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Ludington AJ, Hammond JM, Breen J, Deveson IW, Sanders KL. New chromosome-scale genomes provide insights into marine adaptations of sea snakes (Hydrophis: Elapidae). BMC Biol 2023; 21:284. [PMID: 38066641 PMCID: PMC10709897 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea snakes underwent a complete transition from land to sea within the last ~ 15 million years, yet they remain a conspicuous gap in molecular studies of marine adaptation in vertebrates. RESULTS Here, we generate four new annotated sea snake genomes, three of these at chromosome-scale (Hydrophis major, H. ornatus and H. curtus), and perform detailed comparative genomic analyses of sea snakes and their closest terrestrial relatives. Phylogenomic analyses highlight the possibility of near-simultaneous speciation at the root of Hydrophis, and synteny maps show intra-chromosomal variations that will be important targets for future adaptation and speciation genomic studies of this system. We then used a strict screen for positive selection in sea snakes (against a background of seven terrestrial snake genomes) to identify genes over-represented in hypoxia adaptation, sensory perception, immune response and morphological development. CONCLUSIONS We provide the best reference genomes currently available for the prolific and medically important elapid snake radiation. Our analyses highlight the phylogenetic complexity and conserved genome structure within Hydrophis. Positively selected marine-associated genes provide promising candidates for future, functional studies linking genetic signatures to the marine phenotypes of sea snakes and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Ludington
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Jillian M Hammond
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - James Breen
- Indigenous Genomics, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
- The South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia.
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Rossetto IH, Sanders KL, Simões BF, Van Cao N, Ludington AJ. Functional Duplication of the Short-Wavelength-Sensitive Opsin in Sea Snakes: Evidence for Reexpanded Color Sensitivity Following Ancestral Regression. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad107. [PMID: 37434309 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Color vision is mediated by ancient and spectrally distinct cone opsins. Yet, while there have been multiple losses of opsin genes during the evolution of tetrapods, evidence for opsin gains via functional duplication is extremely scarce. Previous studies have shown that some secondarily marine elapid snakes have acquired expanded "UV-blue" sensitivity via changes at key spectral tuning amino acid sites of the Short-Wavelength Opsin 1 (SWS1) gene. Here, we use elapid reference genomes to show that the molecular origin of this adaptation involved repeated, proximal duplications of the SWS1 gene in the fully marine Hydrophis cyanocinctus. This species possesses four intact SWS1 genes; two of these genes have the ancestral UV sensitivity, and two have a derived sensitivity to the longer wavelengths that dominate marine habitats. We suggest that this remarkable expansion of the opsin repertoire of sea snakes functionally compensates for the ancestral losses of two middle-wavelength opsins in the earliest (dim-light adapted) snakes. This provides a striking contrast to the evolution of opsins during ecological transitions in mammals. Like snakes, early mammals lost two cone photopigments; however, lineages such as bats and cetaceans underwent further opsin losses during their adaptation to dim-light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac H Rossetto
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bruno F Simões
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Van Cao
- Department of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Khánh Hòa, Vietnam
| | - Alastair J Ludington
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Galbraith JD, Ludington AJ, Sanders KL, Amos TG, Thomson VA, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Dunstan N, Edwards RJ, Suh A, Adelson DL. Horizontal Transposon Transfer and Its Implications for the Ancestral Ecology of Hydrophiine Snakes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020217. [PMID: 35205262 PMCID: PMC8872380 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs), also known as jumping genes, are sequences able to move or copy themselves within a genome. As TEs move throughout genomes they often act as a source of genetic novelty, hence understanding TE evolution within lineages may help in understanding environmental adaptation. Studies into the TE content of lineages of mammals such as bats have uncovered horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) into these lineages, with squamates often also containing the same TEs. Despite the repeated finding of HTT into squamates, little comparative research has examined the evolution of TEs within squamates. Here we examine a diverse family of Australo-Melanesian snakes (Hydrophiinae) to examine if the previously identified, order-wide pattern of variable TE content and activity holds true on a smaller scale. Hydrophiinae diverged from Asian elapids ~30 Mya and have since rapidly diversified into six amphibious, ~60 marine and ~100 terrestrial species that fill a broad range of ecological niches. We find TE diversity and expansion differs between hydrophiines and their Asian relatives and identify multiple HTTs into Hydrophiinae, including three likely transferred into the ancestral hydrophiine from fish. These HTT events provide the first tangible evidence that Hydrophiinae reached Australia from Asia via a marine route.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Galbraith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.D.G.); (A.J.L.); (K.L.S.); (V.A.T.)
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Alastair J. Ludington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.D.G.); (A.J.L.); (K.L.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Kate L. Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.D.G.); (A.J.L.); (K.L.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Timothy G. Amos
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (T.G.A.); (D.E.T.)
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Vicki A. Thomson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.D.G.); (A.J.L.); (K.L.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (T.G.A.); (D.E.T.)
- Division of Immunity, Inflammation and Infection, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Richard J. Edwards
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (T.G.A.); (D.E.T.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.E.); (A.S.); (D.L.A.)
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TU, UK
- Department of Organismal Biology-Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (R.J.E.); (A.S.); (D.L.A.)
| | - David L. Adelson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.D.G.); (A.J.L.); (K.L.S.); (V.A.T.)
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.J.E.); (A.S.); (D.L.A.)
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Galbraith JD, Ludington AJ, Sanders KL, Suh A, Adelson DL. Horizontal transfer and subsequent explosive expansion of a DNA transposon in sea kraits ( Laticauda). Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210342. [PMID: 34464541 PMCID: PMC8437027 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are self-replicating genetic sequences and are often described as important ‘drivers of evolution’. This driving force is because TEs promote genomic novelty by enabling rearrangement, and through exaptation as coding and regulatory elements. However, most TE insertions potentially lead to neutral or harmful outcomes, therefore host genomes have evolved machinery to suppress TE expansion. Through horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) TEs can colonize new genomes, and since new hosts may not be able to regulate subsequent replication, these TEs may proliferate rapidly. Here, we describe HTT of the Harbinger-Snek DNA transposon into sea kraits (Laticauda), and its subsequent explosive expansion within Laticauda genomes. This HTT occurred following the divergence of Laticauda from terrestrial Australian elapids approximately 15–25 Mya. This has resulted in numerous insertions into introns and regulatory regions, with some insertions into exons which appear to have altered UTRs or added sequence to coding exons. Harbinger-Snek has rapidly expanded to make up 8–12% of Laticauda spp. genomes; this is the fastest known expansion of TEs in amniotes following HTT. Genomic changes caused by this rapid expansion may have contributed to adaptation to the amphibious-marine habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Galbraith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Alastair J Ludington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TU, UK.,Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - David L Adelson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Crowe-Riddell JM, Dix S, Pieterman L, Nankivell JH, Ford M, Ludington AJ, Simões BF, Dunstan N, Partridge JC, Sanders KL, Allen L. From matte banded to glossy black: structures underlying colour change in the caudal lures of southern death adders (Acanthophis antarcticus, Reptilia: Elapidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many ambush-foraging snakes move their tails to entice prey within striking range (‘caudal luring’). During ontogeny, the conspicuous hues of caudal lures change to match the cryptic patterning of the body/head. This coincides with decreased luring behaviour and reflects the trade-off between prey acquisition and camouflage as the snake grows. Australo-Papuan death adders (Acanthophis, Elapidae) are unique in that both juveniles and adults use caudal luring, but ontogenetic colour change has not been investigated. We examined the spectral reflectance, microstructure and pigmentation of caudal skin in wild-sourced and captive bred Acanthophis antarcticus ranging in body size (snout-vent length 116–674 mm; mass 3–832 g; N = 33) to test whether colour properties change as snakes grow. We found that lure colour is distinct from the cryptic body skin across the life history, and changes from a matte banding pattern (grey/black) in neonates/juveniles, to uniform and glossy black with a yellow ventral stripe in larger snakes. These colour changes are caused by increases in dermal pigmentation and a transition to a smooth, interlocking epidermal microstructure. To understand the selection pressures that might be driving ontogenetic colour change in this species, further studies should test how different prey types respond to distinct lure morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Crowe-Riddell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Stacey Dix
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Ludo Pieterman
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - James H Nankivell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Matthew Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Alastair J Ludington
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Bruno F Simões
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Julian C Partridge
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Luke Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
- Venom Supplies, Tanunda, South Australia, Australia
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Ludington AJ, Sanders KL. Demographic analyses of marine and terrestrial snakes (Elapidae) using whole genome sequences. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:545-554. [PMID: 33170980 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether spatial aspects of evolution differ in marine versus terrestrial realms has endured since Ernst Mayr's 1954 essay on marine speciation. Marine systems are often suggested to support larger and more highly connected populations, but quantitative comparisons with terrestrial systems have been lacking. Here, we compared the population histories of marine and terrestrial elapid snakes using the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) model to track historical fluctuations in species' effective population sizes (Ne ) from individual whole-genome sequences. To do this we generated a draft genome for the olive sea snake (Aiysurus laevis) and analysed this alongside six published elapid genomes and their sequence reads (marine species Hydrophis curtus, H. melanocephalus and Laticauda laticaudata; terrestrial species Pseudonaja textilis, Naja Naja and Notechis scutatus). Counter to the expectation that marine species should show higher overall Ne and less pronounced fluctuations in Ne , our analyses reveal demographic patterns that are highly variable among species and do not clearly correspond to major ecological divisions. At deeper time intervals, the four marine elapids appear to have experienced relatively stable Ne , while each terrestrial species shows a prominent upturn in Ne starting at ~4 million years ago (Ma) followed by an equally strong decline. However, over the last million years, all seven species show strong and divergent fluctuations. Estimates of Ne in the most recent intervals (~10 kya) are lowest in two of four marine species (H. melanocephalus and Laticauda), and do not correspond to contemporary range sizes in marine or terrestrial taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Ludington
- School of Biological Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Galbraith JD, Ludington AJ, Suh A, Sanders KL, Adelson DL. New Environment, New Invaders-Repeated Horizontal Transfer of LINEs to Sea Snakes. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:2370-2383. [PMID: 33022046 PMCID: PMC7846101 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have found horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) to be widespread across metazoans, few have focused on HTT in marine ecosystems. To investigate potential recent HTTs into marine species, we searched for novel repetitive elements in sea snakes, a group of elapids which transitioned to a marine habitat at most 18 Ma. Our analysis uncovered repeated HTTs into sea snakes following their marine transition. The seven subfamilies of horizontally transferred LINE retrotransposons we identified in the olive sea snake (Aipysurus laevis) are transcribed, and hence are likely still active and expanding across the genome. A search of 600 metazoan genomes found all seven were absent from other amniotes, including terrestrial elapids, with the most similar LINEs present in fish and marine invertebrates. The one exception was a similar LINE found in sea kraits, a lineage of amphibious elapids which independently transitioned to a marine environment 25 Ma. Our finding of repeated horizontal transfer events into marine snakes greatly expands past findings that the marine environment promotes the transfer of transposons. Transposons are drivers of evolution as sources of genomic sequence and hence genomic novelty. We identified 13 candidate genes for HTT-induced adaptive change based on internal or neighboring HTT LINE insertions. One of these, ADCY4, is of particular interest as a part of the KEGG adaptation pathway “Circadian Entrainment.” This provides evidence of the ecological interactions between species influencing evolution of metazoans not only through specific selection pressures, but also by contributing novel genomic material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Suh
- Department of Ecology and Genetics-Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.,Department of Organismal Biology-Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - David L Adelson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia
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