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Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy S Tea
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology (MCDB), University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
| | - Albert Cespedes
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology (MCDB), University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
| | - Daniel Dawson
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine (AZCOM), Midwestern University
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology (MCDB), University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA); MCDB, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA
| | - Gerald B Call
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine (AZCOM), Midwestern University;
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Roy SK, Cespedes A, Li D, Choi TY, Budoff MJ. Chronic kidney disease is associated with increased coronary artery atherosclerosis as revealed by multidetector computed tomographic angiography. Tex Heart Inst J 2012; 39:811-816. [PMID: 23304018 PMCID: PMC3528227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. We evaluated whether multidetector computed tomographic angiography (MDCTA) revealed a link between pre-dialysis CKD and coronary artery atherosclerosis. We retrospectively analyzed 549 patients who underwent MDCTA. Patients were divided into 3 groups: normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (GFR>90 mL/min/1.73 m2 body surface area), mild CKD (>60GFR≤90 mL/min/1.73 m2), and moderate CKD (>30GFR≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Normality testing was performed to determine if continuous variables were modeled in Gaussian distribution before analysis of variance was applied. The χ2 test was used to compare GFR subgroups. Multiple linear regression was used to detect associations of total plaque score (TPS), segment involvement score (SIS), and segment stenosis score (SSS) with GFR. A model adjusted for covariates was applied. Patients with mild CKD had a mean TPS 2.3 points higher than those with a normal GFR (P=0.002); patients with moderate CKD had a mean TPS 5.9 points higher than the referent (P<0.001). Patients with mild CKD had a mean SIS 1.1 points higher than those with a normal GFR (P=0.002); patients with moderate CKD had a mean SIS 2.4 points higher than the referent (P<0.001). Patients with mild CKD had a mean SSS 1.4 points higher than those with a normal GFR (P=0.004); patients with moderate CKD had a mean SSS 4.2 points higher than the referent (P<0.001). The use of MDCTA showed that mild and moderate pre-dialysis CKD are independent risk factors for coronary artery atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sion K Roy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Center at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
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Roy SK, Cespedes A, Li D, Choi TY, Budoff MJ. Mild and moderate pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease is associated with increased coronary artery calcium. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2011; 7:719-24. [PMID: 22174582 PMCID: PMC3237101 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s24536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is increasingly evident that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely to die from heart disease than kidney failure. This study evaluated whether pre- dialysis CKD is an independent risk factor for coronary artery calcium (CAC). Methods A total of 544 consecutive patients who underwent CAC scoring were analyzed. Eleven patients requiring hemodialysis were excluded. Patients were divided into three groups: normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (GFR > 90 mL/min/1.73 m2), mild CKD (90 ≥ GFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and moderate CKD (60 ≥ GFR > 30 mL/min/1.73 m2). Continuous and categorical variables were compared using analysis of variance and the χ2 statistic. A multiple logistic regression model was used for detecting the association between total CAC score and GFR. An unadjusted model was used, followed by a second model adjusted for covariates known to be related to CAC. Another multivariable binary logistic model predicting the presence of CAC (>10) was performed and odds of incidence of CAC (>10) were calculated among the three GFR subgroups. Results After adjustment for covariates, patients with mild CKD had mean CAC scores 175 points higher than those with the referent normal GFR (P = 0.048), while those with moderate CKD had mean CAC scores 693 points higher than the referent (P < 0.001). After adjustment for covariates, patients with mild CKD were found to be 2.2 times more likely (95% confidence interval 1.3–3.7, P = 0.004) and patients with moderate CKD were 6.4 times more likely (95% confidence interval 2.9–14.3, P < 0.001) to have incident CAC compared with the group with normal GFR. Conclusion Mild and moderate pre-dialysis CKD are independent risk factors for increased mean and incident CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sion K Roy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Center at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
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Evans CJ, Olson JM, Ngo KT, Kim E, Lee NE, Kuoy E, Patananan AN, Sitz D, Tran P, Do MT, Yackle K, Cespedes A, Hartenstein V, Call GB, Banerjee U. G-TRACE: rapid Gal4-based cell lineage analysis in Drosophila. Nat Methods 2009; 6:603-5. [PMID: 19633663 PMCID: PMC2754220 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We combine Gal4/UAS, FLP/FRT and fluorescent reporters to generate cell clones that provide spatial, temporal, and genetic information about the origins of individual cells in Drosophila. We name this combination the Gal4 Technique for Real-time and Clonal Expression (G-TRACE). The approach should allow for screening and the identification of real-time and lineage-traced expression patterns on a genomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Evans
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Call GB, Olson JM, Chen J, Villarasa N, Ngo KT, Yabroff AM, Cokus S, Pellegrini M, Bibikova E, Bui C, Cespedes A, Chan C, Chan S, Cheema AK, Chhabra A, Chitsazzadeh V, Do MT, Fang QA, Folick A, Goodstein GL, Huang CR, Hung T, Kim E, Kim W, Kim Y, Kohan E, Kuoy E, Kwak R, Lee E, Lee J, Lin H, Liu HCA, Moroz T, Prasad T, Prashad SL, Patananan AN, Rangel A, Rosselli D, Sidhu S, Sitz D, Taber CE, Tan J, Topp K, Tran P, Tran QM, Unkovic M, Wells M, Wickland J, Yackle K, Yavari A, Zaretsky JM, Allen CM, Alli L, An J, Anwar A, Arevalo S, Ayoub D, Badal SS, Baghdanian A, Baghdanian AH, Baumann SA, Becerra VN, Chan HJ, Chang AE, Cheng XA, Chin M, Chong F, Crisostomo C, Datta S, Delosreyes A, Diep F, Ekanayake P, Engeln M, Evers E, Farshidi F, Fischer K, Formanes AJ, Gong J, Gupta R, Haas BE, Hahm V, Hsieh M, Hui JZ, Iao ML, Jin SD, Kim AY, Kim LSH, King M, Knudsen-Robbins C, Kohanchi D, Kovshilovskaya B, Ku A, Kung RW, Landig MEL, Latterman SS, Lauw SS, Lee DS, Lee JS, Lei KC, Leung LL, Lerner R, Lin JY, Lin K, Lim BC, Lui CPY, Liu TQ, Luong V, Makshanoff J, Mei AC, Meza M, Mikhaeil YA, Moarefi M, Nguyen LH, Pai SS, Pandya M, Patel AR, Picard PD, Safaee MM, Salame C, Sanchez C, Sanchez N, Seifert CC, Shah A, Shilgevorkyan OH, Singh I, Soma V, Song JJ, Srivastava N, StaAna JL, Sun C, Tan D, Teruya AS, Tikia R, Tran T, Travis EG, Trinh JD, Vo D, Walsh T, Wong RS, Wu K, Wu YW, Yang NXV, Yeranosian M, Yu JS, Zhou JJ, Zhu RX, Abrams A, Abramson A, Amado L, Anderson J, Bashour K, Beyer E, Bookatz A, Brewer S, Buu N, Calvillo S, Cao J, Chan A, Chan J, Chang A, Chang D, Chang Y, Chen Y, Choi J, Chou J, Dang P, Datta S, Davarifar A, Deravanesian A, Desai P, Fabrikant J, Farnad S, Fu K, Garcia E, Garrone N, Gasparyan S, Gayda P, Go S, Goffstein C, Gonzalez C, Guirguis M, Hassid R, Hermogeno B, Hong J, Hong A, Hovestreydt L, Hu C, Huff D, Jamshidian F, Jen J, Kahen K, Kao L, Kelley M, Kho T, Kim Y, Kim S, Kirkpatrick B, Langenbacher A, Laxamana S, Lee J, Lee C, Lee SY, Lee TS, Lee T, Lewis G, Lezcano S, Lin P, Luu T, Luu J, Marrs W, Marsh E, Marshall J, Min S, Minasian T, Minye H, Misra A, Morimoto M, Moshfegh Y, Murray J, Nguyen K, Nguyen C, Nodado E, O'Donahue A, Onugha N, Orjiakor N, Padhiar B, Paul E, Pavel-Dinu M, Pavlenko A, Paz E, Phaklides S, Pham L, Poulose P, Powell R, Pusic A, Ramola D, Regalia K, Ribbens M, Rifai B, Saakyan M, Saarikoski P, Segura M, Shadpour F, Shemmassian A, Singh R, Singh V, Skinner E, Solomin D, Soneji K, Spivey K, Stageberg E, Stavchanskiy M, Tekchandani L, Thai L, Thiyanaratnam J, Tong M, Toor A, Tovar S, Trangsrud K, Tsang WY, Uemura M, Vollmer E, Weiss E, Wood D, Wu J, Wu S, Wu W, Xu Q, Yamauchi Y, Yarosh W, Yee L, Yen G, Banerjee U. Genomewide clonal analysis of lethal mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster eye: comparison of the X chromosome and autosomes. Genetics 2007; 177:689-97. [PMID: 17720911 PMCID: PMC2034635 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.077735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a large consortium of undergraduate students in an organized program at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), we have undertaken a functional genomic screen in the Drosophila eye. In addition to the educational value of discovery-based learning, this article presents the first comprehensive genomewide analysis of essential genes involved in eye development. The data reveal the surprising result that the X chromosome has almost twice the frequency of essential genes involved in eye development as that found on the autosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B Call
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Liao TSV, Call GB, Guptan P, Cespedes A, Marshall J, Yackle K, Owusu-Ansah E, Mandal S, Fang QA, Goodstein GL, Kim W, Banerjee U. An efficient genetic screen in Drosophila to identify nuclear-encoded genes with mitochondrial function. Genetics 2006; 174:525-33. [PMID: 16849596 PMCID: PMC1569793 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.061705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a screen for glossy-eye flies that fail to incorporate BrdU in the third larval instar eye disc but exhibit normal neuronal differentiation and isolated 23 complementation groups of mutants. These same phenotypes were previously seen in mutants for cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va. We have molecularly characterized six complementation groups and, surprisingly, each encodes a mitochondrial protein. Therefore, we believe our screen to be an efficient method for identifying genes with mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Vivian Liao
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Chen J, Call GB, Beyer E, Bui C, Cespedes A, Chan A, Chan J, Chan S, Chhabra A, Dang P, Deravanesian A, Hermogeno B, Jen J, Kim E, Lee E, Lewis G, Marshall J, Regalia K, Shadpour F, Shemmassian A, Spivey K, Wells M, Wu J, Yamauchi Y, Yavari A, Abrams A, Abramson A, Amado L, Anderson J, Bashour K, Bibikova E, Bookatz A, Brewer S, Buu N, Calvillo S, Cao J, Chang A, Chang D, Chang Y, Chen Y, Choi J, Chou J, Datta S, Davarifar A, Desai P, Fabrikant J, Farnad S, Fu K, Garcia E, Garrone N, Gasparyan S, Gayda P, Goffstein C, Gonzalez C, Guirguis M, Hassid R, Hong A, Hong J, Hovestreydt L, Hu C, Jamshidian F, Kahen K, Kao L, Kelley M, Kho T, Kim S, Kim Y, Kirkpatrick B, Kohan E, Kwak R, Langenbacher A, Laxamana S, Lee C, Lee J, Lee SY, Lee THS, Lee T, Lezcano S, Lin H, Lin P, Luu J, Luu T, Marrs W, Marsh E, Min S, Minasian T, Misra A, Morimoto M, Moshfegh Y, Murray J, Nguyen C, Nguyen K, Nodado E, O'Donahue A, Onugha N, Orjiakor N, Padhiar B, Pavel-Dinu M, Pavlenko A, Paz E, Phaklides S, Pham L, Poulose P, Powell R, Pusic A, Ramola D, Ribbens M, Rifai B, Rosselli D, Saakyan M, Saarikoski P, Segura M, Singh R, Singh V, Skinner E, Solomin D, Soneji K, Stageberg E, Stavchanskiy M, Tekchandani L, Thai L, Thiyanaratnam J, Tong M, Toor A, Tovar S, Trangsrud K, Tsang WY, Uemura M, Unkovic M, Vollmer E, Weiss E, Wood D, Wu S, Wu W, Xu Q, Yackle K, Yarosh W, Yee L, Yen G, Alkin G, Go S, Huff DM, Minye H, Paul E, Villarasa N, Milchanowski A, Banerjee U. Discovery-based science education: functional genomic dissection in Drosophila by undergraduate researchers. PLoS Biol 2006; 3:e59. [PMID: 15719063 PMCID: PMC548953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Carrera E, Garcia T, Cespedes A, Gonzalez I, Fernandez A, Hernandez P, Martin R. Salmon and Trout Analysis by PCR-RFLP for Identity Authentication. J Food Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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