Provider-ordered viral testing and antibiotic administration practices among children with acute respiratory infections across healthcare settings in Nashville, Tennessee

Objective

Evaluate the association between provider-ordered viral testing and antibiotic treatment practices among children discharged from an ED or hospitalized with an acute respiratory infection (ARI).

Design

Active, prospective ARI surveillance study from November 2017 to February 2020.

Setting

Pediatric hospital and emergency department in Nashville, Tennessee.

Participants

Children 30 days to 17 years old seeking medical care for fever and/or respiratory symptoms.

Methods

Antibiotics prescribed during the child's ED visit or administered during hospitalization were categorized into (1) None administered; (2) Narrow-spectrum; and (3) Broad-spectrum. Setting-specific models were built using unconditional polytomous logistic regression with robust sandwich estimators to estimate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals between provider-ordered viral testing (ie, tested versus not tested) and viral test result (ie, positive test versus not tested and negative test versus not tested) and three-level antibiotic administration.

Results

4,107 children were enrolled and tested, of which 2,616 (64%) were seen in the ED and 1,491 (36%) were hospitalized. In the ED, children who received a provider-ordered viral test had 25% decreased odds (aOR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.98) of receiving a narrow-spectrum antibiotic during their visit than those without testing. In the inpatient setting, children with a negative provider-ordered viral test had 57% increased odds (aOR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.44) of being administered a broad-spectrum antibiotic compared to children without testing.

Conclusions

In our study, the impact of provider-ordered viral testing on antibiotic practices differed by setting. Additional studies evaluating the influence of viral testing on antibiotic stewardship and antibiotic prescribing practices are needed.

Principal Component Patterns of Pediatric Respiratory Viral Testing Across Health Care Settings

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Factors prompting clinicians to request viral testing in children are unclear. We assessed patterns prompting clinicians to perform viral testing in children discharged from an emergency department (ED) or hospitalized with an acute respiratory infection (ARI).

METHODS

Using active ARI surveillance data collected from November 2017 through February 2020, children aged between 30 days and 17 years with fever or respiratory symptoms who had a research respiratory specimen tested were included. Children's presentation patterns from their initial evaluation at each health care setting were analyzed using principal components (PCs) analysis. PC-specific models using logistic regression with robust sandwich estimators were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between PCs and provider-ordered viral testing. PCs were assigned respiratory virus/viruses names a priori based on the patterns represented.

RESULTS

In total, 4107 children were enrolled and tested, with 2616 (64%) discharged from the ED and 1491 (36%) hospitalized. In the ED, children with a coviral presentation pattern had a 1.44-fold (95% CI, 1.24-1.68) increased odds of receiving a provider-ordered viral test than children showing clinical symptoms less representative of coviral-like infection. Whereas children in the ED and hospitalized with rhinovirus-like symptoms had 71% (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.24-0.34) and 39% (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.49-0.76) decreased odds, respectively, of receiving a provider-ordered viral test during their medical encounter.

CONCLUSIONS

Viral tests are frequently ordered by clinicians, but presentation patterns vary by setting and influence the initiation of testing. Additional assessments of factors affecting provider decisions to use viral testing in pediatric ARI management are needed to maximize patient benefits of testing.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with single or co-detected rhinovirus-associated acute respiratory infection in Middle Tennessee

BACKGROUND

Rhinovirus (RV) is one of the most common etiologic agents of acute respiratory infection (ARI), which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. The clinical significance of RV co-detection with other respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), remains unclear. We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with ARI-associated RV-only detection and those with RV co-detection-with an emphasis on RV/RSV co-detection.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective viral surveillance study (11/2015-7/2016) in Nashville, Tennessee. Children < 18 years old who presented to the emergency department (ED) or were hospitalized with fever and/or respiratory symptoms of < 14 days duration were eligible if they resided in one of nine counties in Middle Tennessee. Demographics and clinical characteristics were collected by parental interviews and medical chart abstractions. Nasal and/or throat specimens were collected and tested for RV, RSV, metapneumovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza 1-4, and influenza A-C using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with RV-only detection and those with RV co-detection using Pearson's χ² test for categorical variables and the two-sample t-test with unequal variances for continuous variables.

RESULTS

Of 1250 children, 904 (72.3%) were virus-positive. RV was the most common virus (n = 406; 44.9%), followed by RSV (n = 207; 19.3%). Of 406 children with RV, 289 (71.2%) had RV-only detection, and 117 (28.8%) had RV co-detection. The most common virus co-detected with RV was RSV (n = 43; 36.8%). Children with RV co-detection were less likely than those with RV-only detection to be diagnosed with asthma or reactive airway disease both in the ED and in-hospital. We did not identify differences in hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, supplemental oxygen use, or length of stay between children with RV-only detection and those with RV co-detection.

CONCLUSION

We found no evidence that RV co-detection was associated with poorer outcomes. However, the clinical significance of RV co-detection is heterogeneous and varies by virus pair and age group. Future studies of RV co-detection should incorporate analyses of RV/non-RV pairs and include age as a key covariate of RV contribution to clinical manifestations and infection outcomes.

Clinical presentations of adult and pediatric SARS-CoV-2-positive cases in a community cohort, Nashville, Tennessee

Compared to adults, the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) illness in children has been lower and less severe. However, reports comparing SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adults are limited. As part of our longitudinal cohort study of adults and children with SARS-CoV-2 infection and their household contacts in Nashville, Tennessee, we compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections between children and adults. Children were more likely to be asymptomatically infected and had a shorter illness duration compared to adults. The differences observed in clinical presentation across ages may inform symptom-specific testing, screening, and management algorithms.

Respiratory pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic: Alterations in detection and seasonality in Nashville, Tennessee

Shortly after the implementation of community mitigation measures in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), sharp declines in respiratory syncytial virus and influenza circulation were noted; post-mitigation circulation of other respiratory pathogens has gone unexplored. We retrospectively analyzed all records of a provider-ordered multiplex test between April 1, 2018, and July 31, 2021, in Nashville, Tennessee, and we noted disrupted historical seasonal patterns for common respiratory pathogens during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

The impact of community closures among nonessential and essential workers, Nashville, Tennessee: A cross-sectional study

Background and Aims

The effects of community closures and relaxing social distancing restrictions on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) by occupational risk remain unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of community closures and reopening phases with the prevalence of testing SARS-CoV-2-positive among nonessential and essential workers.

Methods

We constructed a cross-sectional cohort from March 20 to July 31, 2020, of 344 adults from Metropolitan Nashville, Tennessee. We performed an unconditional logistic regression model to evaluate the impact of community closures and phase implementation on testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by occupation to estimate adjusted prevalence odds ratios (aPORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

During a stay-at-home/Phase I order, those with non-essential occupations had 59% decreased prevalence odds (aPOR:0.41; 95% CI: 0.20-0.84) of testing SARS-CoV-2-positive compared to when no restrictions were in place. Persons with essential occupations had four times the prevalence odds of testing SARS-CoV-2-positive (aPOR:4.19; 95% CI:1.57-11.18) compared with nonessential occupations when no community restrictions were established.

Conclusion

Stay-at-home restrictions were associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community for nonessential workers. Essential employees remained at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2, including when no community restrictions were in place and vaccines were not available. This study supports targeting prevention measures for these high-risk occupations.

Adenovirus Infection in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Infection in Jordan

BACKGROUND

The most common clinical manifestation of adenovirus (AdV) infection is acute respiratory illness (ARI). Specific AdV species associated with ARI hospitalizations are not well defined in the Middle East.

METHODS

A viral surveillance study was conducted among children <2 years hospitalized in Amman, Jordan, from March 2010 to March 2013. Nasal and throat respiratory specimens were obtained from enrolled children and tested for viruses using a real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. AdV-positive specimens were typed by partial hexon gene sequencing. Demographic and clinical features were compared between AdV detected as single pathogen versus co-detected with other respiratory viruses, and between AdV-B and AdV-C species.

RESULTS

AdV was detected in 475/3168 (15%) children hospitalized with ARI; of these, 216 (45%) specimens were successfully typed with AdV-C as the most common species detected (140/216; 65%). Children with AdV-single detection (88/475; 19%) had a higher frequency of fever (71% vs. 56%; P=0.015), diarrhea (18% vs. 11%; p=0.048), and/or seizures/abnormal movements (14% vs. 5%; p=0.003). Children with AdV co-detected with other viruses more likely required oxygen support [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.91 (95% CI: 1.08, 3.39), P = 0.027] than those with AdV-single detection. Children with AdV-C had higher odds of co-detections with other viruses compared with those with AdV-B [aOR 4.00 (95% CI: 1.91, 8.44), P < 0.001].

CONCLUSION

Clinical differences were identified between AdV-single and AdV co-detected with other viruses, and between AdV-B and AdV-C. Larger studies with AdV typing are needed to determine additional epidemiological and clinical differences between specific AdV species and types.

Serological Markers of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection

As public health guidelines throughout the world have relaxed in response to vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 will remain endemic, fueled by the rise of more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants. Moreover, in the setting of waning natural and vaccine immunity, reinfections have emerged across the globe, even among previously infected and vaccinated individuals. As such, the ability to detect reexposure to and reinfection by SARS-CoV-2 is a key component for global protection against this virus and, more importantly, against the potential emergence of vaccine escape mutations. Accordingly, there is a strong and continued need for the development and deployment of simple methods to detect emerging hot spots of reinfection to inform targeted pandemic response and containment, including targeted and specific deployment of vaccine booster campaigns. In this study, we identify simple, rapid immune biomarkers of reinfection in rhesus macaques, including IgG3 antibody levels against nucleocapsid and FcγR2A receptor binding activity of anti-RBD antibodies, that are recapitulated in human reinfection cases. As such, this cross-species analysis underscores the potential utility of simple antibody titers and function as price-effective and scalable markers of reinfection to provide increased resolution and resilience against new outbreaks. IMPORTANCE As public health and social distancing guidelines loosen in the setting of waning global natural and vaccine immunity, a deeper understanding of the immunological response to reexposure and reinfection to this highly contagious pathogen is necessary to maintain public health. Viral sequencing analysis provides a robust but unrealistic means to monitor reinfection globally. The identification of scalable pathogen-specific biomarkers of reexposure and reinfection, however, could significantly accelerate our capacity to monitor the spread of the virus through naive and experienced hosts, providing key insights into mechanisms of disease attenuation. Using a nonhuman primate model of controlled SARS-CoV-2 reexposure, we deeply probed the humoral immune response following rechallenge with various doses of viral inocula. We identified virus-specific humoral biomarkers of reinfection, with significant increases in antibody titer and function upon rechallenge across a range of humoral features, including IgG1 to the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (RBD), IgG3 to the nucleocapsid protein (N), and FcγR2A receptor binding to anti-RBD antibodies. These features not only differentiated primary infection from reexposure and reinfection in monkeys but also were recapitulated in a sequencing-confirmed reinfection patient and in a cohort of putatively reinfected humans that evolved a PCR-positive test in spite of preexisting seropositivity. As such, this cross-species analysis using a controlled primate model and human cohorts reveals increases in antibody titers as promising cross-validated serological markers of reinfection and reexposure.

Humoral and cellular immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine among a cohort of solid organ transplant recipients and healthy controls

BACKGROUND

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Despite exclusion from SARS-CoV-2 vaccine clinical trials, these individuals were identified as high-risk and prioritized for vaccination in public health guidelines.

METHODS

We prospectively evaluated humoral and cellular immune responses to two doses of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, BNT162b2, in 56 SOT recipients and 26 healthy controls (HCs). Blood specimens collected from participants prior to each dose and following the second dose were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.

RESULTS

SOT recipients demonstrated lower mean anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels compared to HCs after each dose, and only 21.6% achieved an antibody response after the second dose within the range of HC responses. Similarly, the percentage of responsive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in SOT recipients was lower than in HCs. While most HCs showed notable humoral and cellular responses, responses were less concordant in SOT recipients, with some showing evidence of either humoral or cellular response, but not both.

CONCLUSION

Humoral and cellular immune responses to the BNT162b2 vaccine are markedly reduced in SOT recipients as compared to HCs, suggesting that SOT recipients may benefit from more tailored regimens such as higher dose and/or additional vaccinations.

290. Persistence of Long COVID in SARS-CoV-2 Confirmed Cases One-Year Post Infection

Background

Regardless of severity of acute SARS-CoV-2 illness, adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at risk for post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Long COVID is typically classified as symptoms lasting greater than four weeks post-infection. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of resolved and unresolved long COVID symptoms in adults residing in greater Nashville, TN.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of SARS-CoV-2-positive and exposed individuals from March 20 to May 15, 2020. Participants for this analysis were included if: 1) ≥18 years; 2) SARS-CoV-2 positive by molecular or antibody testing; and 3) completed a one-year visit. Demographic and illness information were collected at enrollment, and long COVID symptoms were systematically collected at the one-year survey. Long COVID symptoms are defined as an adult experiencing at least one of the following symptoms four weeks post-infection: fatigue, confusion, loss of smell or taste, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, muscle aches, inability to exercise, or heart palpitations. Unresolved symptoms are defined as an individual with long COVID still experiencing symptoms at the one-year visit.

Results

A total of 115 adults enrolled and completed the one-year survey, of which 63 (54.8%) were SARS-CoV-2-positive, with one asymptomatic individual. Of SARS-CoV-2-positive symptomatic adults, 32 (51%) were female, 5 (88%) were of Hispanic ethnicity, and 58 (92%) were white. At the one-year visit, 33 (52%) reported having long COVID, of which 17 (52%) reported having unresolved symptoms. Fatigue (89%), headache (89%), muscle aches (79%), and cough (77%) were the most common symptoms reported at illness onset (Figure 1). Among 33 adults with long COVID, fatigue (42%), loss of smell (39%), and loss of taste (33%) were most common (Figure 2A). In the 17 individuals with unresolved symptoms, loss of smell (29%) and loss of taste (24%) were commonly reported (Figure 2B).

Figure 1. COVID-19 symptoms reported at enrollment (n=62)

Figure 2. Long COVID (symptoms lasting ≥ 4 weeks) (n=33) (A) and unresolved long COVID symptoms one-year post-infection (n=17) (B) reported on the one-year survey

Conclusion

Half of the adults in our cohort reported long COVID symptoms, with more than quarter of symptoms persisting one-year post-illness. Our findings support that prolonged symptoms up to year after SARS-CoV-2 exposure occur, and future studies should investigate the residual impacts of long COVID symptoms and conditions.

Disclosures

Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Other Financial or Material Support, I receive an honorarium for lectures - it’s a education grant, supported by genetech)Quidel (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, Donation of supplies/kits)Sanofi (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, HAI/NAI testing) Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Individual(s) Involved: Self): I receive an honorarium for lectures - it’s a education grant, supported by genetech, Other Financial or Material Support, Other Financial or Material Support; Sanofi (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support

581. COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Adults from Greater Nashville Tennessee

Background

In December 2020, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were made available to healthcare workers and soon thereafter offered to the general public according to age and risk of severe illness. Despite widespread access, vaccination rates vary by region, with Tennessee ranking lower than the national average. Therefore, we aimed to survey adults in greater Nashville, TN regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccine perceptions.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study of an ongoing longitudinal cohort of individuals with confirmed and/or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection and their household contacts with enrollment onset in March 2020. For this analysis, individuals were included if they were ≥ 18 years and available for a one-year follow-up visit. At the one-year visit individuals completed a survey about vaccine preferences, beliefs and risks. Demographic and social characteristics were collected at enrollment. Individuals were considered vaccinated if they had received at least one dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine under FDA emergency use authorization. Vaccine perceptions were compared by SARS-CoV-2-infection and vaccination status using Pearson’s chi-squared, alpha=5%.

Results

Between April-May 2021, 115 individuals completed the one-year follow-up. Table 1 includes sociodemographic characteristics of adults, of which the majority were vaccinated and were unemployed or in non-essential occupations. Most individuals agreed the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can prevent infection and hospitalization (Figure 1A & B). Unvaccinated participants more often agreed that those who contracted SARS-CoV-2 should not receive the vaccine (30%), whereas vaccinated persons less often agreed (11%, p< 0.001) (Figure 1A). Additionally, 44% of unvaccinated individuals were neutral or disagreed that benefits of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination outweighed the illness risk, compared to 10% in the vaccinated group, p=0.001 (Figure 1A). Minimal differences of vaccine perceptions were observed between SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative adults (Figure 1B).

Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Adults

Figure 1. Vaccine perceptions of vaccinated and unvaccinated (A) SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative (B) adults in greater Nashville, TN. Vaccine perceptions were collected through a standardized survey at the one-year visit.

Conclusion

Although some unvaccinated individuals seemingly perceived the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine offered some protection, research should continue to evaluate the implications of vaccine hesitancy on the COVID-19 pandemic response as we prepare for the upcoming respiratory season.

Disclosures

Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Other Financial or Material Support, I receive an honorarium for lectures - it's a education grant, supported by genetech)Quidel (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, Donation of supplies/kits)Sanofi (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, HAI/NAI testing) Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Individual(s) Involved: Self): I receive an honorarium for lectures - it's a education grant, supported by genetech, Other Financial or Material Support, Other Financial or Material Support; Sanofi (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support

488. Comparison of Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Kawasaki Disease

Background

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is an illness associated with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposure. Kawasaki disease (KD), a vasculitis with an unknown etiology, has overlapping clinical presentation with MIS-C, making it difficult to clinicians for distinguish between them. Therefore, we aimed to compare demographic, laboratory, and clinical characteristics between MIS-C and KD in hospitalized children in Nashville, TN.

Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective chart review for hospitalized children under 18 years who met American Heart Association criteria for KD and were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin from May 2000 to December 2019, and children meeting the CDC criteria for MIS-C from July 2020 to May 2021. Data abstraction for patients’ demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory values and imaging results was performed. Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables, with alpha=5%, were used to compare groups.

Results

A total of 603 KD and 52 MIS-C hospitalized patients were included. Children with MIS-C were older than those with KD. A higher frequency of male sex was noted in both groups, with no significant differences in race and ethnicity (Table). MIS-C children frequently presented with symptoms similar to KD (63.5% rash, 55.8% conjunctivitis, 28.9% mucous membrane changes); however, only one MIS-C patient met criteria for complete KD (Figure). Both MIS-C and KD children presented with elevated CRP and ESR, but the median value of CRP in MIS-C children was significantly higher (Table). In addition, white cell count was lower in MIS-C children, which is primarily driven by the lower absolute lymphocyte count in this group (0.9 vs 2.7, p< 0.001), and echocardiography was more likely to be abnormal at presentation compared to KD (Table).

Table. Comparison of Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics among Children with Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Nashville

Figure. Comparison of Kawasaki Criteria Between Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Kawasaki Disease

Conclusion

MIS-C and KD present similarly in children; however, age, laboratory and echocardiography findings can help differentiate between them. Different laboratory values suggest different pathophysiology and inflammatory mediators behind these two illnesses, warranting further research.

Disclosures

Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Other Financial or Material Support, I receive an honorarium for lectures - it’s a education grant, supported by genetech)Quidel (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, Donation of supplies/kits)Sanofi (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, HAI/NAI testing) Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Individual(s) Involved: Self): I receive an honorarium for lectures - it’s a education grant, supported by genetech, Other Financial or Material Support, Other Financial or Material Support; Sanofi (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support

568. Comparison of Humoral Immune Response to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 Vaccine Between Solid Organ Transplant Recipients and Healthy Controls

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, including solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR). Despite being excluded from phase 1-3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine clinical trials, SOTR were identified as high-risk populations and prioritized for vaccination in public health guidelines. We aimed to evaluate the antibody response to two doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine in SOTR as compared to healthy controls (HC).

Methods

SOTR and HC scheduled to receive two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine and able to complete required follow-up visits were enrolled. Blood specimens were collected from participants before receiving the first and second doses and 21-42 days after the second dose. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). Generalized estimating equations with a working independence correlation structure were used to compare anti-RBD IgG levels between SOTR and HC at each study visit and within each group over time. All models were adjusted for age, sex, and pre-vaccination seroreactivity in the ELISA.

Results

A total of 54 SOTR and 26 HC were enrolled, with mean (SD) ages of 72 (3.6) and 62 (6.7) years, 61% and 35% were male, and 91% and 88% were white, respectively. The most common organ transplant types were kidney (41%) and liver (37%). All SOTR were receiving calcineurin inhibitors. The median time post-transplantation was 7 years. SOTR had markedly lower mean anti-RBD IgG levels when compared to HC with adjusted mean differences of -0.76 (95%CI: [-1.04, -0.47]; p &lt; 0.001) ELISA units (EU) and -1.35 (95%CI [-1.68, -1.01]; p &lt; 0.001) EU after the first and second doses, respectively (Figure 1). Both groups had a significant increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels after the second dose. However, the magnitude was lower in SOTR, 0.49 (95%CI [0.31, 0.69]; p &lt; 0.001) EU than in HCs, 1.08 (95% CI [0.91, 1.24]; p &lt; 0.001) EU.

Figure 1.

Conclusion

Our study showed SOTR mounted weaker humoral immune responses than HC to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Given a lower response, SOTR should continue to practice social distancing and masking until data on vaccine efficacy are available in this vulnerable population.

Disclosures

Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Other Financial or Material Support, I receive an honorarium for lectures - it's a education grant, supported by genetech)Quidel (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, Donation of supplies/kits)Sanofi (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, HAI/NAI testing) Natasha B. Halasa, MD, MPH, Genentech (Individual(s) Involved: Self): I receive an honorarium for lectures - it's a education grant, supported by genetech, Other Financial or Material Support, Other Financial or Material Support; Sanofi (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support

772. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Acute Respiratory Infections in Young Children in Jordan: A Prospective Surveillance Study

Background

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory infections (ARI) hospitalizations in young children and is associated with increased severity compared to other viruses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utilization of a rapid RSV diagnostic test and clinical characteristics and disease severity of children who were hospitalized during one respiratory season in Amman, Jordan.

Methods

Children less than two years hospitalized with fever and/or respiratory symptoms were recruited at Al-Bashir Government Hospital from January 8, 2020, to March 17, 2020. Nasal swabs were collected and tested by Sofia-2 RSV Fluorescent Immunoassay. Demographic information and clinical history were obtained through parental interviews. A validated severity score was used to assess disease severity, and the treating physician prospectively collected the necessary information to calculate the score at admission. Disease severity was categorized based on the total score into 0-5 mild, 6-9 moderate, and ≥ 10 severe. Molecular testing and medical chart reviews are still in process.

Results

A total of 532 subjects were enrolled, and nasal swabs were collected and tested from 458 (86%) of enrollees. The most common admission diagnoses were pneumonia (25%), bronchopneumonia (21%), bronchiolitis (19%) and sepsis (17%). Demographic and clinical characteristics are included in Table 1. Overall, 276 (60%) subjects were RSV-positive. The most common admission diagnoses were pneumonia (33%), sepsis (25%), bronchiolitis (24%) and bronchopneumonia (24%). Compared to RSV-negative children, RSV-positive children were younger (Table 1), and more likely to present with cough, nasal congestion, and appetite loss (Figure 1). There were no differences in severity score or direct intensive care unit admission between the two groups (Table 1).

Conclusion

Nearly 2/3 of children enrolled were RSV-positive via rapid diagnostic testing. The majority of RSV-ARI admissions were classified as mild. Further analysis of other clinical parameters, including oxygen use, intravenous fluids administration and length of stay, and molecular testing are needed to support these findings and further evaluate the utility of rapid diagnostic testing.

Disclosures

Zaid Haddadin, MD, CDC (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support)Quidel Corporation (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support)sanofi pasteur (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Danielle A. Rankin, MPH, CIC, Sanofi Pasteur (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Ahmad Yanis, MD, Quidel Corporation (Grant/Research Support) Yanal Shawareb, MD, Quidel (Grant/Research Support)Quidel (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support, Sanofi) Olla Hamdan, BS, Quidel (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Malek Saada, MD, Quidel Corporation (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Sara Hilal, MD, Quidel Corporation (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Ahmad Alhajajra, MD, Quidel Corporation (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Basima Marar, MD, Quidel Corporation (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Najwa Khuri-Bulos, MD, Quidel Corporation (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support)

Knowledge of, attitudes to and participation in clinical trials in Jordan: a population-based survey

Background

Clinical trials are important to improve public health care. However, recruiting participants for trials can be difficult.

Aims

This study assessed public knowledge of and willingness to participate in clinical trials in Jordan and examine the sociodemographic characteristics associated with knowledge and willingness and the reasons behind unwillingness to participate.

Methods

The questions were part of a representative, population-based survey in 2011 that included 3196 Jordanian individuals. In a home-based interview, participants were asked about: sociodemographic characteristics, and knowledge of and participation in clinical trials.

Results

Only 21.8% of respondents knew what a clinical trial was and (1.2%) had participated in a trial. About 25% of respondents indicated their willingness to enrol in a trial. Significantly more men (24.1%) than women (19.3%) knew what clinical trials were (P < 0.001), whereas more women (4.3%) than men (2.9%) said they would be very likely to agree to participate in trials. People aged 40-49 years had better knowledge of and greater willingness to participate in trials than other age groups. Income was positively associated with knowledge of trials but negatively associated with willingness to participate. Higher education was positively correlated with knowledge of and willingness to take part in trials. The main reasons for not participating in trials were concern about the risk to own health (61.1%) and not being convinced about the outcome and benefits of clinical trials (29.7%).

Conclusion

The low level of knowledge of and willingness to participate in clinical trials indicates that strategies are needed to educate the public about the nature and importance of clinical trials.

Endovascular Repair of Axillary Artery Transection with a Stent Graft following Blunt Trauma

Transection injuries of the axillary artery are rare and typically involve surgical repair. This case describes an emergent endovascular treatment option, using a stent graft, in a patient that was deemed as high risk for open surgery.