[Mental health of children conceived after assisted reproductive treatment]

The prevalence of infertility and the use of assisted reproductive treatment (ART) have been increasing worldwide in recent years. It appeared relevant to conduct a literature review on the safety of these techniques regarding the neurodevelopment and mental health of children and adolescents especially after in vitro fertilization. ART represents obstetrical risk factors. However, the published results are reassuring on the neurodevelopmental level as well as on the cognitive, psychomotor and language levels and on the behavioral and emotional levels among children and adolescents resulting from ART.

[A history of childhood obesity acts as a barrier to the recovery from mental anorexia in adolescence ?]

High rates of obesity, unhealthy eating behaviors, and eating disorders among children and adolescents have a very negative impact on their physical and mental health. The role of pediatricians and general practitioners is central in terms of prevention and screening. When a referral to a specialist is necessary, it is important to consider the bidirectional relationship between eating disorders and mental health problems. A history of obesity in a patient with mental anorexia leads to the need for specific management, particularly in relation to the concept of Weight Suppression (WS).

[Autism spectrum disorder : ethiopathogenesis and benefits of early diagnosis]

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in altered or reduced social behaviours, social communication disorders, and repetitive behaviours and/or restricted interests. The etiology of ASD is complex and multifactorial. The etiopathogenesis of the disorder is multiple, including brain abnormalities, visual contact and early interaction disorders. These signs are often the focus of parental concerns. In addition, since ASD is neurodevelopmental, all signs are not always present simultaneously. Indeed, they appear progressively, until the age of 3 years, at which the diagnosis can usually be made. Nevertheless, in more complex cases, this diagnosis may be considered later. The first signs of ASD (before 24 months) will be addressed because they are crucial for an early diagnosis. Their knowledge allows the establishment of a follow-up as well as its quick specific care. Indeed, by acting during a developmental period when brain plasticity is high, early intervention allows to modify the evolution of symptoms, and later on to limit secondary handicaps.

[Mental health of children refugees : a review]

This review is devoted to all health professionals in order to raise awareness of the psychopathological consequences of forced migration on the mental health of children. First, we will talk about the psychological consequences of immigration in a global way, and then we will discuss about some specific situations. We will finish with prevention and care of these vulnerable children.

[Merycism : when humain being starts ruminating]

Merycism is a rare and little-known functional gastrointestinal disorder. Indeed, the diagnosis is made, on average, with a delay of 21 to 77 months. This delay can lead to dramatic consequences for the patient such as significant weight loss, ionic imbalance and social isolation. Through a clinical situation, we evoke the difficulties and the particularities of the diagnosis of merycism as well as its management, in a situation evoking a disorder of the eating habits. This pathology can be found in various specialties such as general medicine, pediatrics, gastroenterology, endocrinology, dentistry, child psychiatry, psychiatry, neonatology services or maternity.

[Alcohol consumption in teenagers : binge drinking]

Binge drinking has become a common practice among teenagers, thus a banal behaviour in parties. It is part of a normal psychological evolution that pushes the young to confront limits, prohibitions, other peers, and even more to confront himself. The festive dimension further reinforces this attraction for group transgression. Yet neuroscientific studies are unanimous in showing the negative effects of binge drinking on a maturing brain, with significant neurocognitive and even neuroanatomical alterations. It is illustrated by research conducted on humans and on animal models. This article aims to show the difficult articulation between a clinical practice open to young people and a necessary concern about their behaviour, the danger of which they usually do not know.

[Self-injuring, a symptom retaining our attention]

Self-injuring is a process that usually occurs during adolescence; its prevalence has increased over recent years. Nowadays, nearly one out of six teenagers is concerned. The most frequent form is the «superficial» one and corresponds to the term NSSI (Non Suicidal Self Injury) recently mentioned in the third section of the DSM-5. More and more publicized, this practice may disturb. However, it reflects an underlying state of psychic suffering and should not be underestimated or dramatized. It has to be considered as a form of coping even if it is clearly damaging and, in some cases, may be connected to a higher suicidal risk. This article aims at raising the reader's attention to this expression of the patient's pain. A better approach of this symptom in its context enables to better understand its clinical significance and to adapt the therapeutical approach.

[Vulnerable children detected by the school health service: the forgotten?]

The current health needs of children largely exceeds the biomedical model. The school doctor occupies a special position where he can take into account the social determinants of health and identify vulneirable children. After the detection by the school health service, the harmonious development of, the child requires that health professionals cooperate in a "preventive network".

[Early detection to prevent mental illness during adolescence: ethical and theoretical considerations]

In the face of changes that characterise adolescence, a number of youth experience ill-being, as part of a normal developmental process. For some of them, however, this ill-being may represent early signs of a psychopathological process. Regarding depression and psychosis, such early signs are non-specific, which complicates and delays treatment. In addition, issues such as stigmatization and unfamiliarity with these psychopathologies represent major obstacles to treatment access. Attempts to early detection, which involves identifying risk factors in order to provide support and follow-up, making an effort to take these clinical signs seriously, while at the same time avoiding to mistake a normal developmental process for a pathological condition.

[The specific problem of addiction in teenagers]

In his/her normal development, the teenager is naturally at risk for addiction. He/she finds therein what he/she believes to be a solution to his/her internal tensions, but risks finding himself/herself trapped by the poison of dependence. He/she rarely recognizes his/her difficulties and tends to consider his/her consumption trivial: this may render care particularly troublesome. The best treatment doubtless consists of prevention and pedagogy.

[Is my child normal, doctor? The specifics of child psychiatric examination]

The psychiatric assessment of a child requires to integrate the symptoms presented, for example, the child's suffering, in an array of complex family interactions The consultation process is difficult for parents and child, but also for the physician. Many pitfalls exist for everyone, namely the stigma attached to a disease, the search for normality at any price, the seduction of a reductive explanatory theory, and especially the oversight of the child's evolutionary potential. Finally, the characteristics of examination vary at each age; the differences may be major and depend on the development of the child in the process of empowerment.

[Suicidal behavior in childhood]

The suicidal behaviour in the child is a complex problem, less rare than suggested by epidemiological data which only concern the completed suicide. Implicitly, this subject raises the question of the idea a child has of death. Some risk factors and clinical signs are mentioned in the literature but they remain insufficiently studied. It is based on their knowledge and detection however that a preventive action can be taken, but only on an individual basis.

[Adolescents who sexually abuse children]

The adolescents responsible for sexual abuses on children confront the medico-psycho-social workers with many questions. In this article, thanks to a bibliographical approach, we first discuss the definitions concerning sexual abuses and paedophilia as well as family, psychodynamic and legal specificities of adolescents. We then mention a few epidemiological facts as well as the different behavioural cognitive, psychodynamic and family hypotheses related to that problem. We finally illustrate all this through two clinical cases encountered during our ambulatory exercise and submit some thinking to readers.

[Anaclitism, the abandonment syndrome and essential depression]

Following the recall of certain basic notions such as anaclitic depression, "abandonic syndrome" and "essential depression", the authors concentrate their interest on the clinical case of an adolescent girl both asthmatic and "abandonic"; the deprivation syndrome is discussed as a consequence of abandonment when the substitutive figure is deficient; the relationship between psychosomatic disorder and perturbations of the mother-child relationship is examined. A certain correlation between anaclitic depression in the infant and "essential depression" in adult life is suggested in the light of a re-enactment of the initial psychosomatic unit.

[The myth of gratuitousness and psychosocial reality]

The gratuitousness is a positive social measure, particularly specific of the psychosocial patients, but applied in a dissatisfying context because the financial aspect is the only considered and because the other therapeutic exigences, implicitly in such a measure contained, are in that way eluded.