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Lindh E, Lounela H, Ikonen N, Kantala T, Savolainen-Kopra C, Kauppinen A, Österlund P, Kareinen L, Katz A, Nokireki T, Jalava J, London L, Pitkäpaasi M, Vuolle J, Punto-Luoma AL, Kaarto R, Voutilainen L, Holopainen R, Kalin-Mänttäri L, Laaksonen T, Kiviranta H, Pennanen A, Helve O, Laamanen I, Melin M, Tammiranta N, Rimhanen-Finne R, Gadd T, Salminen M. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection on multiple fur farms in the South and Central Ostrobothnia regions of Finland, July 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300400. [PMID: 37535475 PMCID: PMC10401912 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.31.2300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since mid-July 2023, an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b genotype BB is ongoing among farmed animals in South and Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. Infections in foxes, American minks and raccoon dogs have been confirmed on 20 farms. Genetic analysis suggests introductions from wild birds scavenging for food in farm areas. Investigations point to direct transmission between animals. While no human infections have been detected, control measures are being implemented to limit spread and human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lindh
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Niina Ikonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Österlund
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anna Katz
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jari Jalava
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino Pennanen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Helve
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Merit Melin
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Tuija Gadd
- Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Salminen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare - THL, Helsinki, Finland
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Brauer M, Lee K, Spengler JD, Salonen RO, Pennanen A, Braathen OA, Mihalikova E, Miskovic P, Nozaki A, Tsuzuki T, Song RJ, Yang X, Zeng QX, Drahonovska H, Kjaergaard S. Nitrogen dioxide in indoor ice skating facilities: an international survey. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1997; 47:1095-1102. [PMID: 9354146 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1997.10464399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An international survey of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels inside indoor ice skating facilities was conducted. One-week average NO2 concentrations were measured inside and outside of 332 ice rinks located in nine countries. Each rink manager also completed a questionnaire describing the building, the resurfacing machines, and their use patterns. The (arithmetic) mean NO2 level for all rinks in the study was 228 ppb, with a range of 1-2,680 ppb, based on a sample collected at breathing height and adjacent to the ice surface. The mean of the second indoor sample (collected at a spectator's area) was 221 ppb, with a range of 1-3,175 ppb. The ratio of the indoor to outdoor NO2 concentrations was above 1 for 95% of the rinks sampled, indicating the presence of an indoor NO2 source (mean indoor:outdoor ratio = 20). Estimates of short-term NO2 concentrations indicated that as many as 40% of the sampled rinks would have exceeded the World Health Organization 1-hour guideline value of 213 ppb NO2 for indoor air. Statistically significant associations were observed between NO2 levels and the type of fuel used to power the resurfacer, the absence of a catalytic converter on a resurfacer, and the use of an ice edger. There were also indications that decreased use of mechanical ventilation, increased number of resurfacing operations per day, and smaller rink volumes were associated with increased NO2 levels. In rinks where the main resurfacer was powered by propane, the NO2 concentrations were higher than in those with gasoline-powered resurfacers, while the latter had NO2 concentrations higher than in those using diesel. Rinks where the main resurfacer was electric had the lowest indoor NO2 concentrations, similar to the levels measured outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brauer
- University of British Columbia, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, Canada
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Sirviö J, Lukkarinen K, Riekkinen P, Koivisto E, Virtanen R, Pennanen A, Valjakka A, Riekkinen PJ. The effects of atipamezole, an alpha-2 antagonist, on the performance of young and aged rats in the delayed nonmatching to position task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 39:1015-9. [PMID: 1684866 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90068-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present experiments were undertaken to study whether pharmacological activation of the noradrenergic system would improve age-related deficits in short-term memory. Thus, we investigated the effects the single dose administration (0.1, 0.3, 0.9 and 2.7 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or atipamezole, a specific alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, had on the performance of young and aged rats in a delayed nonmatching to position task. After substantial training, aged rats made more errors at longer delays (4-30 seconds) than did young rats, although the percent correct responses at short delays (0-2 seconds) did not differ between young and aged rats. Atipamezole (0.1-0.9 mg/kg) did not improve the performance of young and aged rats in this task. Moreover, the highest dose (2.7 mg/kg) used increased the number of omissions and increased the latency to collect food pellets, indicating disruption of the performance of rats in this task. According to the present results, alpha-2 antagonist (administered peripherally at a single dose), which increases the release of noradrenaline, did not improve age-related deficit in short-term memory in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sirviö
- Department of Neurology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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