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Katz DP, Majrashi M, Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Bhattacharya D, Bhattacharya S, Shlghom A, Bradford C, Suppiramaniam V, Deruiter J, Clark CR, Dhanasekaran M. Comparing the dopaminergic neurotoxic effects of benzylpiperazine and benzoylpiperazine. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 28:177-186. [PMID: 28874085 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1376024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzylpiperazine has been designated as Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act by Drug Enforcement Administration. Benzylpiperazine is a piperazine derivative, elevates both dopamine and serotonin extracellular levels producing stimulatory and hallucinogenic effects, respectively, similar to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). However, the comparative neurotoxic effects of Piperazine derivatives (benzylpiperazine and benzoylpiperazine) have not been elucidated. Here, piperazine derivatives (benzylpiperazine and benzoylpiperazine) were synthesized in our lab and the mechanisms of cellular-based neurotoxicity were elucidated in a dopaminergic human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). We evaluated the in vitro effects of benzylpiperazine and benzoylpiperazine on the generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial complex-I activity, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content, Bax, caspase-3, Bcl-2 and tyrosine hydroxylase expression. Benzylpiperazine and benzoylpiperazine induced oxidative stress, inhibited mitochondrial functions and stimulated apoptosis. This study provides a germinal assessment of the neurotoxic mechanisms induced by piperazine derivatives that lead to neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Katz
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Mohammed Majrashi
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Jeddah University , Jeddah , KSA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Dwipayan Bhattacharya
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Subhrajit Bhattacharya
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Aimen Shlghom
- c Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences , Tuskegee University , Tuskegee , AL , USA
| | - Chastity Bradford
- c Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences , Tuskegee University , Tuskegee , AL , USA
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Jack Deruiter
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - C Randall Clark
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
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