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Tessari P, Toffolon A, Vettore M, Iori E, Lante A, Feller E, Rocco EA, Vedovato M, Verlato G, Bellettato M. Neither Incretin or Amino Acid Responses, nor Casein Content, Account for the Equal Insulin Response Following Iso-Lactose Loads of Natural Human and Cow Milk in Healthy Young Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081624. [PMID: 35458186 PMCID: PMC9026711 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains <50% less protein (casein) than cow milk, but is equally effective in insulin secretion despite lower postingestion hyperaminoacidemia. Such potency of human milk might be modulated either by incretins (glucagon-like polypeptide-1,GLP-1); glucose-inhibitory-polypeptide, GIP), and/or by milk casein content. Healthy volunteers of both sexes were fed iso-lactose loads of two low-protein milks, i.e., human [Hum] (n = 8) and casein-deprived cow milk (Cow [↓Cas]) (n = 10), as well as loads of two high-protein milks, i.e., cow (n = 7), and casein-added human-milk (Hum [↑Cas]) (n = 7). Plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, incretins and amino acid concentrations were measured for 240′. All milks induced the same transient hyperglycemia. The early [20′−30′] insulin and C-peptide responses were comparable among all milk types apart from the low-protein (Cow [↓Cas]) milk, where they were reduced by <50% (p < 0.05 vs. others). When comparing the two high-protein milks, GLP-1 and GIP [5’−20’] responses with the (Hum [↑Cas]) milk were lower (by ≈2−3 fold, p < 0.007 and p < 0.03 respectively) than those with cow milk, whereas incretin secretion was substantially similar. Plasma amino acid increments largely reflected the milk protein content. Thus, neither casein milk content, nor incretin or amino acid concentrations, can account for the specific potency of human milk on insulin secretion, which remains as yet unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Toffolon
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Monica Vettore
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Elisabetta Iori
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Lante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy;
| | - Emiliano Feller
- Centrale del Latte di Vicenza Spa, via A. Faedo 60, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Alma Rocco
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Monica Vedovato
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Giovanna Verlato
- Department of Pediatrics, Padova City Hospital, via Giustiniani 1, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Massimo Bellettato
- Department of Pediatrics, Vicenza City Hospital, viale Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
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Toffolon A, de Rocco-Ponce M, Vettore M, Iori E, Lante A, Tessari P. Effect of Reversal of Whey-Protein to Casein Ratio of Cow Milk, on Insulin, Incretin, and Amino Acid Responses in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100069. [PMID: 34618402 PMCID: PMC9286575 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Scope Milk‐proteins, besides lactose, stimulate insulin and incretin secretion. Although whey‐proteins (WP) are more efficient than casein (Cas) in hormone secretion, the effects of reversal of the (WP/Cas) ratio in whole‐milk are poorly known. Methods and Results Healthy volunteers received two different cow‐milk drinks, at identical lactose (0.36 g × kg−1 BW) and total‐protein (0.18 g × kg1 BW) loads, but at reversed WP/Cas ratio. One is cow‐whole milk with a ≈20/80 [WP/Cas] ratio, the other an experimental cow‐milk with a ≈70/30 [WP/Cas] ratio ([↑WP↓Cas]‐milk). Both milk‐types induced the same mild hyperglycemic response. Following [↑WP↓Cas]‐milk, the [20′–90′] insulin incremental area (iAUC) (+ ≈44%, p < 0.035), and the [20′–120′] C‐peptide iAUC (+ ≈47%, p < 0.015) are greater than those with cow‐milk. Similarly, following [↑WP↓Cas]‐milk, the GLP‐1 [20′–90′] iAUC (+96%, p < 0.025), and the GIP [30′–60′] iAUC (+140%, p < 0.006), were greater than those with cow‐milk. Plasma total and branched‐chain amino acids are also greater following the [↑WP↓Cas] than cow‐milk. Conclusions Reversal of the (WP/Cas) ratio in cow‐milk enhanced the insulin response, an effect possibly mediated by incretins and/or amino acids(s). These data may be useful in designing specific milk formulas with different effects on insulin and incretin response(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Toffolon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Rocco-Ponce
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Monica Vettore
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iori
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Anna Lante
- Department of Agronomy, Food Natural Resources, Animals & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padova, 35123, Italy
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
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Tessari P, Lante A, Toffolon A, Vettore M, Iori E. Effect of reversal of the whey protein to casein ratio of cow milk, on insulin and incretin responses in humans. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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