1
|
Sehgal ANA, Safran J, Kratzer B, Gattinger P, Stieger RB, Musiejovsky L, Trapin D, Ettel P, Körmöczi U, Rottal A, Borochova K, Dorofeeva Y, Tulaeva I, Weber M, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Perkmann T, Wiedermann U, Valenta R, Pickl WF. Flow Cytometry-Based Measurement of Antibodies Specific for Cell Surface-Expressed Folded SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domains. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:377. [PMID: 38675759 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has now become endemic and is currently one of the important respiratory virus infections regularly affecting mankind. The assessment of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is important for guiding active and passive immunization and SARS-CoV-2-specific treatment strategies. METHODS We here devised a novel flow cytometry-based diagnostic platform for the assessment of immunity against cell-bound virus antigens. This platform is based on a collection of HEK-293T cell lines which, as exemplified in our study, stably express the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of the SARS-CoV-2 S-proteins of eight major SARS-CoV-2 variants, ranging from Wuhan-Hu-1 to Omicron. RESULTS RBD-expressing cell lines stably display comparable levels of RBD on the surface of HEK-293T cells, as shown with anti-FLAG-tag antibodies directed against a N-terminally introduced 3x-FLAG sequence while the functionality of RBD was proven by ACE2 binding. We exemplify the usefulness and specificity of the cell-based test by direct binding of IgG and IgA antibodies of SARS-CoV-2-exposed and/or vaccinated individuals in which the assay shows a wide linear performance range both at very low and very high serum antibody concentrations. In another application, i.e., antibody adsorption studies, the test proved to be a powerful tool for measuring the ratios of individual variant-specific antibodies. CONCLUSION We have established a toolbox for measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity against cell-bound virus antigens, which may be considered as an important addition to the armamentarium of SARS-CoV-2-specific diagnostic tests, allowing flexible and quick adaptation to new variants of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jera Safran
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert B Stieger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laszlo Musiejovsky
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Ettel
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Körmöczi
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Rottal
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Borochova
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yulia Dorofeeva
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Inna Tulaeva
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Milena Weber
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sehgal ANA, Tauber PA, Stieger RB, Kratzer B, Pickl WF. The T-Cell Growth Factor Interleukin-2, Which Is Occasionally Targeted by Autoantibodies, Qualifies as Drug for the Treatment of Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Cancer: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2024. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2023; 185:286-300. [PMID: 38086339 PMCID: PMC10911178 DOI: 10.1159/000533677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin(IL)-2 was originally characterized as an important T-cellular growth factor but later on, turned out to be a pivotal homeostatic factor for the establishment and maintenance of both natural(n)Treg and peripheral(p)Treg. In this review, it was aimed to connect the peculiar structural and functional aspects of IL-2 to the innovative advancements in tailoring its multifaceted functional behavior for targeting various IL-2 receptor types. The article includes detailed descriptions of modified versions of IL-2, obtained by either mutating or fusing IL-2 to heterologous molecules or by forming IL-2/(monoclonal) antibody complexes (IL-2C), and discusses their functional implications for addressing such heterologous pathological conditions in cancer, autoimmunity, and allergy. Additionally, this review sheds light on the underexplored contribution of autoantibodies to the endogenous regulation of IL-2 within the realms of both health and disease. The ongoing efforts to fine-tune IL-2 responses through antibody-dependent targeting or molecular engineering offer considerable translational potential for the future utility of this important cytokine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Peter A. Tauber
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Robert B. Stieger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garner-Spitzer E, Wagner A, Gudipati V, Schoetta AM, Orola-Taus M, Kundi M, Kunert R, Mayrhofer P, Huppa JB, Stockinger H, Carsetti R, Gattinger P, Valenta R, Kratzer B, Sehgal ANA, Pickl WF, Reinisch W, Novacek G, Wiedermann U. Lower magnitude and faster waning of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in anti-TNF-α-treated IBD patients are linked to lack of activation and expansion of cTfh1 cells and impaired B memory cell formation. EBioMedicine 2023; 96:104788. [PMID: 37672867 PMCID: PMC10485594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and healthy controls received primary SARS-CoV-2-mRNA vaccination and a booster after six months. Anti-TNF-α-treated patients showed significantly lower antibody (Ab) levels and faster waning than α4β7-integrin-antagonist recipients and controls. This prospective cohort study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms on the basis of circulating T-follicular helper cells (cTfh) and B memory cells. METHODS We measured SARS-CoV-2- Wuhan and Omicron specific Abs, B- and T-cell subsets at baseline and kinetics of Spike (S)-specific B memory cells along with distributions of activated cTfh subsets before and after primary and booster vaccination. FINDINGS Lower and faster waning of Ab levels in anti-TNF-α treated IBD patients was associated with low numbers of total and naïve B cells vs. expanded plasmablasts prior to vaccination. Along with their low Ab levels against Wuhan and Omicron VOCs, reduced S-specific B memory cells were identified after the 2nd dose which declined to non-detectable after 6 months. In contrast, IBD patients with α4β7-integrin-antagonists and controls mounted and retained high Ab levels after the 2nd dose, which was associated with a pronounced increase in S-specific B memory cells that were maintained or expanded up to 6 months. Booster vaccination led to a strong increase of Abs with neutralizing capacity and S-specific B memory cells in these groups, which was not the case in anti-TNF-α treated IBD patients. Of note, Ab levels and S-specific B memory cells in particular post-booster correlated with the activation of cTfh1 cells after primary vaccination. INTERPRETATIONS The reduced magnitude, persistence and neutralization capacity of SARS-CoV-2 specific Abs after vaccination in anti-TNF-α-treated IBD patients were associated with impaired formation and maintenance of S-specific B memory cells, likely due to absent cTfh1 activation leading to extra-follicular immune responses and diminished B memory cell diversification. These observations have implications for patient-tailored vaccination schedules/vaccines in anti-TNF-α-treated patients, irrespective of their underlying disease. FUNDING The study was funded by third party funding of the Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine at the Medical University Vienna. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analyses, interpretation, or writing of report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Garner-Spitzer
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Angelika Wagner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Margarita Schoetta
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Orola-Taus
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Public Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Research Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Rome, Italy
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Vienna, Austria; Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Reinisch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Novacek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Medical University of Vienna, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ettel P, Sehgal ANA, Harrison N, Pickl WF, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K. Glycopeptide Antibiotics Impair Neutrophil Effector Functions. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2023; 184:932-948. [PMID: 37321197 DOI: 10.1159/000530865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophilic granulocytes represent the first line of defense against microorganisms. Granulocytes phagocytose microorganisms and specifically synthesize oxygen radicals against them, which eventually kills the invaders. METHODS Neutrophilic granulocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy volunteer donors. Putative interference of new-generation antibiotics with neutrophil function was tested using a collection of granulocyte-stimulating agents and Amplex™ Red-based plate assay and flow cytometry-based respiratory burst assays. In addition, phagocytosis of E. coli, IL-8 production, bactericidal activity, and CD62L expression of granulocytes were evaluated. RESULTS Of note, we found that the two glycopeptide antibiotics dalbavancin and teicoplanin inhibited ROS production upon granulocyte activation via different signaling pathways in a dose-dependent manner. Dalbavancin also blocked the PMA-induced shedding of CD62L. In contrast, the oxazolidinone antibiotics tedizolid and linezolid had no effect on neutrophil function, while the combination of ceftazidime/avibactam dose dependently inhibited the fMLP/Cytochalasin B-induced granulocyte burst in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, we showed that dalbavancin and teicoplanin as well as sulfametrole/trimethoprim and ceftazidime/avibactam inhibited baseline and PMA-induced IL-8 production by neutrophilic granulocytes. Moreover, dalbavancin impaired the bactericidal activity of neutrophilic granulocytes. CONCLUSION We here identified hitherto unknown inhibitory effects of several classes of antibiotics on the effector functions of neutrophilic granulocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ettel
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Harrison
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borrego J, Naseem MU, Sehgal ANA, Panda LR, Shakeel K, Gaspar A, Nagy C, Varga Z, Panyi G. Recombinant Expression in Pichia pastoris System of Three Potent Kv1.3 Channel Blockers: Vm24, Anuroctoxin, and Ts6. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111215. [PMID: 36422036 PMCID: PMC9697831 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kv1.3 channel has become a therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases. Several Kv1.3 channel blockers have been characterized from scorpion venom; however, extensive studies require amounts of toxin that cannot be readily obtained directly from venoms. The Pichia pastoris expression system provides a cost-effective approach to overcoming the limitations of chemical synthesis and E. coli recombinant expression. In this work, we developed an efficient system for the production of three potent Kv1.3 channel blockers from different scorpion venoms: Vm24, AnTx, and Ts6. Using the Pichia system, these toxins could be obtained in sufficient quantities (Vm24 1.6 mg/L, AnTx 46 mg/L, and Ts6 7.5 mg/L) to characterize their biological activity. A comparison was made between the activity of tagged and untagged recombinant peptides. Tagged Vm24 and untagged AnTx are nearly equivalent to native toxins in blocking Kv1.3 (Kd = 4.4 pM and Kd = 0.72 nM, respectively), whereas untagged Ts6 exhibits a 53-fold increase in Kd (Kd = 29.1 nM) as compared to the native peptide. The approach described here provides a method that can be optimized for toxin production to develop more selective and effective Kv1.3 blockers with therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Borrego
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Muhammad Umair Naseem
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lipsa Rani Panda
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kashmala Shakeel
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Cynthia Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-258-603
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kratzer B, Schlax LC, Gattinger P, Waidhofer‐Söllner P, Trapin D, Tauber PA, Sehgal ANA, Körmöczi U, Rottal A, Feichter M, Oberhofer T, Grabmeier‐Pfistershammer K, Borochova K, Dorofeeva Y, Tulaeva I, Weber M, Mühl B, Kropfmüller A, Negrin B, Kundi M, Valenta R, Pickl WF. Combined assessment of S- and N-specific IL-2 and IL-13 secretion and CD69 neo-expression for discrimination of post-infection and post-vaccination cellular SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response. Allergy 2022; 77:3408-3425. [PMID: 35690994 PMCID: PMC9348018 DOI: 10.1111/all.15406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-based tests are available for measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses but fast T-cell assays remain scarce. Robust T cell-based tests are needed to differentiate specific cellular immune responses after infection from those after vaccination. METHODS One hundred seventeen individuals (COVID-19 convalescent patients: n = 40; SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees: n = 41; healthy controls: n = 36) were evaluated for SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune responses (proliferation, Th1, Th2, Th17, and inflammatory cytokines, activation-induced marker [AIM] expression) by incubating purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or whole blood (WB) with SARS-CoV-2 peptides (S, N, or M), vaccine antigens (tetanus toxoid, tick borne encephalitis virus) or polyclonal stimuli (Staphylococcal enterotoxin, phytohemagglutinin). RESULTS N-peptide mix stimulation of WB identified the combination of IL-2 and IL-13 secretion as superior to IFN-γ secretion to discriminate between COVID-19-convalescent patients and healthy controls (p < .0001). Comparable results were obtained with M- or S-peptides, the latter almost comparably recalled IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-13 responses in WB of vaccinees. Analysis 10 months as opposed to 10 weeks after COVID-19, but not allergic disease status, positively correlated with IL-13 recall responses. WB cytokine responses correlated with cytokine and proliferation responses of PBMC. Antigen-induced neo-expression of the C-type lectin CD69 on CD4+ (p < .0001) and CD8+ (p = .0002) T cells informed best about the SARS-CoV-2 exposure status with additional benefit coming from CD25 upregulation. CONCLUSION Along with N- and S-peptide-induced IL-2 and CD69 neo-expression, we suggest to include the type 2 cytokine IL-13 as T-cellular recall marker for SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cellular immune responses after infection and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kratzer
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Larissa C. Schlax
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchViennaAustria
| | - Petra Waidhofer‐Söllner
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Peter A. Tauber
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Ulrike Körmöczi
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Arno Rottal
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Melanie Feichter
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | - Teresa Oberhofer
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria
| | | | - Kristina Borochova
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchViennaAustria
| | - Yulia Dorofeeva
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchViennaAustria
| | - Inna Tulaeva
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchViennaAustria,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergologyLaboratory for ImmunopathologyMoscowRussia
| | - Milena Weber
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Bettina Negrin
- Österreichische Gesundheitskasse, Klinikum PeterhofBadenAustria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for Public HealthDepartment for Environmental HealthViennaAustria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchViennaAustria,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergologyLaboratory for ImmunopathologyMoscowRussia,NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussia,Karl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Medical University of ViennaCenter for PathophysiologyInfectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyViennaAustria,Karl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kratzer B, Trapin D, Gattinger P, Oberhofer T, Sehgal ANA, Waidhofer-Söllner P, Rottal A, Körmöczi U, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Kopetzky GH, Tischer F, Valenta R, Pickl WF. Lack of Induction of RBD-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies despite Repeated Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Leading to Seroconversion and Establishment of T Cell-Specific Memory in a Patient in Remission of Multiple Myeloma. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030374. [PMID: 35335006 PMCID: PMC8949333 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Prophylactic vaccination against infectious diseases may induce a state of long-term protection in the otherwise healthy host. However, the situation is less predictable in immunocompromised patients and may require adjustment of vaccination schedules and/or basic therapy. Methods: A patient in full remission of multiple myeloma since the last three years and on long-term maintenance therapy with pomalidomide, a drug inhibiting angiogenesis and myeloma cell growth, was vaccinated twice with Comirnaty followed by two vaccinations with Vaxzevria. Seroconversion and SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular responses were monitored. Results: No signs of seroconversion or T cellular memory were observed after the first “full immunization” with Comirnaty. Consequently, long-term-maintenance therapy with Pomalidomide was stopped and two additional shots of Vaxzevria were administered after which the patient seroconverted with Spike(S)-protein specific antibody levels reaching 49 BAU/mL, mild S-peptide pool-specific T cell proliferation, effector cytokine production (IL-2, IL-13), and T cellular activation with increased numbers of CD3+CD4+CD25+ T cells as compared to vaccinated and non-vaccinated control subjects. However, despite suspension of immunosuppression and administration of in total four consecutive heterologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccine shots, the patient did not develop neutralizing RBD-specific antibodies. Conclusions: Despite immunomonitoring-based adjustment of vaccination and/or therapy schedules vaccination success, with clear correlates of protection, the development of RBD-specific antibodies could not be achieved in the immunocompromised patient with current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Thus, our report emphasizes the need for improved active and passive immunization strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kratzer
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Doris Trapin
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria; (P.G.); (R.V.)
| | - Teresa Oberhofer
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Petra Waidhofer-Söllner
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Arno Rottal
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Ulrike Körmöczi
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Katharina Grabmeier-Pfistershammer
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Gerhard H. Kopetzky
- 1st Med. Department Hemato-Oncology, Universitätsklinik St. Poelten, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria;
| | - Franz Tischer
- Landesklinikum Lilienfeld, 3180 Lilienfeld, Austria;
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria; (P.G.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.); (T.O.); (A.N.A.S.); (P.W.-S.); (A.R.); (U.K.); (K.G.-P.)
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (W.F.P.)
| |
Collapse
|