Phytochemical Compounds in Coffea arabica Whole Coffee Cherries and Their Extracts by LC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:3430-3438. [PMID: 33689321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current work assessed the phytochemical contents of Arabica whole coffee cherry (WCC) and its two commercially available extracts: a minimum 40% chlorogenic acid (CGA; WCCE-1) and 70% caffeine (WCCE-2). Mass spectrometry analyses tentatively identified 219 phytochemicals in the three coffee samples, which is, so far, the largest number of identifications in a single study. A new group of CGA derivative namely caffeoylvaleroylquinic acid (CVQA) was identified in the three samples. Moreover, three 5-hydroxytryptamide derivatives (C20-5HT, C22-5HT, and C24-5HT) were identified in WCC but not in the extracts. Two groups of atractyligenin derivatives (carboxyatractyligenin and noncarboxyatractyligenin) were identified in the three samples. Furthermore, our results show that both extracts retained a large number of phenolic and other potentially bioactive compounds that were naturally present in whole coffee cherry (WCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc, Momence, Illinois 60954, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nebiyu Abshiru
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc, Momence, Illinois 60954, United States
| | - Fadwa Al-Taher
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc, Momence, Illinois 60954, United States
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Nemzer B, Al-Taher F, Abshiru N. Phytochemical composition and nutritional value of different plant parts in two cultivated and wild purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) genotypes. Food Chem 2020; 320:126621. [PMID: 32203838 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is a weed naturally found in driveways, lawns, and fields and edible in many regions of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Australia. The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional and phytochemical components of cultivated and wild purslane. Omega-3 contents of both purslane genotypes were comparable with 189.16 ± 25.52 mg/100 g dry weight and 188.48 ± 6.35 mg/100 g dry weight in cultivated and wild purslane leaves, respectively. Omega-6/omega-3 ratio (1:1-1:3) were low in both genotypes. However, high levels of oxalic acid were observed. Cultivated contained greater amounts of amino acids and vitamins than wild purslane. Of the 184 compounds identified in both genotypes by LC-MS/MS, including phenolic acids, organic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and betanin, more than 80 showed greater than two-fold abundance in the wild compared to cultivated purslane. Purslane has the potential to be cultivated as a food ingredient for nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc, Momence, IL 60954, USA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kumorkiewicz A, Sutor K, Nemzer B, Pietrzkowski Z, Wybraniec S. Thermal Decarboxylation of Betacyanins in Red Beet Betalain-Rich Extract. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/114897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Starzak K, Sutor K, Nemzer B, Pietrzkowski Z, Popenda Ł, Wybraniec S. Structural Study on Hypochlorous Acid-Mediated Chlorination of Betanin and Its Decarboxylated Derivatives from an Anti-Inflammatory Beta vulgaris L. Extract. Molecules 2020; 25:E378. [PMID: 31963358 PMCID: PMC7024289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced by neutrophils is a part of the natural innate immune response system in the human body, but excessive levels of HOCl can ultimately be detrimental to health. Recent reports suggest that betacyanin plant pigments can act as potent scavengers of inflammatory factors and are notably effective against HOCl. In this contribution, chlorination mechanism and position of the electrophilic substitution in betacyanins was studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry and further structural analyses by NMR techniques, which completed the identification of the chlorinated betacyanins. For the study on the influence of the position of decarboxylation on the chlorination mechanism, a comparison of the chlorination position between betanin as well as 17-, and 2,17-decarboxylated betanins was performed. The structural study confirmed that the chlorination position in betanin occurs within the dihydropyridinic moiety at carbon C-18. Therefore, out of the aqueous free chlorine equilibrium species: HOCl, OCl-, Cl2, and Cl2O, the most potent chlorinating agents are HOCl and Cl2O postulated previously and the attack of the Cl⁺ ion on the carbon C-18 with a cyclic intermediate version is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-J.); (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Karolina Starzak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-J.); (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Sutor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-J.); (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Boris Nemzer
- Chemistry Research, VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA;
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.-J.); (K.S.); (K.S.)
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Al-Taher F, Nemzer B. Determination and Quantitation of Residual Solvents in Natural Food Ingredients Using a Static Headspace Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection and Mass Spectrometric Detection Method. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1573-1581. [PMID: 30160526 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The determination of residual solvents is critical for quality control in food production and manufacturing processes. A gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric detection (MSD) method was developed and validated to complement the static headspace flame ionization detection (FID) technique for identification, confirmation, and quantitation of solvent residues in botanicals, using Coffeeberry extract and pomegranate powder as test samples. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 12% were obtained for residual solvents in water and dimethyl sulfoxide. Coffeeberry extract supplemented with10 μg/g of Residual Solvents Class 3 Mix showed MSD and FID recoveries mainly of 91 to 121% and 77 to 110%, respectively, while those samples supplemented with 100 μg/g of Residual Solvents Class 3 Mix displayed MSD and FID recoveries of 105 to 123% and 87 to 112%, respectively. For pomegranate samples supplemented with 10 μg/g of Residual Solvents Class 3 Mix, MSD and FID recoveries of 95 to 124% and 72 to 151% were observed, respectively. Those samples supplemented with 100 μg/g of Residual Solvents Class 3 Mix exhibited MSD and FID recoveries of 109 to 135% and 97 to 127%, respectively. Thus, the developed procedure was demonstrated to be suitable for the analysis of residual solvents in natural food ingredients and is expected to find numerous industrial applications (e.g., process control and impurity detection in final products).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Al-Taher
- 1 VDF FutureCeuticals, 2692 North State Route 1-17, Momence, Illinois 60954; and
| | - Boris Nemzer
- 1 VDF FutureCeuticals, 2692 North State Route 1-17, Momence, Illinois 60954; and.,2 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Bita A, Mogosanu GD, Bejenaru LE, Oancea CN, Bejenaru C, Croitoru O, Rau G, Neamtu J, Scorei ID, Scorei IR, Hunter J, Evers B, Nemzer B, Anghelina F, Rogoveanu OC. Simultaneous Quantitation of Boric Acid and Calcium Fructoborate in Dietary Supplements by HPTLC-Densitometry. ANAL SCI 2018; 33:743-746. [PMID: 28603198 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes a new, simple, selective and precise high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous identification and quantitative determination of boric acid (BA) and calcium fructoborate (CFB) in bulk and tablet/capsule dosage forms of dietary supplements. HPTLC silica gel G 60 F254 precoated glass plates were used as the stationary phase. The mobile phase consisted of 2-propanol-water 8:2 (v/v). The two boron-based compounds were adequately separated with the Rf values of 0.83 ± 0.01 (BA) and 0.59 ± 0.01 (CFB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Bita
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | - George Dan Mogosanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | - Ludovic Everard Bejenaru
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | - Carmen Nicoleta Oancea
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | - Cornelia Bejenaru
- Department of Vegetal & Animal Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | - Octavian Croitoru
- Department of Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | - Gabriela Rau
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | - Johny Neamtu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Florin Anghelina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
| | - Otilia-Constantina Rogoveanu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
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Nemzer B, Vargas L, Xia X, Sintara M, Feng H. Phytochemical and physical properties of blueberries, tart cherries, strawberries, and cranberries as affected by different drying methods. Food Chem 2018; 262:242-250. [PMID: 29751916 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hot-air drying (AD), freeze drying (FD) and Refractance Window drying (RWD) on the retention of anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonoids, vitamin C and B, and antioxidant capacity (ORAC) in blueberries, tart cherries, strawberries, and cranberries, as well as organic acids and proanthocyanins in cranberries and chlorogenic acid and catchins in blueberries were evaluated. Changes in color, glass transition, specific heat, and surface morphology of the dried fruits were also evaluated. The quality retention in the dried fruits was found to be product and drying method specific. The FD products exhibited a better retention of vitamin C, ORAC, anthocyanins, and phenolics than the AD and RWD fruits. The RWD produced samples with a less effective ORAC, anthocyanins, and phenolics retention, but a higher total vitamin B retention compared to the FD products. The AD-dried fruits displayed significantly lesser quality retention in most of the quality indexes measured in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Luis Vargas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Yashin A, Yashin Y, Xia X, Nemzer B. Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Their Impact on Human Health: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6030070. [PMID: 28914764 PMCID: PMC5618098 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are substances that prevent oxidation of other compounds or neutralize free radicals. Spices and herbs are rich sources of antioxidants. They have been used in food and beverages to enhance flavor, aroma and color. Due to their excellent antioxidant activity, spices and herbs have also been used to treat some diseases. In this review article, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of spices and culinary herbs are presented. The content of flavonoids and total polyphenols in different spices and herbs are summarized. The applications of spices and their impacts on human health are briefly described. The extraction and analytical methods for determination of antioxidant capacity are concisely reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yashin
- International Analytical Center of Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian, Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yakov Yashin
- International Analytical Center of Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian, Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Xiaoyan Xia
- Department of Research & Development, VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA.
| | - Boris Nemzer
- Department of Research & Development, VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., Momence, IL 60954, USA.
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Marone PA, Heimbach JT, Nemzer B, Hunter JM. Subchronic and genetic safety evaluation of a calcium fructoborate in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 95:75-88. [PMID: 27350145 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A branded calcium fructoborate product, a nature-identical calcium salt of bis (fructose) ester of boric acid found in plants and a natural source of boron in the human diet and sold under the trade name FruiteX-B(®) Brand Calcium Fructoborate ("FrxB"), was evaluated in a 90-day dietary toxicity study and two genotoxicity studies. In the 90-day study, four groups of 10 male and 10 female Crl:SD CD(®) IGS rats were fed diets with FrxB admixtures of 0.56, 1.12, and 1.68% dietary concentration, providing mean overall daily intakes of FrxB in male rats of 385.8, 774.9, and 1161.3 mg/kg bw/day, and 392.1, 784.4, and 1171.1 mg/kg bw/day in female rats. There were no mortalities, no clinical or ophthalmologic signs, body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, food efficiency, Functional Observational Battery (FOB), or Motor Activity (MA) findings associated with the administration of FrxB. There were no adverse changes in hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, or urinalysis parameters in male or female rats considered the result of test substance administration. At necropsy, there were no macroscopic, histopathological findings, or organ weight changes deemed related to administration of the test substance. Under the conditions of this study, based on the toxicological endpoints evaluated, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for FrxB in the diet was 1161.3 and 1171.1 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats, respectively. Bacterial mutagenicity studies and a micronucleus test using Chinese hamster V79 cells demonstrated no mutagenic or genotoxic potential of the tested brand of calcium fructoborate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Ann Marone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - James T Heimbach
- JHeimbach LLC, 923 Water Street, Box 66, Port Royal, VA 22535, USA.
| | - Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., 2692 N. State Rt. 1-17, Momence, IL 60954, USA.
| | - John M Hunter
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., 2692 N. State Rt. 1-17, Momence, IL 60954, USA.
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Nemzer B, Chang T, Xie Z, Pietrzkowski Z, Reyes T, Ou B. Decrease of free radical concentrations in humans following consumption of a high antioxidant capacity natural product. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:647-54. [PMID: 25493181 PMCID: PMC4256568 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ORAC and other in vitro methods have to date proved useful in measuring antioxidant potential in foods. In order to better understand the potential relationship between diet and free radical production/mitigation, an in vivo analytic method can provide new insight into directly measuring reactive oxidant species (ROS). Dihydrorhodamine-6G (DHR6G) is indiscriminate to the various free radicals found in humans, and therefore can be useful in quantifying total ROS in vivo. Our aim was to investigate whether the total ROS in human subjects can be quantified using DHR6G after intake of a blend of antioxidants-rich fruit and vegetable-based materials. Twelve participants were given 100 mg of a proprietary blend of fruit, vegetable, and herb powders and concentrates commercially marketed under the trade name “Spectra™”. Blood samples were collected at 0, 60, 120 and 180 min and were subsequently tested for ROS in serum using DHR6G as a fluorescent probe. By quantifying this fluorescence, we were able to measure ROS concentrations in human blood. This method is both reliable and efficient for evaluating the efficacy of antioxidants against ROS in vivo. Our data indicate that eleven participants responded to the intake of Spectra™ by significant decreases of ROS concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals 2692 N State Rt. 1-17, Momence, Illinois, 60954 ; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1201 W. Gregory Dr, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Tony Chang
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main St., Suite 202, Milford, Massachusetts, 01757
| | - Zhuohong Xie
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main St., Suite 202, Milford, Massachusetts, 01757
| | - Zbigniew Pietrzkowski
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Applied BioClinical Facility 16259 Laguna Canyon Rd, Irvine, California, 92618
| | - Tania Reyes
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Applied BioClinical Facility 16259 Laguna Canyon Rd, Irvine, California, 92618
| | - Boxin Ou
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main St., Suite 202, Milford, Massachusetts, 01757
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Reyes-Izquierdo T, Pietrzkowski Z, Argumedo R, Shu C, Nemzer B, Wybraniec S. Betalain-rich red beet concentrate improves reduced knee discomfort and joint function: a double blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical study. NDS 2014. [DOI: 10.2147/nds.s59042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Reyes-Izquierdo T, Argumedo R, Shu C, Pietrzkowski Z, Nemzer B. Dermaval™ inhibits glucose-induced neutrophil elastase activity in healthy subjects. NDS 2013. [DOI: 10.2147/nds.s53838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Wybraniec S, Starzak K, Skopińska A, Nemzer B, Pietrzkowski Z, Michałowski T. Studies on nonenzymatic oxidation mechanisms in neobetanin, betanin, and decarboxylated betanins. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:6465-76. [PMID: 23789904 DOI: 10.1021/jf400818s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive nonenzymatic oxidation mechanism in betanin plant pigment as well as its derivatives, 2-decarboxybetanin, 17-decarboxybetanin, 2,17-bidecarboxybetanin, and neobetanin, in the presence of ABTS cation radicals was investigated by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The main compounds formed during the first step of betanin and 2-decarboxybetanin oxidation are 2-decarboxy-2,3-dehydrobetanin and 2-decarboxyneobetanin, respectively. In contrast to betanin, the reaction mechanism for 2-decarboxybetanin includes more oxidation pathways. Parallel transformation of 2-decarboxybetanin quinone methide produces neoderivatives according to an alternative reaction that omits the presumably more stabile intermediate 2-decarboxy-2,3-dehydrobetanin. The main oxidation product after the first reaction step for both 17-decarboxybetanin and 2,17-bidecarboxybetanin is 2,17-decarboxy-2,3-dehydrobetanin. This product is formed through irreversible decarboxylation of the 17-decarboxybetanin quinone methide or by oxidation of 2,17-bidecarboxybetanin. Oxidation of neobetanin results primarily in a formation of 2-decarboxy-2,3-dehydroneobetanin by a decarboxylative transformation of the formed neobetanin quinone methide. The elucidated reaction scheme will be useful in interpretation of redox activities of betalains in biological tissues and food preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
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Mullen W, Nemzer B, Stalmach A, Ali S, Combet E. Polyphenolic and hydroxycinnamate contents of whole coffee fruits from China, India, and Mexico. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:5298-5309. [PMID: 23650984 DOI: 10.1021/jf4003126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Air-dried whole coffee fruits, beans, and husks from China, India, and Mexico were analyzed for their chlorogenic acids (CGA), caffeine, and polyphenolic content. Analysis was by HPLC and Orbitrap exact mass spectrometry. Total phenol, total flavonol, and antioxidant capacity were measured. The hydroxycinnamate profile consisted of caffeoylquinic acids, feruloyquinic acids, dicaffeoylquinic acids, and caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acids. A range of flavan-3-ols as well as flavonol conjugates were detected. The CGA content was similar for both Mexican and Indian coffee fruits but was much lower in the samples from China. Highest levels of flavan-3-ols were found in the Indian samples, whereas the Mexican samples contained the highest flavonols. Amounts of CGAs in the beans were similar to those in the whole fruits, but flavan-3-ols and flavonols were not detected. The husks contained the same range of polyphenols as those in the whole fruits. The highest levels of caffeine were found in the Robusta samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mullen
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Reyes-Izquierdo T, Argumedo R, Shu C, Nemzer B, Pietrzkowski Z. Stimulatory Effect of Whole Coffee Fruit Concentrate Powder on Plasma Levels of Total and Exosomal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Healthy Subjects: An Acute Within-Subject Clinical Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.49127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reyes-Izquierdo T, Nemzer B, Gonzalez AE, Zhou Q, Argumedo R, Shu C, Pietrzkowski Z. Short-term Intake of Calcium Fructoborate Improves WOMAC and McGill Scores and Beneficially Modulates Biomarkers Associated with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Clinical Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5099/aj120200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wybraniec S, Stalica P, Spórna A, Nemzer B, Pietrzkowski Z, Michałowski T. Antioxidant activity of betanidin: electrochemical study in aqueous media. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:12163-70. [PMID: 21913685 DOI: 10.1021/jf2024769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidative mechanism of action of betalains is of significant interest because these pigments are recently emerging as highly bio-active natural compounds with potential benefits to human health. Betanidin, the basic betacyanin, comprises the 5,6-dihydroxyl moiety, which results in its high antioxidant activity. Oxidation of betanidin by voltammetric techniques and chro matographic identification of the oxidation products with spectrophotometric and mass spectrometric detection (LC-DAD-MS/MS) were performed. Two main oxidation peaks for betanidin are observable at pH 3-5. These peaks become merged at higher pH, suggesting a different mechanism of oxidation at higher and lower pH values. The low oxidation potential of betanidin confirms its very strong reduction properties. The presence of two prominent oxidized products, 2-decarboxy-2,3-dehydrobetanidin and 2,17-bidecarboxy-2,3-dehydrobetanidin, indicates their generation through two reaction routes with two different quinonoid intermediates: dopachrome derivative and quinone methide. Both lead to the decarboxylative dehydrogenation of betanidin. Subsequent oxidation and rearrangement of the conjugated chromophoric system results in formation of 14,15-dehydrogenated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
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Yashin A, Yashin Y, Nemzer B. Determination of Antioxidant Activity in Tea Extracts, and Their Total Antioxidant Content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5099/aj110400322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nemzer B, Pietrzkowski Z, Spórna A, Stalica P, Thresher W, Michałowski T, Wybraniec S. Betalainic and nutritional profiles of pigment-enriched red beet root (Beta vulgaris L.) dried extracts. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mullen W, Nemzer B, Ou B, Stalmach A, Hunter J, Clifford MN, Combet E. The antioxidant and chlorogenic acid profiles of whole coffee fruits are influenced by the extraction procedures. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:3754-3762. [PMID: 21401105 DOI: 10.1021/jf200122m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Commercial whole coffee fruit extracts and powder samples were analyzed for chlorogenic acids (CGA), caffeine and antioxidant activities. CGA and caffeine were characterized by LC-MS(n) and HPLC accordingly, and quantified by UV absorbance. ORAC, HORAC, NORAC, SORAC and SOAC (antioxidant capacities) were assessed. Three caffeoylquinic acids, three feruloylquinic acids, three dicaffeoylquinic acids, one p-coumaroylquinic acid, two caffeoylferuloylquinic acids and three putative chlorogenic lactones were quantified, along with a methyl ester of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (detected in one sample, the first such report in any coffee material). Multistep whole coffee fruit extracts displayed higher CGA content than single-step extracts, freeze-dried, or air-dried whole raw fruits. Caffeine in multistep extracts was lower than in the single-step extracts and powders. Antioxidant activity in whole coffee fruit extracts was up to 25-fold higher than in powders dependent upon the radical. Total antioxidant activity of samples displayed strong correlation to CGA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mullen
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Waysek EH, Schierle J, Duesterloh A, Deshpande J, Austad J, Austad J, Blatt Y, Chan YF, Deshpande J, Duesterloh A, Kumar TKS, LaLuzerne P, Nemzer B, Ortiz JFL, Peadon P, Reif K, Schierle J, Stanley S, Tang CY. Determination of Lycopene in Dietary Supplements and Raw Materials by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.2.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the interlaboratory performance of an LC method for lycopene in dietary supplements and the raw materials commonly used in their manufacture. Twelve laboratories from six countries agreed to participate in the study. Results from 10 laboratories were received and are reported. Five dietary supplements, including both tablets and a softgel capsule with a lycopene content ranging from 25 g to 25 mg per unit, and three raw materials, including gelatin-based beadlets, vegetarian beadlets, and a suspension in oil ranging from 5 to 20 lycopene, were analyzed as blind duplicates. In addition to the commercial products, two positive controls and a negative control were included in the study. For the raw materials studied, the repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 1.49 to 5.13 for total lycopene, and the reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 3.84 to 9.21 with HorRat values from 1.23 to 3.24. For finished products, the RSDr ranged from 1.31 to 4.62, RSDR from 4.28 to 10.5, and HorRat values from 0.79 to 2.07. Corresponding values for all-trans-lycopene were significantly higher. It is recommended that the method be considered for Official First Action for all-trans- and total lycopene in finished products and raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Schierle
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, CH-4308, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - Jayant Deshpande
- OmniActive Health Technologies, A-131, Wagle Industrial Estate, Thane, India 400604
| | - John Austad
- Covance Laboratories, 3301 Kinsman Blvd, Madison, WI 53704
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